doi: 10.24191/myse.v10i1.21254
MAPPING OF TOURISM PRODUCTS IN PERAK TENGAH DISTRICTS USING GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Fatin Nabilah Omar1, Norainah Abdul Rahman2*& Kamariah Abdullah3
*Corresponding Author
1,2,3Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus 2021637502@student.uitm.edu.my, *norai760@uitm.edu.my,
& kamar136@uitm.edu.my Received: 6 October 2022 Accepted: 7 November 2022
Published: 31 March 2022
ABSTRACT
Perak Tengah District had been excluded from being promoted as rural tourism in Perak main tourism clusters. The main problem is the tourism resources have not yet been effectively publicised and utilised and there is no official digital tourism database of tourism products in Perak Tengah District. The aim of this paper is to capture all potential tourism products in Perak Tengah and present it in the interactive map. In this paper, a software QGIS and Google Earth are used to locate and map the distribution of tourism in Perak Tengah District. According to the findings, 229 different tourism products have been located within the study area. The findings show, inadequacy of trade and service and accommodation to support tourism development. Besides that, these tourism products areas are supported by signages, roads, accessibility, parking, and facilities that are sufficient and satisfactory conditions for tourists to come. The mapping of tourism products is categorised into five including place of attraction, food and beverages, accommodation, education, trade, and services. By using coordinates made up of graphic data and qualities for each identified tourist attraction, the results of the identification of the distribution of tourism products are projected on a map.
© 2023 MySE, FSPU, UiTM Perak, All rights reserved
Keywords: Geographic Information System, Rural Tourism Sustainability, Tourism Product
INTRODUCTION
One of the key contributors to Malaysia's gross domestic product (GDP) is the tourism industry. The importance of the tourism industry to the Malaysian economy is obvious, as seen by the enormous efforts being made to expand the sector in numerous Malaysian locations, including major cities. Perak state is the second most visited state in Malaysia for domestic tourism (Department of statistics,2020) and noted for their diversities of tourism products that are all packaged and developed in an integrated cluster (PLANMalaysia, 2019). There are seven main tourism clusters (by District) which are:
i.Ipoh
ii.Kuala Kangsar – Lenggong – Royal Belum – Pengkalan Hulu, iii.Taiping – Kuala Sepetang,
iv.Teluk Intan – Bagan Datuk – Pulau Sembilan, v.Gopeng – Kampar – Batu Gajah
vi.Tanjong Malim – Sungkai – Tapah.
vii.Lumut – Pulau Pangkor
As for clusters ii, iii, iv, v and vi encouraged to be marketed as rural tourism as they contain a wealth of cultural history that can be promoted, particularly in the areas of village life, arts, culture, and agriculture that can benefit the community (Harun & Mat Zin, 2018).However, Perak Tengah District has equal potential to other districts in terms of historical and heritage assets (Harun, 2018). Through the cluster design, Gopeng – Kampar – Batu Gajah cluster is the nearest to Perak Tengah District. Based on geographical location, visitors can easily explore tourism products in Perak Tengah because it is placed on a route Ipoh – Lumut Expressway that can be linked from nearby cities and tourism attraction such as Parit - Seri Iskandar – Kampung Gajah – Pasir Salak.
The problem of the study addresses local authority efforts to advertise and promote tourism-related items in rural areas. However, the local authority lacks the knowledge to compile a tourism database and the ability
to acknowledge the potential of tourism products in their administrative areas. The Local Plan of Perak Tengah Districts 2030, emphasised that tourism resources in this study area have not yet been fully promoted and exploited (Harun, 2018; Perak Tengah District Councils, 2018). Official Perak Tengah District Councils (PTDC) websites had listed six tourism attraction and had promoted them which include places of attraction, accommodation, trade and services, sport and recreation, worship places and education without any interpretations, navigations, and images to the users (Perak Tengah District Council,2022). As a result, tourists are increasingly seeking information and navigating tourism information systems can be a difficult and time-consuming task. This paper aims to develop a GIS tourism database that local agencies can use extensively. The objective is to unify tourism information data and facilitate them in monitoring and updating the most recent information regarding tourist sites, tourism activities, and other crucial information. The creation of this database can assist local authorities
and the tourism industry
LITERATURE REVIEW
Tourism@Perak administers marketing and promotes Perak's tourism industry. A local travel platform called Perak Pass Plus was recently developed by the organisation with the goal of transforming and digitising the travel sector in the state of Perak (Tourism@Perak, 2022). However, this organisation did not comprehend that creating a tourism database for each district in Perak would be necessary before promoting the tourism industry.
Local authorities could assist in creating a tourism database for marketing and promotion, tracking and keeping up with local tourism statistics and products. (Muhammad Soffian et al., 2021). This information should be easily accessible by the public and tourists through various forms of application platforms or the internet, especially through the official website. Although Tourism@Perak provided tourism information on the official website, it is still incomplete in terms of providing important information as in e-Brochures. As a result , data and information from both parties do not build a consistent network. The research gap in this study is the absence of a database that stores tourism information and can be used by local authorities that have many tourist attractions in their administrative
areas.
