THE INVESTIGATION INTO QUANTIFYING OMMUM VISCOSITY OF SCC MIX DESIGN

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THE INVESTIGATION INTO QUANTIFYING OMMUM VISCOSITY OF SCC MIX DESIGN

Wilmi Anak Nyokiew

TA Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

439 (Civil Engineering)

W742 2006

2006

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TERHAD

TIDAK TERHAD

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Judul: THE INVESTIGATION INTO QUANTIFYING OPTIMUM VISCOSITY OF SCC MIX DESIGN

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2002 - 2006 Saya WILMI ANAK NYOKIEW

(HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

I. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai oleh UNIMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.

2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada penulis.

3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka.

4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar yang dipersetujui kelak.

5* Saya membenarkan/tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

6. '" Sila tandakan (v )

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Disahkan oleh

Alarnat tetap: 74B, Taman Homemart, Jalan Batu Kawa,

93250 Kuching, Sarawak.

P. KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UNIMAS

III 11NIIYIIIIIII111IIVIIV

1000165983 Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Kota Samarahan

BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).

(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/

badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).

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Dr. Mohammad Ibrahim Safawi bin Mohammad Zain

( Nama Penyelia )

Turikh:

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(TAND)KTANGAN PENYELIA)

Tarikh:

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Potong yang tidak berkenaan.

Jika Kertas Projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/

organisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

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FORM OF ACCEPTANCE

This report entitled "The Investigation into Quantifying Optimum Viscosity of

SCC Mix Design" was written by Wilmi Anak Nyokiew as a partially fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons) Civil Engineering in UNIMAS is accepted and certified by:

1A f/r,

Dr. MoJ ammad Ibrahim Safawi bin Mohammad Zain Date (Project Supervisor)

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DECLARATION

No portion of the work referred to the dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any university of higher learning.

i

(WILMI ANAK NYOKIEW)

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Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Alcsdemuc UNI VERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK.

Dedicate To

My Beloved Parent, Brothers, Sister, and Fiancee

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to express his gratitude and appreciation to his supervisor, Dr. Mohamad Ibrahim Safawi for his guidance, supervision, advice, support and encouragement through the completion of this study. The author thanks him for the help and time spend in comment, suggestion and thoughtful tips throughout the duration of this study, whish is enable the author to learn a lot of knowledge and skills in the analysis of the data. A word of thanks also goes to the staff of the University Malaysia Sarawak and all the individuals who have involve in helping the author conducting this study.

The author also appreciates the blessings and sacrifices given by the author's family members and fiancee, Jibby Jinang for their concern, loving, supports, advices and encouragement directly or indirectly into this study.

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ABSTRACT

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is known for its excellent deformability, high resistance to segregation and use without applying vibration in congested reinforced concrete structures. In cases of optimum flowability and viscosity, a high viscous paste is required to avoid the blockage of coarse aggregate when concrete flows through obstacle. Paste with high viscosity also prevents localized increases in the internal stress due to the approach of coarse aggregate particles.

The method for achieving self-compatibility involved resistance to segregation between aggregate and mortar when the concrete flows. Twelve mixtures with water-cement ratio between 0.35 to 0.50 and water content 400 kg/m3 to 600 kg/m3 were designed in order to determine the optimum viscosity of SCC. The methods used in this study are T-500, slump flow and V-funnel flow test. The optimum viscosity of SCC in this study achieved when proportions of water- cement ratio is 0.40 to 0.45 and cement content 400 kg/m3 to 500 kg/m3.

Keywords: high fluidity concrete, self-compacting concrete, V-fimmel time, flow time, viscosity

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ABSTRAK

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) dikenali dengan sifat rintangan perubahan bentuk, daya kelikatan yang tinggi dan tanpa bantuan mesin gegar untuk membolehkan SCC memenuhi ruang di antara tetulang besi. Dalam aspek kebolehan-aliaran dan kelikatan yang optimum, simen yang cukup likat mampu mengelak sekatan batuan ketika pengaliran melalui celahan tetulang besi. Simen yang mempunyai sifat likat yang tinggi juga mengelak daripada tekanan dalaman akibat daripada batuan yang saling berlanggar antara satu dengan yang lain.

Kaedah untuk memperoleh sifat kebolehpadatan melibatkan rintangan dalam pengasingan antara batu dan pasir dengan mortar ketika pengaliran konkrit. Sifat kebolehpadatan konkrit dapat dicapai dengan menghadkan kandungan batu dan pasir, nisbah air kepada simen yang rendah dan penggunaan superplasticizer. Dua belas sampel konkrit dengan nisbab air kepada simen antara 0.35 dan 0.50 dan kandungan simen antara 400 kg/m3 dan 600 kg/m3 telah direka untuk menentukan kelikatan SCC yang optimum. Kaedah-kaedah yang digunakan dalam kaji selidik ini ialah T-500, pengaliran kejatuhan dan pengaliran corong-V. SCC yang dicapai dalam kajian ini diperoleh apabila nisbah air kepada simen di antara 0.40 dan 0.45 dan kandungan simen di antara 400 kg/m3 dan 500 kg/m3.

