JJUaiJt o
Abstract
fte new phenomenological developments on the Muslim-Western relations, the selective interpretations given to the terrorist activities and its connection to the horn of Africa, as the United States establishes military base on the shorelines of this Muslim nation, the study of Somali political state-of-affairs becomes paramount to the academic community. As a Muslim nation ravaged by civil war, tribalism and avaricious warlords, Somalia remains a lesson for other nations who enjoy political stability and sustainable governance. This paper is a study of the current political situation and the future undertakings of Somalia. It presents and interprets the historico-social elements, such as irredentism, that has caused the infrastructural decadence ofthe Somali political system. While analyzing the aforementionedfactors, the paper focuses on the causes ofpolitical upheavals and societal dismantlement.
As the literature on this subject is extremely limited the paper contributes to the informational development to overcome this scarcity.
Besides the paper highlights the role ofthe Muslim movements such as al-Itihad and al-Islah in the societal and political improvements during this arduous epoch.
^ Ij -Ap-ji. J v
jIApS!I JLif j
JlP ^jJ
1-LJl JU ^ o^U Dl fUJl
OljjJaJj
j J.UJI jLa^
o Ol cu>Jl lift J-t
ol
rlj ^Jl
\Jla (^
J jjj
i*LA\ JJUiJl oy
J—vsjJl 2—*L>- ^ ^Jl UjjPj JsUJl »1* j J^iJl JvziJ ^^^j . (Irredentism)
bf o^p £jUj (^JlAI JaJ^I (^idL. JLlp LLj\ J^i Jbr- j
Lcj Li
JfUJ
JUJl
^^1 lift ^j iiplyiJl Ju Ujyu. jLT UH tOJ^Jl i^j tUr-^l el*
xi; ^1 j_/> io> l)I cu^
Jlj; V iui ajS/ v-L. (►-'ill IJ
.LgjtiJj A^SUil J^j (t-^jl ^i^ Ij^-fi (I (Somal) "JL«_^" mJUjvs ^JS' ^ jxJu^ Iaa
-r
Ul ^JlSCJl lift cSy.j "J,L^" (jJUj^l ilJbrl
^l Zyrji JiiT Jjl jl a*j diJi
.1 jl UKj .«kll j
UJ Oj^ij ^ SIpJI f^jA jlTj .Somal Somal cij^iiJl jj^LJ>l Lg^-gij ^1 aJL=-jJl
jlj cLjjl LgJ U JUj-^Jl jU*^^ ^JUtS/I olji o^b- U^
:\y*Xv>) tJU_^iJl ^tjjU J JuSl ii*J t^-jjJu^ Ju/ JLp lJ^ .1
gJl JL._^)I ^jl Jl^ Jj .JLililt 4iU!l
jj .jUaujJl (v^U 4*^L>- 4iJalU Jjot L/ oIJLaU* «Ap U
Oyj (Minilik) lUL^ jj^ljyV1 Ou \j»> «
iikll j Ulkilj gUaj^ ^ JT l^i^rlj ^Jl ji^UJJ <=^j (Lord Natl)
jj .f\KK\ j»U dUi
1 :o.j/Jl) ttiyS (Jjjj'^l jU*s-.)Ilj DjJLdl tjv^l^l JljJI a-p iijl
oh
,JaPlj CSjSI
jl ^j UUajl
. > j>
Jji*»
.(Ita
jl VI
f- UjlU Ap 5^iLi
O^il JL>
-^ AVi)
JS' <jiu.jlj.xJl
IjVl j ^LSI (\
.4pL"I »>o- (j <i^ (V
JjjJl C
I .(Somali Youth Liberation - SYL) <Jl»j—^J'^y^ V^ ti-5*-'
J^
.^.^ iJjUJl £Tjl( .V
UJl .A
" Jl
c(France) LJ^i c~£ (Djibouti) Jj^^J (Ethiopia) Lj^i *^a c^- JljJ
c_^ <J-XJu\j <.r\ ^V • ?Lp LJy ^ Ojyi 2Ji^~« ^>!>Lj|jl VI 4J^_^ aJjJ Jjf c-^JI J^U^VI ^vj (Kenya) W
JLP fU- sAxjj fljjjU Wj
OIlUl (JUjJlj ujJrl) (jdJauiJl (1)1
ilj bf l J
jlij (^ <\"\<\ _ \ ^11 4JUJI
vi
iJI oJLa j <.^oJl SjjiJl o~«U ^ Jl oLU^Vl *l_/*l c-L=^lj ^ji-l
4i ui vi
»JLA
Jl ^Ul itijl Jlp ajJiJl
Tj %V . Jl ^Jl c_siiA^I ^ ^ <\ V1
il JjVI
L SU-I ojTjj t(Scientific Socialism) v
