The first chapter provides a detailed presentation of the background information of the research project regarding the current situation or trend of wealth distribution for Malaysian non-Muslims. The last topic in this chapter will provide insight into the next chapter of the research.
Review of Relevant Theoretical Models
Life Cycle Model
- Unintended, unplanned or accidental bequests
- Exchange bequests
According to Stevens, the key idea of the life cycle model is that people save during working life and save in old age. In the one-child family analysis, disposable wealth is no longer positively related to attention, indicating the absence of strategic considerations (Bernheim et al., 1985).
Altruism Model
Dynasty Model
The dynasty model implies that bequests with a dynastic motive are manifestations of the determination of individuals in ensuring the perpetuation of the long-standing legacy of a financial or industrial dynasty (Pestieau, 2000). Chu (1991) explains that in ancient times, the prevailing high mortality rate and the probability of extinction are factors that prompt family heads to pay very concerned about the continuity of the family line.
Will make
- Occupation status
- Finance and education
- Medical cost
- Degree of death anxiety
- Level of self-esteem
- Emotional
- Other Relevant Study
- Economic Feature in the Country
- Cultural Differences and Inheritance Laws
- Other Factors
- Economic Factors
- Sociodemographic Factors
In an examination of the economic status of older adults in the United States, Hurd (1989) concluded that medical costs remain high. It may be related to the fact that all women surveyed in the United States data were single (Laitner and Ohlsson 2001). However, Jurges (2001) does not find gender to be an influencing factor of the inheritance motive for saving (2001).
Determinants of Bequest
The authors calculate that these households spend an average of 25% less on personal expenses than the rest of the population. This may be due to ignorance of the issues or it may be by design.
Distribution of Bequest
Married husband dies leaving Section of the Distribution Act 1958 (before Act A1004). v) only the wife and the parent or parents. vi) the case and only the parent or parents. vii) spouse, issue and parent or parents. The intestate dies leaving Section of the Distribution Act 1958 (as amended). v) only the spouse and the parent or parents. vi) the case and only the parent or parents. vii) spouse, issuer and parent or parents.
Conclusion
In eliminating the differential treatment of the rights of intestate succession of a surviving husband and that of a surviving wife, Act A1004 replaced the provisions.
METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction
- Research Design
- Data Collection Method
- Sampling Design
- Target Population
- Sampling Frame and Sampling Location
- Sampling Elements
- Sampling Technique
- Sampling Size
- Research Instrument
- Questionnaire Design
- Theoretical Frameworks
- Dependent Variables
- Independent Variables
- Hypotheses Development
Sekaran (2003) defines the deductive approach as "the process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning of the results of the data analysis", while Patton (2005) says. To ensure that a sample of non-Muslims can be representative of the overall population, the selection of the areas of this study is based on a probability proportional to population size procedure at the sub-regional level.
Data Processing
- Questionnaire Checking
- Data Editing
- Data Coding
- Data Transcribing
- Data Cleaning
Within the context of quantitative research, the data processing cycle refers to the process of presenting and interpreting data. In data processing, the description of the process of preparation of data such as checking, editing, coding, transcribing and cleaning is specified (Malhotra, 2007). Abdul-Muhmin (n.d.) states that within the context of using questionnaires as a data collection technique, editing refers to the process of checking and adjusting responses in the completed questionnaires for omissions, readability and consistency.
Editing is the process of reviewing questionnaires to ensure accuracy of data entry. Data editing consists of the process of identifying and correcting illegible, illogical, incomplete, inconsistent, ambiguous or omitted data by respondents. In the process of data transcription, as mentioned by Malhotra (2007), coded questionnaire data or coding sheets are transferred directly to computers by punching keys.
Data Analysis
- Descriptive analysis
- Frequency Analysis
- Inferential Analysis
- Logistic Regression
This allows more detailed information to be found and a better understanding of the respondents. Logistic regression analysis examines the influence of various factors on a dichotomous outcome by estimating the probability of the occurrence of the event. Binary logistic regression is usually used when the dependent variable is dichotomous and the independent variables are continuous or categorical variables.
Binary logistic regression was chosen in this paper on testing the pattern of wealth distribution among the married non-Muslim in Malaysia. When the dependent variable is not dichotomous and consists of more than two cases, a multinomial logistic regression can be used. Logistic regression is used when the dependent variable is binary, but can be useful for other dependent variables if they are recoded to binary form.
Construct Measurement
- Scale Measurement
- Nominal Scale
- Ordinal Scale
- Interval Scale
- Ratio Scale
Ordinal rankings categorize variables in different ways to show differences between categories (Sekaran and Bougie, 2010). This type of scale can help researchers determine the percentage of respondents who consider variables important or unimportant (Sekaran and Bougie, 2010). Examples of survey questions that used ordinal measurement scales include health status, level of financial satisfaction, level of satisfaction with saving and spending, and level of satisfaction with financial management knowledge.