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Pint Khidmat Maktimat AlcadtmI LIMVERSIT1 MALAYSIASARAWAK

2.8.2 Time and temperature

I 2 3 4 4

6 6 7 7 8 8 9

10 11

12 13 14

16 17 17

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2.9 Characteristics and proportions of materials 2.9.1 Okamura's method

2.9.2 Air content

2.9.3 Course aggregate content 2.9.4 Fine aggregate content

2.9.5 Volumetric water-cement ratio 2.9.6 Superplasticizer dosage

2.10 Summary

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 General

3.2 Material used in the experiment 3.2.1 Cement

3.2.2 Water

3.2.3 Coarse aggregate 3.2.4 Fine aggregate

3.2.5 Superplasticizer 3.3 Mix proportion

3.4 Equipment used in the experiment 3.4.1 Mixer machine

3.4.2 V-funnel

3.4.3 Slump flow test apparatus 3.5 Testing of fresh concrete

3.5.1 Concrete flow test (slump test)

18 18 20 20 20 21 21 21

28 28 39 39 39

30

30 30 31 31 32 32 33

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2.5.2 T-500 test

2.5.3 V-funnel test 3.6 Summary

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 General

4.2 Testing viscosity and fresh concrete 4.3 Data analysis

4.4 Parameter in the experiment 4.5 Analysis on viscosity

4.6 Analysis summary

34 34 35

36 37 43 45 49 50

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSSION 51

CHAPTER SIX: RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Limitation of the study 53

6.2 Recommendations 53

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A- Photograph of laboratory works APPENDIX B- Mix proportion of SCC

APPENDIX C- Mixing procedure

56 58 65 78

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LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

Table 2.1: Main compounds of Portland cement (Neville, 2002) 22 Table 2.2: Main types of Portland cement (Neville, 2002) 23 Table 2.3: Apparent specific gravity of different rock 24

group (Neville, 2002)

Table 2.4: Typical average of compound composition of Portland 25 cements of different types. (A. MNevi le)

Table 4.1: Summarize experiment result. 37

Table 4.2: Results test on three selected sample. 43 Table 4.3: Parameters of the W40-500, W40-C600 and W45-C400.45

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 2.1: Basic requirements for successful casting of SCC 15 Figure 2.2: A Rational mix-design method or self-compacting concrete. 19

Figure 2.3: Okamura's Method. 19

Figure 2.4: Checking the significant of the V-time. 26

Figure 2.5: Variation of SC with V-time. 27

Figure 2.6: Relationship between slump flow and V-time. 27 Figure 3.1: Dimension of cone and V-funnel used in concrete 32

experiments.

Figure 4.1: Comparison between three different cementatious 40 with same w/c (0.45) on slump flow.

Figure 4.2: Comparison between three different cementatious 40 with same w/c (0.45) on T-500 flow time.

Figure 4.3: Comparison between 12 different mixes on T-500 flow time. 41 Figure 4.4: Comparison between 12 different mixes on slump flow. 42

Figure 4.5: Flow of twelve different SCCs. 44

Figure 4.6: The relationship of slump flow of fresh concrete and 46 water-cement ratio at various dosage of cement.

Figure 4.7: Flow time of SCCs measured by V-funnel test. 46 Figure 4.8: Workability windows for three selected SCCs 48

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Figure C 1: Dimension V-funnel used in concrete experiments. 78

Figure C2: The slump flow test. 79

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LIST OF PHOTOS

Photos Page

Photo 1: Slump Test of W35-C400 showed no flow. 38 Photo 2: Slump Test of W40-C400 showed no flow. 39 Photo 3: Slump Test of W35-C600 with flow diameter 610 mm 58

and T-500 time for the mix is 6.11 seconds.

Photo 4: Slump Test of W35-C500 with flow diameter 490 mm 58 and T-500 time for the mix is 8.2 seconds.

Photo 9: Slump Test of W45-C600 with flow diameter 790 mm 61 and T-500 time for the mix is 3.41 seconds.

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Photo 13: Flowability of W45-C400 evaluated using V-funnel. 63

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LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page

Table 2.1: Main compounds of Portland cement (Neville, 2002) 22 Table 2.2: Main types of Portland cement (Neville, 2002) 23 Table 2.3: Apparent specific gravity of different rock 24

group (Neville, 2002)

Table 2.4: Typical average of compound composition of Portland 25 cements of different types. (A. M Neville)

Table 4.1: Summarize experiment result. 37

Table 4.2: Results test on three selected sample. 43 Table 4.3: Parameters of the W40-500, W40-C600 and W45-C400.45

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Figure 2.1: Basic requirements for successful casting of SCC 15 Figure 2.2: A Rational mix-design method or self-compacting concrete. 19

Figure 2.3: Okamura's Method. 19

Figure 2.4: Checking the significant of the V-time. 26

Figure 2.5: Variation of SC with V-time. 27

Figure 2.6: Relationship between slump flow and V-time. 27 Figure 3.1: Dimension of cone and V-funnel used in concrete 32

experiments.