GIS and Tourism
Geographic information system also known as geospatial information system (GIS). GIS technology in tourism is considered as a database and mapping technology dealing with geographic data (Alan, Michael &
William, 2004). This technology combines a database with a distinctive visualisation and a map of the world (Gegana, Srinaga & Dewi, 2021).
GIS is increasingly being used heavily to instruct travellers on what to do and where to go (Salim, Iraj & Ahmed, 2022). Besides that, layers of geographic information can also be easily linked to other attribute tables, including databases for spatial data properties. The link is an interaction between the database and the digital map, hence any change to the map will immediately update the database and conversely (Salim et al., 2022).
Visualisation may be offered in tabular displays, queries and geographic analysis provided by maps (Wang, Mei & Ying, 2021).
Based on Web-Based GIS approach for tourism development database model comprising database design, data planning, data collecting, and GIS deployment. Tourist destinations, tourist amenities, and tourist services are different types of points of interest. Different layers are created from the feature classes (Hotel, restaurant, beach, resort hospital, police post etc.).
GPS devices were used to capture the position points' primary data, and an existing map of the research region was converted to digital format (Wang et al., 2021).
This study will implement data collection for 5 types of tourism products which are places of attraction, food and beverages, accommodation, education institutions, trade, and services. Other than that, study areas administration boundary, road, river, and land use are also collected for visualisation purposes. However, this study does not require geospatial data analysis as it is limited for queries only.
Rural Tourism Sustainability
Rural tourism incorporating local products and cultural elements into tourism(Lane, 2009; Liu, 2006) which resulting multifaceted activity that
includes farm-based tourism, ecotourism and heritage tourism (Chiun, 2019;
Mapjabil, Sipatau, & Rahman, 2020; Nair, Munikrishnan,Rajaratnam,et al, 2015). Local communities in rural locations could create and preserve folklore, revive lost arts and practices, and produce traditional goods like handicrafts, textiles, and food. Additionally, they can organise traditional feasts, revive local customs, and preserve people's memories of cultural traditions. All of these uphold and do not undermine the rural character, but rather they emphasise the variety and individuality of each location (Roslizawati, Hashim & Awang et al., 2018).
Rural tourism can be promoted locally with the help of local government and local firms, and it is not always reliant on outside organisations or businesses. Rural tourism benefits those that are actively involved in tourism, such as hotels or attractions, and those that are indirectly linked, such as retails and shopping in rural areas (Roslizawati et al., 2018;
Wilson et al., 2001).
Key Features of Rural Tourism Products
Tourism development requires several components to become successful destinations which are signage, accessibility, condition and support facilities become key variables (Clemens, Fesenmaier, Fesenmaier et al., 1999; Ismail & Rohman, 2019; Rashid, Azman, Arip et al., 2020).
Signage and Wayfinding
Signage and wayfinding are important to draw people’s attention and as a guide for tourists. It is a part of promotions. Some tourism areas in rural locations are located far from access areas which require signages and wayfinding (Mapjabil et al., 2020).
Accessibility of Tourism Areas
Accessibility for services such as lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses are needed to take care of tourists’ needs. Services as a second input driver concerns this is because the attraction itself do not always actually draw tourists, even though, the destination provides a focal point for much tourist activities and are an important aspect of tourist locations competing for tourist expenditure (Giambona & Grassini, 2020; Naidoo &
Ramseook-munhurrun, 2011).Other than that, another important factor is the accessibility for entrances and main road for tourism areas (Ismail &
Rohman, 2019).
Condition of Tourism Areas
Rural tourism recognises that the environment condition is a critical component of the industry's success. Cleanliness, nature preservation, such as maintaining authenticity and diversity is a key for rural tourism (Chiun, 2019; Roslizawati et al., 2018; Wilson et al., 2001). The condition of tourism areas is to maintain the physical and quality of landscape (Clemens, Thomas
& James, 1999). The condition could be explained as the cleanliness of tourism areas based on the visibility of litter in the areas. This is important to avoid the physical and visual degradation of the environment. Besides, another important aspect is the preservation of buildings in terms of building façade.
Support facilities in Tourism Areas
Tourism facilities are very important elements in tourism areas such as accessibility, transportation, facilities, services, and information systems (Naidoo & Ramseook-munhurrun, 2011). Due to limited access to these facilities, most of the tourists also stressed the significance of developing public facilities such as restrooms, shower rooms, and prayer rooms in rural tourism attractions. They believed that if appropriate facilities could be developed and managed, the number of tourists would rise, which would support the growth of rural tourism. (Roslizawati et al., 2018). Elements for successful tourism areas can be simplified in Table 1.