j.J-3 jj
c^Uil (I Uil JUJ Jb. a^> 3L.L-
l ^
(Irredentism)
^I 1
JlLoiJl ju J
c5^ iU«. Js- o->>
JU^Jl JuJr^ tJU^L ceJ^lll Oli^jJl <-ilJLftl Ciiij 4 I «Ia oLL ^j .fjJl JU-i _^ IS _ LjJl _ ja*Jl fLI
«\VV (»U ^j .«u^ i UJl
jU» dUi j ^UJl jl ^
a^tj c(SNM) 4JL.J-JI AJ^^Jl i^L! :l^. UJ ol Uiil f c(USC) Jb-jll JU^I ^^.j c(SSDF)
^h ~*j>£o- fLJ aJbcu^4 jjp iJLiJl cjI^Jt! oJla cuiLS'j (SPM)
l 01
; Jl Lb'L- Oj^" il^J ^Jl ^yll Ji il* oLjJrl s^1^ Cf
- :oL»-L>r USC —!^LoJl ^bLl j> ^ c^TjU gJl ol^Ll ^1 ^ USC Ul L^...^ USC Oj>ip
j ^jUI OjJj Ijl-I c^^ -^W^ iJ^j t^
jL- Jbo j^ ^j Jjt OlTj .ajsj. USC
l-j&Mj V^-^l olTjJ-lj i^JLJ.1 JJUaiJl Ju
j USC USC
j 5j>I*il JjLaJl ^ _^*j JbJLP 7"j^ -i-*-*1 fljUu^ol ?JU^
Ji'j .USC —J ^^^*Jl ^U-| Jb'Uj
j AJaLJl iJ^j ApUi of ^^j AjS/ (^jiJl J$3 IjI c5^ ^L— jf
315JI J
j\ pAj tj^^LuVi JUjvJl i_jti <j:ili j~o-l j^ ol
f dills' pJl "ill c^.jJIj ^JbJl ^UpI j ju^i^j ^
J jj .5iiljil ^As- y&j ^jJUj-^Jl JS' uUI sJ-a
.
t^Jl ^Jl
^ Jai^aJl jli'j oli.JaJlj J^rLJ.1 J.I ljJ_>i i_o^l ^ iiill j^ UjJ
• ^ iSyLl »Jl» oJiUi^l Jij IJla .iJuJui
j ^-J 4Jl ys. L
-4 Jl (^1 j t
j jl?Li! ^ya*; j ^L^. oLL'U? iloU jif bli JiL-
/
-V^rj S^lkil IIa AjlJb jj ^^V1 J^VI (j,l
JJ /
olT ^JJL y.JbLlj '.iji^ JUpL dUiT l_y.lSj i.j)s^LA
cL-L-ji olT LpIj LgJl (_5^o ^Jl <LiJl ^ ^jxi^ jyiJl (Ji^«J_ jf
JbJup JLvai ^ ^j .J^-Up tlJLPl (y oVl>?r IJLa jlT IS
Oyl lift £«j J-lijjl jv^o Ijiij 4JLijIl Jjbf jl
Of jfj ii-3- i^t. ^Udl jJ*Ur\ l£ Js- diiiS' Oylj UL. \?r
-JUi> ^^ (j Oijjl d-Ui j
gJl v^l^-V1 O^J c^^1 (-6^^ (J!
l Ll
^ -i sl» V_>Jj .UU- Jb.^sJl j ibOU 4JJ*
,JLw. j
^j JlUI j rUJl (^fj Jir ol ^
JL.UJI a
o>-lj aLi ^ i^t L^ Lf L^IT 5JL._^all JJUJl J^i;
jlj j^Jl sla OU ijla . iJjiil aJu JUJl j
^ L. ^ l^iUI ^ I^Ip ji UJl jL^, ^Jl o^jUJl 4 fl ,^^1 OJU^JI ^P J^l J^j ^4i5^il 9JL*
.i-lj3 Jl
I-U. of -^
ol (\
i . \ o
/»jlp yi jLJl
of dili ^ (*-afj c
iJLa ^-Jj ^lll ^ *ti ^ fVj^ of
Jl OOl
t_ji-iJl ol i}yi\ j^r La
(War lords) -kU^1 t^j* JU JlT lij :JA* J>. Ai
L.I
<J\
JJUiJl
JI j Ju_^Ji
JlJiUl _/Tt j UJJI of
Jl jL" Uj^p 4^*^ 4JLJ jl j
^ j d
j JU-I y,
jl
J/UJl
Jl
^ ^ fUiJ
t*j*f ^ jf c JU_^Jl j "jl^^JI ^
Ol VI JU_^J| j
Lil Uo jl
(l
"Since Theodories time they (Ethiopians) have been trying to gain possession of a seaport, and now they dream of Absorbing the Somali tribes till they reach the coast, either of the Red Sea,
the Gulf of 'Adan, or the Indian Ocean."16
16 Benyamin Newberger, "Irredentism and Politics in Africa" in Naomi Chazan (Ed.), Irredentism and International Politics, (London: Adamanatine Press Ltd, 1978),
"The Abyssinians (Ethiopians) say that the expedition which annually advance further into Ogaden are undertaken for the purpose of exacting tribute, then establishing the Abyssinian claim to Suzerainty over Somali tribes."17
"'I have come to restore the independence of my country, including Eritrea and the Banadir (the Somali Capital, Mogadishu and its surrounding areas), whose people will hence to the dwell under the shade of the Ethiopian flag."18
