Lee Yu Jen for his invaluable advice, guidance and his immense patience throughout the development of the research. The overall reliability of the elevator system is tested within 30 minutes, which works reliably and works well.
Background of the Study
The modernization of the elevator has greatly improved the elevator's stability, efficiency, capability and safety. An elevator card access control system is used to improve security in many multi-storey buildings.
Problem Statements
The COVID-19 virus spreads mainly among people by inhaling virus-carrying respiratory droplets that are released by the infected person through breathing, sneezing and coughing, it is also possible for people to become infected through contact with fomites in the immediate surrounding environment. the infector and elevator push buttons are also no exception (World Health Organization, 2020; Drikakis and Dbouk, 2021). Those who use elevators in high-rise buildings may be at risk during this pandemic as people have to touch elevator buttons to go to their desired floors, which push buttons may be contaminated with the virus that was left by infectious agents (Parker-Pope, 2020).
Aims and Objectives
Scope of the Project
Outline of the Report
Summary
Introduction to Arduino
Hardware and Software of an Arduino Board
In addition, Arduino boards include a built-in voltage regulator, a crystal oscillator, and a USB-to-serial adapter that allows the board to be programmed via USB. Arduino IDE, which is used to program the Arduino board, is a processing-based programming language software that also supports C and C++ languages (Elktros, 2016).
Types of Arduino Boards
Arduino boards are typically based on Atmel Corporation microcontrollers with the 8-, 16-, or 32-bit automatic voltage regulator (AVR) architecture. With the standard connectors, an important feature of the Arduino boards, the board can be connected to other electronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), or add-on modules for the Arduino board, known as Arduino Shields.
Introduction to Radio Waves
Reflection, Passing and Diffraction of Radio Waves
Meanwhile, radio waves pass through wood that has a high electrical resistance, as shown in Figure 2.2 below. Radio waves can bend around objects such as buildings, not just reflect off them and pass through them, as shown in Figure 2-3 below.
Working Principles of an Antenna
The EM waves propagating between two transmitters can take one of three paths to reach target antennas. Furthermore, bouncing the EM waves off the ionosphere between a transmitting and receiving antenna is a third way of transmitting signals.
Introduction to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Another way to transmit EM waves over a moderate distance is to send signals along the curvature of the earth. These waves are known as ground waves and can efficiently transmit signals to a receiving antenna outside the line of sight of the transmitting antenna.
Different Approaches Toward Contactless Smart Elevators
- Elevator Reservation Using Mobile Application
- Sensor-based Buttons
- Hand Gesture Sensing Panel
- Speech Recognition
The advantages of this approach are that the user does not need any app to use the elevator, as the user can use the elevator as a normal routine, but the physical buttons are replaced by sensor-based buttons. The advantages of this approach are that the user does not need any elevator or precision application to "press" the sensor buttons.
Reviews About Senior’s Project
For the advantages of this approach, this speech recognition system can be very useful for people with special needs, for example with a functional arm, because disabled people can use their voice to use the elevator. However, due to the disadvantage of this approach, if multiple users are present, speech recognition may struggle to accept human speech inputs if the surroundings are noisy.
Summary
Software and Hardware Selection
Software Selection
This approach to create the user registration feature using Firebase as its database storage was originally developed by The Coding Bus from the YouTube platform (The Coding Bus, 2020). As for the Firebase, it is like TinyWebDB, but it has a built-in ability to support multiple applications and users and can alert each application if the data from the Firebase has been modified (Mitchell, 2016).
Hardware Selection
Two types of wireless connection, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, were considered for the wireless connection between the smartphone and the Arduino board. The Cytron Wi-Fi shield consists of an ESP-WROOM-02 module that provides a Wi-Fi connection to an Arduino board based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi System on a Chip (SoC) (Cytron, 2016).
System Working Principle
- Pin Allocation of the Elevator System
- Flowchart of Elevator System
- Flowchart of Mobile Application System
- Flowchart of RFID System
- Flowchart of Elevator Position Checker
- Flowchart of Door Mechanism Module
In this subsection, the flowchart of the elevator system is shown in Figure 3.3 below, which shows the basic operation of the elevator system, but also includes the mobile application system and the RFID system. On the other hand, if the RFID reader on the third floor detects the RFID card on the third floor, the elevator will move to the third floor, and after the user enters the elevator car, the elevator will automatically move down to the first floor. floor. For example, when the magnetic sensor on the first floor detects the elevator car, it will send a signal to the Arduino board, so that the Arduino board knows that the elevator car is currently on the first floor.