Figure 4.1: Comparison between three different cementatious 40 with same w/c (0.45) on slump flow.

Figure 4.2: Comparison between three different cementatious 40 with same w/c (0.45) on T-500 flow time.

Figure 4.3: Comparison between 12 different mixes on T-500 flow time. 41 Figure 4.4: Comparison between 12 different mixes on slump flow. 42

Figure 4.5: Flow of twelve different SCCs. 44

Figure 4.6: The relationship of slump flow of fresh concrete and 46 water-cement ratio at various dosage of cement.

Figure 4.7: Flow time of SCCs measured by V-funnel test. 46 Figure 4.8: Workability windows for three selected SCCs 48

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Figure C 1: Dimension V-funnel used in concrete experiments. 78

Figure C2: The slump flow test. 79

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NOMENCLATURE

A

C

D

G

Gmu

HRWR

Aggregate

Cement (OPC) Diamater

Coarse aggregate

Maximum size of aggregate High range water reducer

M- Mortar

MSA - Maximum size of coarse aggregate

Rc

S

scc SP

SSD T500

va

vc

VEA

um

vs

W

W/C

Relative funnel speed Fine aggregate (sand)

Self-compacting concrete Superplasticizer

Self-saturated dry

Time taken in second to reach slump flow 500 mm Volume of aggregate

Volume of cement

Viscosity enhancement admixture Volume of mortar

Volume of sand Water

Water-cement ratio

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

Self-compacting or self-consolidating concrete (SCC) can be regarded as a high-performance concrete that exhibits a low resistance to flows under its own weight over a long distance without the need of using vibrators, and a moderate viscosity to maintain a homogeneous deformation through restricted sections while keeping the coarse aggregate homogenous in the mix. SCC is used to improve the productivity of casting congested sections and ensure the proper filling of restricted area with minimum or no consolidation.

Workability may describe as that property of the plastic concrete mixes which defines ease with which it can be placed and degree to which it resist segregation. There are five factors that may affect the workability of the SCC, which are consistency, amount of cement, properties of sand and coarse aggregate, and time and temperature. Workability requirements necessary to ensure self-compaction and the principles involved in proportioning such highly flowable concrete are discussed in Chapter Four. Field oriented test useful in evaluating the deformability and stability of SCC are presented. The performance of concrete mixes proportioned according to two main approaches needed to

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ensure high deformability, low risk of blockage during flow and proper stability are compared.

In this study, the condition of high fluidity fresh mix concrete is characterized by three criteria: slump flow, T-500 and V-funnel time (V-time).

Twelve SCC proportions were prepared with varying w/c and cement constituent in order to achieve the target of optimum viscosity of fresh SCC properties. The suggested mixes with 1.5% of Type F SP satisfies the requirement of fresh properties of SCC will require 35 %, 40 %, 45 % and 50 % of water cement and cement constituent of 400 kg/m3,500 kg/m3 and 600 kg/ m3. mixes with both approaches were evaluated. The performance of each concrete was compared to that of a flowable concrete with 600 to 700 mm slump corresponding to 5 and 10 seconds of T-500 and V-funnel flow tests respectively.

1.2 History of Self-Compacting Concrete

SCC also called self-consolidating concrete and abbreviated as SCC is defined as concrete with ability that can be placed in all comers of the formwork causing no segregation without need for consolidating. SCC was pioneered in Japan approximately 20 years ago. Since then, the researches have been rapidly spreading into other areas of Asia, Europe, the South-Pacific region, and North America. SCC has been used in a number of precast component as well as cast-in place structures in many countries around the world.

The development of SCC is considered as a milestone achievement in concrete technology due to the following advantages; high performance in its

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fresh and hardened state (super flowability, high segregation resistance, excellent applicability for components and structures even with complicated shape and dense reinforcement, good interface zone, low permeability, and high strength and durability); economic efficiency (increased casting speed and reduced labor, energy, and cost of equipment); improved working and living environment (high consumption of industrial by-products and reduced noise and heath hazards); and enhancement towards automation of construction process.

Due to the possibility of producing a flowable yet viscous mix, a high performance self-compacting concrete was founded in Japan in the late 1980s.

Since then, investigations on SCC have been carried out and self compacting concrete has been used in practical structures mainly by large scale construction companies. Investigations for establishing rational mix-design method and self compatibility testing methods have also been carried out from the view point of making SCC standard one. The methods used in this study are T-500, slump flow and V-funnel flow test.

1.3 Objective of Study

The objectives of this study are outlined as below:

i. To show and investigate the different proportion of different quantity of cementatious and water -cement ratio (w/c).

ii. To examine the best mix proportion of SCC based on the workability test.

iii. To find out the difference in workability of SCC with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete.

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THE INVESTIGATION INTO QUANTIFYING OMMUM VISCOSITY OF SCC MIX DESIGN