Final Year Project I Dissertation Report - UTPedia

INTRODUCTION

Problem Statement

Significant of Project

Objective & Scope of Study

Scope of Studies

The scope of research in this project is based on several keywords which are Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Global Positioning System (GPS), Real Time Kinematics GPS (RTK GPS), Earthwork and Earthwork Simulation.

The Relevancy of the Project

Additionally, How Stuff Works (n.d.) stated that "The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of 27 satellites orbiting the Earth (24 operational and three extras in case one fails)". In collaboration with that Fauzi, M., & Nassir, M said that "the communication signal between base point and rover works well within 2 km distance".

Feasibility of the Project within the Scope and Time Frame

Time Feasibility

Garmin (2013) stated that "The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of a network of 24 satellites orbiting the United States. To explain the speed of light, Wikipedia (2013) specifies that "The speed of light in a vacuum , commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant that is important in many areas of physics.

LITERATURE REVIEW

What is DEM?

Furthermore, to go deeper into this topic, GPS.gov (2013) documents that “The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a US-owned service that provides users with positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) services ). In short, using Topcon RTK GPS equipment that is equipped with Topcon Tools V.8 and Topcon Office 3D software can generate a Digital Terrain Model that is capable of simulating cut and fill for earthworks activities. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0307/es0307page0 1.cfm. n.d.). National green technology policy.

Figure 2.1.1 B. The Digital Elevation Model Example. (Source: USGS : n.d.).

GPS

What is GPS?

However, data optimizations must be achieved by defining the terrain type. Thus, it is implied that the RTK GPS surveying technique is fast regardless of the weather conditions.

Figure 2.2.1 B. Segment of the GPS System. (Source: Navigation and Flight Control :2012)

GPS Datum

How it works?

Must have sites with major change in terrain surface shape (to produce visible shape on the DTM). The software is used for data analysis which should generate the cut and fill characteristics of the study area. With proper utilization, the cut and fill of the study area can be obtained within a short time.

This is possible as the generation of a digital terrain model that provides a 3-dimensional image of the topography of the site.

Figure 2.2.3 A. The circle locating possible location of GPS receiver.

GPS Limitations and Errors

RTK GPS

What is RTK GPS?

Wikipedia (2013) defined that "Real Time Kinematic (RTK) satellite navigation is a technique used to improve the precision of positional data derived from satellite-based positioning systems that can be used in conjunction with GPS, GLONASS and/or Galileo. It uses measurements of the phase of the signal carrier rather than the information content of the signal and relies on a single reference station to provide real-time corrections that provide up to centimeter-level accuracy. Furthermore, Althos (2009) stated that "Real-time kinematic GPS is a position localization process , whereby signals received from a reference device (such as a GPS receiver) can be compared using carrier phase corrections transmitted from a reference station to the user's roving receiver.

Data from the base receiver can be used by the guest receiver to calculate more accurate real-time (or near-real-time) position information (Althos, 2009).

How does RTK GPS works?

Your choice of equipment will ultimately depend on your budget, expected base lengths and precision needs. Based on the above literature review, RTK GPS will thus increase the accuracy of the survey up to a centimeter level, as the base station with known (fixed) location and time will set the time advance on the rover while the surveying process is carried out. In order to increase the accuracy of the survey, the base station must also be placed in optimal radius lengths of 10 km from the rover.

EARTHWORK & EARTHWORK SIMULATION

What is Earthwork?

Unsuitable material resulting from site work shall either be stored in a designated location on site, or disposed of responsibly in accordance with all local and national laws and regulations. To minimize the import and export of material to and from a site, materials identified in the site investigation will be considered for reuse. Approximate quantities of materials will be determined and laboratory testing will be conducted to determine the engineering properties and mineralogical composition of potential fill sources.

Site construction tests must be conducted to satisfactorily demonstrate that the proposed equipment, compaction methods and conformance testing program meet the design requirements. BS 6031 describes in detail the design of excavations, excavations, embankments and general backfill, execution of excavation, backfill and compaction.

Figure 2.4.1. The Earthwork Cut and Fill at Slopes. ( Source: .docstoc : 2011 )

The Process and Method of Earthwork Estimation

Additionally, the Building Administration (n.d.) stated “Before excavation can begin, the site will need to be cleared of unwanted trees and shrubs. It will be necessary for the assessor to visit the site to determine the extent of clearance and excavation. By visiting the site and using the drawings, the estimator can determine how much land needs to be cleared.

