46
CONFERENCE PROCEEDING
Household Food Security During The Covid-19 Pandemic in Kampung Warna-Warni Jodipan, Malang City, Indonesia
>
Ghefira Zahira Shofa Rahmany, Nayra Ilmayni Hutari, Dania Wijayanti, Adlin Arum Anindita, Lubna Lu'lu Nurur Rofiq, *1Sakinah Hilya Abida
MAN 2 Kota Malang, Bandung Street Number 7, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia
1University of Brawijaya, Veteran Street, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Kampung Warna-Warni Jodipan (KWJ) is an urban area on the edge of river in Malang City, Indonesia, which used to be a slum and since 2016 has turned into a tourist spot with an unique icon in the form of colorful houses which looks beautiful from the top of bridge. Covid-19 pandemic has lowered the number of tourism visits to KWJ, so it lowered the household income and also affects the food security.
Crisis that caused disruption of food security has actually been enshrined in QS. Yusuf: 46-49 that has several strategies implemented and successfully resolved. Interested in the phenomena that have been described, this research focused on food security in KWJ during this pandemic using mixed method research approachment and the flow of explanatory sequential design. We determined the food security category based on quantitative survey and the questionnaire instrument referred from US-HFSSM.
Purposive sampling is used to assure that the respondents’ domicile and income rely on that of KWJ tourism visits. Thereafter, we learn furthermore about how households manage their food security by qualitative interview. Descriptive analysis of the quantitative data shows the research result that status of households’ food security in KWJ during pandemic categorized as food insecurity without hunger, and the thematic analysis of data shows three ways to manage household food security in KWJ during pandemic, there are: (1) transfer receipts, (2) financial management, and (3) diet management. This research result can be used as a strong and interesting basis for policy formulation during the pandemic.
Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic, household food security, KWJ
INTRODUCTION
The year 2020 began with the covid-19 pandemic that was also felt in Indonesia. To overcome and stop the spread of covid-19, the government established Large Scale Social Restriction Regulations (PSBB) since May 2020 (Kompas, 2020).
One of the major economic sectors affected by the Covid-19 pandemic is the tourism sector with 80% of small and medium-sized businesses in the tourism sector with millions of livelihoods were significantly affected (Bappenas, 2020). One of the tourist attractions affected is Kampung Warna Warni Jodipan, Malang City (in the next discussion, Kampung Warna-Warni Jodipan will be shortened into KWJ). KWJ is one of known tourism object in Malang city that has a colorful pattern of houses and murals that attracts the attention of local and foreign tourists. As a pilot project for village tourism in Malang City, KWJ has a positive impact on residents. Soni Parin, as a head of KWJ, explained that KWJ give a positive changes to the economic and environmental side. Unfortunately, since March 16, 2020 KWJ has been closed for 6 months, and although KWJ has reopened now, not many visitors are seen there. Parin admitted that only one or two people were seen visiting the village, and this have a direct impact on decreased revenue and of household income that affects food security.
47
Food security is the ability to meet food needs both in number and quality (Lubis, 2013). The adequacy of nutrition, energy, and protein in food is also very important to be fulfilled. This is in line with the 4 pillars of food security: 1) Food availability, 2) Physical and economic access to food, 3) Stability of supply and access, 4) Food utilization (FAO,1996). One of the studies related to the theme of household food security was a study conducted by Fatimah and Nindya in 2019. While the crisis that disrupted food security actually has been enshrined in QS. Yusuf: 46-49 that has several strategies implemented and successfully resolved. Interested in the phenomena that have been described, this research focused on food security in KWJ during this pandemic to know the condition of household food security and also the way the people of KWJ strive for their food.
METHODOLOGY
This research uses a mixed-method approach by following the explanatory sequential design flow by Creswell (2014). Quantitative data collection was conducted using a questionnaire survey on November 7-9, 2020. Purposive sampling is used to assure that the respondents’ domicile and income rely on that of KWJ tourism visits.
A total of 24 households in KWJ met the criteria as our sample. Quantitative surveys refer to the United States – Household food security survey module (US-HFSSM). The results of the quantitative data we analyzed using descriptive analysts who we then grouped in the category of food security. Results that stand out from quantitative data and fit the food security category are then interviewed further to find out how they work on food security. Two households were selected as sources from each category of food security with different household conditions. Interviews were conducted at each source's residence on November 16-17 with an average interview duration of 1 hour. Interview questions are guided by previously made interview guidelines.