The interval scale will give the researchers room to perform some arithmetic operations on data provided by the respondents (Sekaran and Bougie, 2010). Besides grouping individuals by categories and pressing the order, it also measures the degree of variation in preferences among the individuals (Sekaran and Bougie, 2010). The ratio scale measures both the degree of difference between points and also taps the proportions of differences between the points (Sekaran and Bougie, 2010).
Conclusion
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
- Introduction
- Respondents’ Demographic Profile
- Ethnic Group
- Age group
- Education
- Marital Status
- Health Level
- Test, Result and Interpretation
- Pattern of Allocation
- Logistic Regression
Only 17.4 percent of respondents had higher education, which includes a bachelor's degree, diploma, master's degree, or doctorate. In addition, as many as 46 percent of all respondents are not ready to divide their property for their spouse. When assigning property to a son, a total of 351 respondents (75.5 percent) are ready to leave property to their son.
A majority 46.4 percent of the total respondents are willing to allocate only up to 25 percent of their total wealth to their son. In addition, there is only a small number of respondents (24.5 per cent) who are not willing to leave any wealth to their son. When allocating property to the daughter, a total of 308 respondents (66.4 per cent) are willing to leave their property to their daughter.
4.2.2.1.2 Using Multivariate Logistic Regression Coefficients to Make Estimation
Allocation towards Daughter .1 Analysis of Logistic Regression
This means that there is a large difference in the distribution of wealth to a daughter between those who acquire up to primary school and those who do not. The result shows that 0.598 people who have only primary education are less likely to distribute their wealth to their daughter than those who have no education. Similarly, those with a high school and higher education are 0.656 less likely to distribute their assets to daughters compared to those with no education.
Ethnic (whether Chinese or Indians) is not significant and no evidence has been found that there are differences in the distribution of wealth to the daughter. Marital status (whether married or divorced or widowed) is not significant and no evidence has been found of differences in the distribution of wealth among the daughter. A person who is uneducated has a 26.10% chance of distributing the wealth to the daughter.
Allocation towards Son
This means that Indians are almost twice as likely to give their wealth to their son, more than their own self compared to Chinese. This means that those who are divorced or widowed are 0.461 times less likely to allocate their wealth to their son compared to those who are currently married. There is a significant difference between divorced or widowed and currently married in the distribution of the wealth to son.
The positive relationship (0.006) revealed in the coefficient column (B) shows that the older people are, the more likely they are to allocate their wealth to their son. The person who has the lowest level of health, Indian and currently married has 75.70% probability of distribution of wealth to the son. A person who has the highest level of health, Chinese and divorced and widowed, has a 28.60% probability of distribution of wealth to the son.
Conclusion
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION
- Introduction
- Summary of Statistical Analyses
- Descriptive Analysis
- Inferential Analysis
- Discussion of Major Findings
- Hypotheses Testing
- Implication of the Study
- Limitation of Study
- Recommendation of Future Research
- Conclusion
H91: There is a significant difference between currently married and divorced or widowed in dividing property for children (son). There is a difference between currently married and divorced or widowed in dividing the wealth for the son. In addition, there is a difference between those who are currently married and divorced or widowed in dividing the wealth for son.
In this study, there is a significant difference between male and female in the distribution of wealth per spouse, but there is no significant difference in the distribution of wealth per son and daughter. In this case, there is no difference between the Chinese and Indians in the distribution of wealth to a spouse or daughter. The results of this study show that the division of wealth between the son and the spouse is important.
Appendices Appendix A
Respondent’s Background
How often have your children/grandchildren visited you in the past 12 months and have you visited your children/grandchildren? Number of visits per year (you visit your . children). ii) Over the age of 18 but not married. iii) Over 18 years old and married without children (iv) Over 18 years old and married with children. If you are facing any of the following problems/issues, who would you turn to for support?
Monetary Transfers C1.Do you have the following items within your current living unit?
Financial Satisfaction
Adult children should only provide financial assistance to their elderly parents if they have a good relationship. I do not intend to make a special effort to leave a legacy, but plan to leave whatever assets happen to be left over. I will leave more or the whole legacy to my children who take care of me.
I want to leave more or the entire inheritance to my children who run the family business. I want to leave more or the entire inheritance to my children, who have a lower income. I will leave more or the whole inheritance to my eldest son, regardless of whether he takes care of me.
Financial Status
To date, how much have you achieved on the ideal amount for your retirement. Do you have a plan in connection with your asset distribution decision (in CASH, HOUSE and other valuables). When do you think you will make your wealth distribution plan (in CASH, HOUSE and other valuables).
Before this recording, have your wealth (in CASH, HOME and other valuables) transferred to someone else. Now, may I know how you are going to distribute these 100 tokens to the following parties.
Appendix B
Appendix C Result of Analysis
Spouse
Method = Enter
Daughter
Beginning Block
