POTENTIAL OF RAZOR CLAM (AMBAL) AS COAGULANT IN WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
AMIRUL BIN ADENAN
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)
2008/2009
Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS *
JUDUL: PONTENTIAL OF RAZOR CLAM (AMBAL) AS COAGULANT IN WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2008 / 2009
Saya AMIRUL BIN ADENAN (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai pertukaran antara institut pengajian tenggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( ∕ ) di kotak yang berkenaan
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan Oleh:
_______________________ ________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat Tetap: NO 11, JUNIOR SERVICE FLAT. JETHRO HENRY ADAM
JALAN AWANG RAMLI AMIT,
96000 SIBU, SARAWAK. Nama Penyelia Tarikh : _________________ Tarikh : __________________
√
CATATAN : * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa / organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD
“ I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the purpose for award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Engineering (Civil) with Honors ”.
Signature : ………...………...
Name of Supervisor : MR. JETHRO HENRY ADAM
Date : ………...………...
“I hereby declare that this report is prepared personally with my own effort unless references that have been cited accordingly in any part of the report”.
Signature : .………...
Name of Author : AMIRUL BIN ADENAN
Date : ………...………...
APPROVAL SHEET
This project report attached here to, entitles “POTENTIAL OF RAZOR CLAM (AMBAL) AS COAGULANT IN WATER TREATMENT PROCESS” prepared and submitted by AMIRUL BIN ADENAN (13711) as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours in Civil Engineering is hereby read and approved by:
____________________________________ _______________
MR. JETHRO HENRY ADAM Date
SUPERVISOR
POTENTIAL OF RAZOR CLAM (AMBAL) AS COAGULANT IN WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
AMIRUL BIN ADENAN
This Thesis Is Propose To
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak For Fulfillment of The Requirements for Bestowal The Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Civil Engineering) 2009
This project report is dedicated to my beloved mother and father, my dearest brothers and sisters
for their love and support
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deepest gratitude to ALLAH the Almighty (SWT) for the blessings that enrich me with more health and wisdom throughout my lifetime.
With the most respect, I would like to express sincere gratitude to my thesis supervisor Mr. Jethro Henry Adam for his numerous advise, guidance and ideas, and enable the completion of my thesis work. I am really thankful to him for his encouragement and help in improving my thesis.
Grateful and acknowledgement is also forwarded to Mr. Eswaran Balakrishnan for his helping hand and never tiring moral support for this project and at all time.
Special thanks to the lab technicians, Mr. Mohd Sapian for his unwavering assistance in using the apparatus and preparing the materials during the laboratory works.
I wish to express my appreciation to my family members for their concern and love, which constantly provide the needed vitality in progressing all the way through.
Last but not least, I would like express my cordial thanks to all there who contributed intellectually, materially and morally, in words and in deeds, to the successful of this project.