Two methods are used to calculate the amount of soil to be moved at a site.

Figure 2.4.2.B The Site Topography Plan. (Source: Construction Administration : n.d.)

The Need for Earthwork Simulation

RESEARCH PAPER REVIEW

Site of Study

The flowchart above shows the flow of the data collection work, initially the control station must be established. So, once the rover is in fixed positions, the coordinate of the point is automatically recorded. Author submits a report specifying the literature review of the project and the proposed methodology to the supervisor for review and.

This is to ensure that the essential coursework requirement of final year projects is not omitted. The base station is located at one point that is literally not visible from the opposite location of the small hill. The digital terrain model generated shows the same shape and pattern as the actual topography of the terrain.

Figure 2.5.3 A. The Breaklines. (Source: Nassir, A., & Hidzir, H. : 2010 [28])

RTK GPS Technique and Data Collection

Data Processing & Data Analysis

The flowchart below shows the sequence of activities and the highlighted text indicates the current stage of work. Week 15 The author submits a report that completes all research work from day 1 to the end of the study for documentation. A careful planning of the graduation project has been prepared that covers the entire two semesters.

Overall image of the site DTM is compared with the image of the site area taken from Google Earth software. But the tillage process is complex as it has to take into account the geotechnical aspect of the soil properties. Furthermore, with the 3D viewing option, the surveyor can get a better initial understanding of the earth's topography.

Figure 2.5.3 B. The Tin of DEM. (Source: Atunggal, D., Cahyono, B.K., & Nassir,A

Summary of Research Paper Critical Analysis

METHODOLOGY

Selection of Studied Area

Data Collection

Then the base must be set up according to a specific step documented in the TOPCON Real Time Kinematic GPS Installation Manual supplied by the supplier. During the data collection session, the rover should be positioned so that it is pointing vertically upwards. The rover must then remain in a fixed position for a few seconds until the FC 250 (handheld interface gadget) indicates that at least four satellites are in range and the position type is fixed.

Progression sampling: To obtain more points difficult area (Curve area required more points compared to straight line).

Data Processing

Data Analysis

KEY MILESTONE

Week 2 The author confirms the study site and conducts test work to ensure site conditions are suitable for the study purposes. The author will perform actual data collection and data processing at the selected study site. The author will present the study results and related information to the internal examiner for eligibility to participate in SEDEX.

The author will give an oral presentation to the supervisor and examiner.

Table 3.2.2. Key milestone for FYP II.

GANTT CHART

TOOLS

In comparison, the DTM is in 3D view with a different colored legend to distinguish terrain elevation. It is then noted that the more data collected in an area, the better the representation of the topography of the area in the DTM. For example, the water content of the soil, which significantly affects the weight and volume of the soil.

In conclusion, the result showed that the goal of performing earthworks simulation using RTK GPS was achieved. In addition, the flexibility of RTK GPS surveying has facilitated the author's time and energy in performing surveying work. In addition, by implementing Topcon Tools version 8, which is software compatible with Topcon RTK GPS equipment, the collected data can be easily viewed in Google Earth with the Google Earth Plug-In embedded in the software.

Figure 4.2(a) Overall Studied Area Views from DTM (top) and from Google Earth (bottom)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

DATA COLLECTION

Therefore, the performance improvement and uniqueness of RTK GPS surveying is that it does not require mutual line of sight compared to a conventional total station. In addition, a clear sky without obstacles will only take 5 seconds for one data collection at one point.

DTM INTEGRITY

Moreover, the good result is due to good data acquisition technique and modus operandi. That is to get more point in the curve area to ensure detail and accurate terrain model. In combination with this, since RTK GPS is designed for data accuracy of less than 5 cm, the result obtained is accurate as expected.

Based on figure 4.2 (c), it is concluded that the proper data acquisition technique which is to collect more terrain data at areas with significant elevation variation will result in more accurate and consistent DTM.

Figure 4.2(b) Satellites Availability during Surveying Work.

CUT AND FILL ANALYSIS

This is obtained with the right technique of data acquisition, that is to do a proper data sampling. With proper software utilization, the earthwork simulation of cut and fill can be easily achieved. In conjunction with that, Topcon Office 3D offers a good interface, as the cut and fill or the terrain study can be easily analyzed based on the DTM generated using the Triangulated Irregular Network module.

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Figure 4.3 (b) Cut and Fill Properties

CONCLUSION

APPENDICES