Qualitative results are then analyzed with thematic analysis and triangulation of data to find the truth of the collected data.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Quantitative Results
Based on the results of quantitative surveys that we quantify the status of household food security in KWJ during covid-19 pandemic, it is known that 59% of households in KWJ are classified as food insecurity without hunger with the following details:
Figure 1. Diagram of the status of household food security in KWJ during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Whereas the results were obtained based on questions related to food security with the following details:
26%
58% 16%
Food security
Food insecurity with hunger Food insecurity without hunger
48
Table 1. Quantitative survey answer breakdown table
Question Affirmative (%) Non-Affirmative (%)
Household anxiety over food supplies 77 23
Inability to buy food supplies 27 73
Inability to eat a balanced nutriotional diet 86 14
Reduction of food portions 29 71
Weight loss 17 83
Consumption of cheap food 80 20
Inability to provide balanced nutrious food to children 73 27
Insufficiency og children's food 20 80
Reduction of children's food portions 13 87
Children skip meals 7 93
Children don't eat in a day 7 93
Qualitative Results
Based on the results of the interview obtained 3 major ways KWJ residents in seeking food security of their households, which are food aid, manages finance, and food diet.
The receipt of food aid in KWJ comes from the government and non-government can be in the form of money or foodstuffs. Food aid is one of the tools to improve food security. Along with ensuring food supplies, food aid can also reduce their eating costs to increase purchasing power. This strengthens the pillars of food security food availability and access to food. The ability to reach food is one of the pillars of food security (access to food) that can be met by managing finances. In KWJ, 2 ways are done to manage their finances, namely by optimizing income and reducing spending.
Optimizing income is done by finding other jobs, such as making clothes, becoming a reseller, borrowing money, advertising, and pawning clothes. While suppressing spending is done by reducing portions, replacing side dishes, and restraining desires outside of basic needs. The diet of the house in KWJ includes food choices and eating habits. Almost all households say that their daily meals are not far from tofu-tempeh.
One of the pillars of food security is that food absorption is influenced by parenting, good and nutritious food delivery, and the variety of food consumed. If the food consumed daily is not diverse enough then the pillar of utilization food has not been fulfilled properly. While households in KWJ who have children teach their children to wash their hands before eating, limit the type of snacks eaten, and prioritize their children's food needs first. These things also affect the absorption of children's food (utilization food).
CONCLUSION
The household food security conditions in KWJ show a food resistance status without hunger. This is indicated by a percentage of food insecurity without hunger categories of 59% and followed by the category of food secure by 26% and not food insecurity with hunger (moderate) by 16%. Qualitative data shows that households in KWJ are working on food security during the covid-19 pandemic in several ways. Many households in KWJ get assistance from the government and non-government. Most sources manage their household finances by optimizing income and reducing spending. Households in KWJ also set the diet for basic food standards and snacks.
<spacing0pts>
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are enormously grateful to our school, MAN 2 Kota Malang Indonesia, for all the support throughout this project, and we also express our best gratitude to the resident
49
of Kampung Warna-Warni Jodipan (KWJ) for all the support during this research activity was held.
REFERENCES
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 4th Edition. SAGE
FAO. (1996). Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action : World Food Summit, 13–17 November 1996, Rome, Italy
Fatimah, N., & Nindya, T. S. (2019). Hubungan Tingkat Kecukupan Energi Dan Zat Gizi Makro Dengan Ketahanan Pangan Siswa Sekolah Dasar Dari Keluarga Petani .Media Gizi Indonesia, 14(2), 177.
Hartik. (2020, May 13). PSBB di Malang Raya Berlaku 17 Mei 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://malang.kompas.com/read/2020/05/13/19243331/psbb-di-malang-raya-berlaku17- mei-2020.
Sinaga, R. J. R., Lubis, S. N., & Darus, M. B. (2013). Kajian Faktor-faktor Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat terhadap Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga di Medan. Journal of Agriculture and Agribusiness Socioeconomics, Vol 2, No. 5
Sugihamretha, I. D. G. (2020). Respon Kebijakan: Mitigasi Dampak Wabah Covid-19 Pada Sektor Pariwisata. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan: The Indonesian Journal of Development Planning, 4(2), 191–206