i
CONTENTS
CONTENTS Page
ABSTRAK vi
ABSTRACT vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xi
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 4
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 MEASUREMENT OF WATER QUALITY 6
2.1.1 Water Quality Parameter 7
2.1.2 Drinking Water Quality Standard 10
2.2 WATER TREATMENT PROCESS 12
2.2.1 The Jar Test 14
2.2.2 Coagulant and Flocculation Process 15
2.2.2 Sedimentation Process 16
ii
2.2.3 Filtration Process 16
2.2.4 Disinfection Process 17
2.2.5 Storage 17
2.3 COAGULATION 18
2.3.1 Common Coagulant 19
2.3.2 Commercially Made Coagulant 21
2.4 NATURAL RESOURCES AS COAGULANT 24
2.4.1 Chitosan as Sources of Coagulants 24
2.4.1.1 Properties of Chitosan 24 2.4.1.2 Chitosan in Water Treatment 27 2.4.1.3 Mechanism of Chitosan Coagulation 30
2.4.2 Razor Clam (Ambal) as Coagulant 31
3 METHODOLOGY 33
3.1 MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT 33
3.1.1 Chitosan Extraction 34
3.1.2 Chitosan Solution 35
3.1.3 Alum Solution 35
3.1.4 Jar Test Experiment 36
3.2 ANALYTICAL METHOD 37
3.2.1 pH Test 37
3.2.2 Turbidity Test 38
3.2.3 Floc Size 38
3.2.4 Depth of Sludge 39
iii
3.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 39
3.3.1 Chitosan Preparation 41
3.1.1.1 Sample Preparation 41
3.1.1.2 Deproteinization 42
3.1.1.3 Demineralization 44
3.1.1.2 Deacetylation 45
3.3.2 Chitosan Solution Preparation 46
3.3.3 Aluminum Sulpahte Solution Preparation 47
3.3.4 Chitosan Jar Test 48
3.3.5 Aluminum Sulphate Jar Test 48
3.4 OVERALL EXPERIMENT PROCESS 49
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 52
4.1 CHITOSAN COAGULANT JAR TEST RESULT 53
4.1.1 Effect of pH on Floculation of River Sample Using Chitosan
53
4.1.2 Determination of Optimum Dosage of Chitosan 54 4.1.3 Relationship between Intial Turbidity and Dosage
of Chitosan
56
4.1.4 Relationship between Depth of Sludge and Dosage of Chitosan
56
4.1.5 Relationship between Floc Size and Dosage of Chitosan
58
4.1.6 Relationship between pH and Dosage of Chitosan 59
iv
4.2 ALUMINUM SULPHATE COAGULANT JAR TEST RESULT
60
4.2.1 Determination of Optimum Dosage of Aluminum Sulphate
61
4.2.2 Relationship between Initial Turbidity and Dosage of Aluminum Sulphate
62
4.2.3 Relationship between Depth of Sludge and Dosage of Aluminum Sulphate
62
4.2.4 Relationship between Floc Size and Dosage of Aluminum Sulpahate
64
4.2.5 Relationship between pH and Dosage of Aluminum Sulpahate
65
4.3 COMPARISON OF CHITOSAN AND ALUMINUM SULPHATE COAGULANT OPTIMUM DOSAGE
67
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 71
5.1 CONCLUSION 71
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 72
REFERRENCES 74
APPENDICIES 77
APPENDIX A 78
v
APPENDIX B 81
APPENDIX C 83
APPENDIX D 84
vi
ABSTRAK
Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan kebolehlaksanaan penggunaan kitosan yang diekstrak daripada kerang ambal sebagai bahan pengumpal semula jadi untuk memulihkan kekeruhan dalam proses rawatan air. Kitosan ini dikaji bertujuan untuk menyelesaikan masalah pencemaran yang disebabkan oleh pembebasan mendakan ke alam sekitar yang terhasil daripada pengumpal alum. Mendakan dan air yang dirawat menggunakan pengumpal konvenstional ini mengandungi Al3+ yang boleh mencemarkan sungai dan menyumbang kepada pelbagai penyakit. Kitosan telah dipilih sebagai alternatif kepada masalah ini kerana kitosan merupakan sumber semula jadi, bahan bukan toksik dan 100% sumber terbiodegradasi. Dalam kajian ini, proses kajian telah dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian iaitu proses pengekstrakan kitosan dan proses menentukan dos optimum melalui eksperimen ujian jar. Dalam ujian jar ini, kekeruhan 150 hingga 180 NTU air Sungai Muara Tuang telah digunakan untuk menentukan keberkesanan pengumpal kitosan dan aluminium sulfat dalam memulihkan kekeruhan.