RFID System
After that, the door servo motor will turn its angle from 90° to more than 30°, and then the elevator car door will be closed. RFID Readers Name Pins of Arduino Mega 2560 Rev3 connected to SDA pin of RFID reader.
Door Mechanism
Servo Motor
Door Sensor
However, the wavelength of the IR receiver must be the same as the IR transmitter. The IR receiver responds to the IR signal generated through the IR transmitter. The resistance of the IR receiver and the change in output voltage is proportional to the magnitude of the IR signal obtained.
Elevator Model
Pulley System
From the elevator structure model for the elderly, the counterweight used in the elevator model is a solid rectangular block as shown in Figure 3.15 below. Although the counterweight is not attached to the aluminum profile rails, which causes the counterweight to swing slightly when the elevator is operating, the counterweight can still move up and down. The timing pulley is assembled on the motor shaft as shown in Figure 3.16 below.
Printed Circuit Board
Project Management
After this, the PCBs for the necessary circuits are designed and tested from weeks 7 to 11, while the hardware implementation to complete the elevator model is done from weeks 9 to 12 in Table 3.9.
Summary
Introduction
Preliminary Results
System Architecture
Sequence of Tasks
Software Development
Mobile Application
Two interfaces have been created for the mobile application, namely the user login interface and the elevator button interface. For the user login interface, as shown in Figure 4.7 below, this interface is designed to prevent unauthorized personnel from accessing the elevator button. If the username and password entered by the user are correct, the user is allowed to proceed to the elevator button interface, as shown in Figure 4.9 below.
Door Mechanism
Door Sensor
A table for the average input voltage of the IR receiver for different distances is shown in Table 4.1 below, while a graph of average input voltage versus distance is shown in Figure 4.11 below. Meanwhile, the position of the IR transmitter and receiver was set and remained unchanged during the test. From the observation in Figure 4.11 above, when the distance between an obstacle and the IR receiver is increased, the input voltage of the IR receiver will decrease.
Servo Motor
System Analysis
Floor Sensor
Lee Zi Jian's report, the accuracy of the limit switch used as the floor sensor of Mr. The result of the accuracy of the floor sensor using the limit switch is shown in Table 4.2 below. The result of the accuracy of the floor sensor using the magnetic sensor is shown in Table 4.3 below.
RFID Reader
However, the admin RFID reader only has 85% accuracy, because the admin RFID reader damaged some RFID cards during the accuracy test, causing the RFID cards to be unreadable. This may be caused by removing the RFID cards too quickly away from the administrator RFID reader when changing the UID of the RFID cards, resulting in the administrator RFID reader not being able to fully change the UID of the RFID cards, and at the same time damaging the RFID cards so that they cannot be read by RFID readers . Therefore, it is recommended to place the RFID card close to the RFID reader and wait for the buzzer to sound before moving away from the RFID card when scanning and changing the UID of the RFID card to prevent the RFID reader from misreading.
Overall System Reliability
Based on table 4.4 above, the accuracy of each RFID reader is 100% for each RFID reader cat. In this RFID system, only the second floor RFID cards and the third floor RFID cards are present, since the second floor and the third floor are restricted areas that only users with the corresponding floor cards are allowed to enter, such as for example a building, where the first floor is open to everyone, while the second and third floors are. After that, the reliability of the system was tested to study the total number of errors that could occur when the system was running within a time interval, which was set as 30 minutes.
Hardware Development
Elevator Model
Printed Circuit Board
In addition, an LED is soldered to each card, which will light up when a user presses the respective buttons from the mobile application or scans the RFID card. Finally, for the RFID modules, there are three boards with one board for each floor, while each board has an RFID reader soldered to the board that acts as additional input to the elevator system. However, the RFID system does not work as expected after being implemented on the printed circuit board.
Summary
Introduction
Summary of Report
In Chapter 3, the pin allocation of the Arduino Mega Rev3 is given, while the flowcharts of the elevator system, the mobile application system and the RFID system are shown and discussed. Then, the overall system reliability is tested within 30 minutes, which shows the possible result of the elevator system when it is in a stable state using the RFID system. Finally, the elevator model after modification and each of the PCBs implemented in this project are shown and discussed.
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