jjJLJI Jfl.ya.4JI
f 5JLL
(Irredentism) 5jjA^_^J! mj^j^xJI 4JL.j^iJ|
(f\ ^vv ^.iipji cj^) L^ji jr
17 M. Reisman, "Somali Self-Determination in the Horn" in I. M . Lewis, (ed).
Nationalism and self-determination in the Horn of Africa, (London- Ithaca Press 1983), p. 153.
18 M. Wolde-Mariam, "The Background of Ethno-Somalian Dispute", Journal of Modern African Studies, 2.2 (1964), Pp.189-219.
LftJUai oL ^jyJl JjjJl f- bil
iJL.1 ^ li^ ^jLuil jj. ^-o (I ^yJl 4iU±!U oyiiiil 01 V| .
f-j^rJuil j>j«jj -P J^r^' j ^jL-i-o-U ^cy j»-i t^j ji j of juo j»u^2j^i jiy *u .a^u iJ
eJ—* Ji ^-VrLa ^j^p Jj'LS ^ ^isolj c^ri^p aj'UUj'j 4JbU jiTl 01 f-«
Jjl 01 y.^1 j s-i>Jlj Y".0^jjil ^JJi ^Ti US' Uk
^iJl 0! ^« .aitfill j! OjUl jf ^.jJI ^-L-f J* \^j\A\ t>±A 0_^" 01 ^ ya^ oSl Lr- Oj^j 01 ^50:. ^ IJuk 01 VI c^yJl AiJJl j
L" >■ J^l ^ pAj ta-jJl 4iJJl ^ 5j^ ^
JlS'jr .Uj«-ij a-jjJl 4*^bLl j s-sT^J ^^^ 0j«i*ii
JJ ^ Aj S-^r* Jl* ^1 ^ JL«j-a1I l,^^1 >->j*- Mj& ~4**^\
^ ^j-J'j JlyJlj ^.jy* cJlTj .ojSlI 5> tj ^jJl JjjJ
;lS"j t^jS/l cJj ^ J,L4_^aJl ^^Jui! Uljjf o-^i ^Jl ^ of ^ c^jSn J-» t^JUj^aJi jup ^yJi JjjJi l_^f ^
J» Jj-^1 o^v oJlTj coJUj^Jl v^li Jl Ly Jlj,
JiUJl JJ ja jlUl Jl pi-j^j i^*j:. Ojiiij y^Jilo J,l
j aJ
JJ r iJLa (0.A.U)
j^l JJ
Ul fAJl
of
jS(
j (j
obU j
; iul
CJ-b-j jJJl ja lift
jl
j*
T aL j ^Lj^-VI jyUl ^ flJi^ L. -bjf Jj J^ ,1 U!l j
01 Ax; >\jij
l O^Uiij Oji^iuil j^JAj Ij_^-J^ OlS' 01 A*j lnj>j teJlL j
.JUjty JJ lj_prj^ OlS' L. jj^S\ IJL*
jJ,l Ijy 5^_^U-! cJLSilj tl_^AP U«
i-uJi t<L«t^~«i*i!i oLjUjJi ike- (j "JUj^JI j
.Y .^
(Mogadishu) j AjJLp t^u^9- J^4 ^'^
(Kismayo)jiU—^ j Ij~p j»iTj (Puntland) Ai^i j O^y, *Sil I .L^rjUj j>Ul J^b j J,L._^Jl i_jtJj| JJ l
eJuL" jp ^>-^. dJJi U JL> IjJ^lj ^U»jS!l eJift
j L^J I^^Lii lg-^*j tU^i US'
Jlpj .Uj^-o US' aJ^p Oi^ jl teJbjJrl i«j^-l -tLL-l ^ l$J
^ Jup vi^r JU^ (^gLii a*. U~- Vj ^ij Ojj f^j
<r^L>. Jl (Puntland) ^J^ ^d J^
^^JJi ^ ^Tl jl ^ JJ c
gi>J>\ jl y.^1 o^ ^iL. ^l_pr Jlj-Jl liA Oj^. ol
j JU juj 5-4j5^>JlJ ^-J ajI; ol U ^
JUI o^ jJ-l Jl ^J\
01 jliJl
>Jl j
1 Ul
U Ur LJj
L^La
t. JT £.j .fJa; J UaSI
u.^1 JJ ^ oUUi. <^J- Jl
^V Jlj c^u
J, ^^J| |JL» J5\J^
uji of ^
^l Jlp Uin ol^L-l olj .
i\J 01