Daripada keputusan kajian, dos optimum yang terhasil dan peratusan kekeruhan yang dipulih menggunakan kedua–dua pengumpal adalah hampir sama. Kepekatan 40 mg/L pengumpal kitosan mampu memulihkan kekeruhan sebanyak 99.39 % . Manakala 37.5 mg/L alum mampu memulihkan kekeruhan sebanyak 99.37%. Kesimpulannya, kitosan yang diekstrak daripada kerang ambal boleh diaplikasi dalam proses rawatan air.
vii
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research was to determine the feasibility of using chitosan that was extracted from razor clam (ambal) crustacean shells as a natural coagulant to remove the turbidity in water treatment process. This chitosan coagulant was studied in order to solve the pollutant problem that was obtained by the sludge treated by alum backfill into the environment. The sludge and the water treated by this conventional coagulant containing Al3+ can polluted the river and induce many diseases. The chitosan has being chosen as an alternative to this problem due to its neutrality, non toxic material and 100% biodegradable resources. In this study, the process has been divided into two parts which were chitosan extraction process and the determination of coagulant optimum dosage process through the jar test experiment. In the jar test, the 150 to 180 NTU turbidity range of Muara Tuang River have been used to determine the effectiveness of using chitosan and aluminum sulphate coagulant in turbidity removed.
From the result, the optimum dosage determined and the percentage of the turbidity removed by both coagulants are almost similar. The 40 mg/L concentration chitosan coagulants manage to remove 99.39 % turbidity and the 37.5 mg/L of alum manage to remove 99.37% turbidity. From the result, it can conclude that the chitosan extracted from razor clam crustacean shell can be applied as coagulant in water treatment process.
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Degree of Hardness 9
2.2 Drinking Water Quality Standard 11
4.1 Effect Of Chitosan Dosage (in mg/L) on the Floc Size Form during the Coagulation Process
58
4.2 Effect Of Alum Dosage (in mg/L) on the Floc Size Form During the Coagulation Process
65
4.3 Comparison of Chitosan and Aluminum Sulphate Coagulant at Optimum Dosage
71
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure ccd Page
2.1 Typical Water Treatment Plant Process 13
2.2 A Typical Jar Test Apparatus 15
2.3 Structure of Chitin 25
2.4 Structure of Chitosan 26
2.5 The Chitosan Breakdown Processes 29
2.6 Type of Razor Clam ( Ambal ) 32
3.1 Apparatus 36
3.2 Extraction Process Flow Chart 40
3.3 a Razor Clam Crustacean Shell Oven Dried Process
42
3.3 b Razor Clam Crustacean Shell Crushing Process 42 3.4 a 10 g of Razor Clam Crustacean Shell Sieved
Sample
43
x
3.4 b Deprotenization Process with 4% NaOH 43
3.5a Dimineralized Process with 1.0% HCL 44
3.5 b 1 Hour Decompose Process with 2%NaOH 44
3.6 a Deactylation Process with 50% NaOH 46
3.6 b Creamy-white Chitosan Formed 46
3.7 Flow Chart of Jar Test Experiment 51
4.1 Effect of pH on the Removal of Turbidity in River Water using Chitosan
54
4.2 Effect of Chitosan (in mg/L) on the % Turbidity Removed
55
4.3 Effect of Chitosan Dosages (in mg/L) on the Depth of Sludge
57
4.4 Effect of Chitosan Dosage (in mg/L) on the Initial pH
60
4.5 Effect of Alum Dosages (in mg/L) on the % Turbidity Removed
61
4.6 Effect of Alum Dosage( in mg/L) on the Depth of Sludge
63
4.7 Effect of Alum Dosage( in mg/L) on the Initial pH
66
4.8 Comparison of Chitosan and Alum Dosage (in mg/L) on % Turbidity Removed
70
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Al - Aluminum
Al2(SO4)3 - Aluminum sulfate
Alum - Aluminum sulfate
AWWA - American Water Works Association
CH3-CO - Acetyl groups
COD - Chemical oxygen demand
Fe - Ferric
FeCl3 - Ferric chloride
[Fe2 (SO4) 3] - Ferric sulphate
HCL - Hydrochloric
JKR - Jabatan Kerja Raya
MC - MC is the moisture content (%),
Wws - Weight of the wet sample (g)
NaOH - Sodium Hydroxide
NDWQSP National Drinking Water Quality Standard
PAC - Polyaluminium chloride
PDADMA PPM
- -
Polydiallyl dimethyl Part per million
Wds - Weight of the dry sample (g).
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Water is an important resource in human civilization. It gives a lot of benefit to human, such as drinking water, preparing food, bathing, cleaning, washing, irrigating crops and many others daily use. In the past, when human start settling in one place and growing crops, they start to build house near the water resources such as river, lake, sea, rain, and ground water for their daily usage. They use the water directly from those sources without knowing the sanitary of water and term of the water treatment.
2
Water treatment can be describes as a process used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use such as drinking water, industrial processes and medical. The goal of all water treatment process is to remove existing components in the water, improving it for subsequent utilization.
This water treatment process generally begins with intake at the source, followed by pretreatment, mixing, coagulation and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, disinfection, and distribution to the tap. In all this step, coagulation and flocculation is the main and important process of the water treatment. There are variety of chemical reagent have been use as coagulant and one of the common coagulant is alum.
. In the coagulation and flocculation process, the raw water flows and mixed with suitable amount of alum into large basins. In there, the alum clings to other chemicals and impurities in the water (coagulation), causing them to form larger, and heavier particles called floc. These larger particles will settle to the bottom of the basins because of the gravity force.
According to Wikipedia (2008) in civil engineering term, the flocculation definition is a condition in which polymers, clays or other small charged particles become attached and form a fragile structure, a floc. In dispersed clay slurries, flocculation occurs after mechanical agitation ceases and the dispersed clay platelets
3
spontaneously form flocs because of attractions between negative face charges and positive edge charges. While, the coagulation is describe as the destabilization of colloids by neutralizing the forces that keep them apart.
In conventional water treatment process we have using aluminum sulfate Al2(SO4)3 has been use as coagulant reagent and is also commonly known as filter alum. Alum is used in such everyday products as baking powders and deodorants. In water treatment, alum is used as a coagulant, which binds together very fine suspended particles into larger particles that can be removed by settling and filtration. This way, objectionable color and turbidity (cloudiness), as well as the aluminum itself, are removed from the drinking water.
1.2 Problem Statement
There are many potential natural resources that can be use as coagulants in water treatment process. One of the potential resources is razor clam (ambal). Razor clam is one of the sea life which can be found in stable, sandy, surf-swept beaches of the open coast and some coastal bays in all Southeast Asia, but is at its best in intertidal sandy Sarawak beaches. The intertidal sandy beaches include Asajaya, Muara Tebas, Bako,
4
Buntal, Lundu, Sematan, Kuala Matu Kuala Matu and Kuala Matu (Kanakaraju D. and Siti Akmar Khatijah, 2008).
Essentially, the shell of the razor clam is one of the potential resources as coagulants in water treatment process. From Juang et al (1996) and Lasco & Hurst (1999) studies, chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide which can be extracted from the shell crustaceans is an important polymer coagulants in water treatment. This prospect can be used to replace the conventional method since its resources can be easily found and available in our country.
Chitosan is chitin derivative products, which is naturally occurring biopolymer derived from recycled crustacean shells, insect exoskeletons or fungi. Chitin is harvested from the seafood processing industry throughout the world to supply the base material for the manufacturing of chitosan.
In conventional method of water treatment in Malaysia, most of the water treatment plants are using aluminum sulfate as coagulants in the treatment process. From these water treatments process, the sludge treated by alum backfill into the environment and became pollutants. This alum also pollutes drinking water and it cans adversely mankind’s health because the Al3+ will induce many diseases such as premature aging, nowadays for our water supplies water treatments.
5 1.3 Aim and Objective
The primary aim of the study is to find potential of natural resource as coagulant in water treatment. In accordance with the aim of the study, the objectives of the study are as follow:
i. To extract chitosan from razor clam (ambal) crustacean shell.
ii. To use the chitosan extracted from razor clam as coagulant for the jar test.
iii. To determine the optimum dosage of using the chitosan as coagulant.
iv. To compare the chitosan coagulant with the conventional coagulant.