Table 1 Elements of Successful Tourism Areas
Elements Variables Indicator Source
Signage and
Wayfinding Distance of
signage Signage and Wayfinding must be located at least 300 metres from the tourist destinations
Rashid et al., 2020
Condition of Signage and wayfinding
Signage and Wayfinding
must be readable Rashid et al., 2020 Availability Availability of signages and
windfindings Rashid et al., 2020
Accessibility Restaurant, Accommodation, Retails, Banking
Tourist destination can access the services area within 500 metres or 5 minutes
(Ismail & Rohman, 2019; Wilson et al., 2001)
Main Road and
entrance The road access must be
<5 Minutes from main road to entrances and in good conditions
Ismail & Rohman, 2019
Mode of
Transport Can be reached by any
mode of transportation Clemens et al., 1999,
Ismail & Rohman, 2019
Condition of
Tourism Areas Environment Litter, visible by the roadside
and in tourist locations Clemens et al., 1999Ismail & Rohman, 2019
Preservation % buildings/places in
degraded conditions Clemens et al., 1999
Tourism Infrastructure and Facilities
Parking, Facilities (Toilet, prayer room)
tourism destination served
for Parking PLANMalaysia,
2017- Guidelines for commercials Tourism Facilities is
sufficient
(at least the tourism destination has toilet and prayer rooms)
Clemens et al., 1999,
PLANMalaysia,2017
Source: Adapted by Rashid et.al, 2020; Clemens et al., 1999, PLANMalaysia,2017- Guidelines for commercials
METHODOLOGY
Study Area
The district of Perak Tengah is in the centre of the Perak State and is bordered by the districts of Kuala Kangsar on the north, Kinta, Kampar, and Batang Padang on the east, Hilir Perak on the south, and Manjung on the west. The largest community in the area is called Bota, and Seri Iskandar is a main town, administered by Perak Tengah District Council. In the Perak Tengah District, there are 12 mukims in total. The research area only includes Mukim Belanja, Mukim Bota, Mukim Lambor Kanan, Mukim Lambor Kiri, Mukim Kampung Gajah, Mukim Pasir Salak, Mukim Pulau Tiga and most types of tourism products. However, there are several mukim that do not
have any tourism products such as Mukim Jaya Baharu, Mukim Bandar, Mukim Pasir Panjang Hulu and Mukim Kota Setia and Mukim Layang – Layang. These areas are focusing on agriculture. It is therefore expected that the necessary data may be successfully gathered.
Figure 1. Study Areas of Perak Tengah District Source :Perak Tengah District Councils, 2018
Research Method
Qualitative research approach was used for the study. The data collection involves primary and secondary data collection. There are three stages to obtain the aims of this study: 1) Inventory of tourism products, 2) Observations of tourism products based on key features 3) Mapping of Tourism products of Perak Tengah District. This study will be extremely beneficial for the growth of the tourism industry in the Perak Tengah District.
Data Collection
Firstly, the inventory and listing of tourism products are prepared by the first set was statistical tourism-related data such as restaurants, hotels and hostels, parks, tourism and facilities and historical areas and buildings provided by the Tourism Unit at Perak Tengah Local District and Google Earth in 2021.
Observation Survey
Observation survey aims to obtain data from the field through documentation of the field with key elements of rural tourism features.
The observation form is constructed based on components of successful destinations which are signage, accessibility, condition, and support facilities (refer Table 1 Elements of successful tourism areas). The tourism products evaluated with Likert scales 1-5. Then, basic analysis will be performed in SPSS by displaying percentages by using bar charts.
Data process
Data management techniques can be done by keying the coordinates of tourist sites into the QGIS 3.26 software, after that creating a database that will be equipped with non-spatial data (Tarmiji, Nohasimah & Azizan, 2016). All data related to tourism in Perak Tengah District were collected based on 5 types of tourism products which are place attractions, food and beverages, accommodation, education institutions, trade, and services. Other than that, data such as road, river and land collected will be prepared and located into a tourism database created.
Data Visualisation
Once the coordinates of each site and database have been obtained, data visualisation tools can be used. Following the completion of this procedure, the map layout process is carried out by showing each location point on the map, which serves to indicate the location of a tourism product using symbols. This will make tourists, the public, and tourism agencies able to recognise the district of Perak Tengah's tourism products. Table 2 shows the symbology to present the tourism products by types. In addition, there are two types of layer map that were created which were symbology and topographic base map and pictures in terms of visualisation.
Table 2. Type of Tourism Products in the Study Area
No Type of Tourism Products Symbology
1 Attraction Places
2 Accommodation
3 Education
4 Trade and Services
5 Food and Beverages
Source:Author
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Identification of Tourism Products in Perak Tengah
Based on observations, there are 229 coordinate points of tourism products divided into 5 main type of tourism products.
●Attractive Places and Heritages (23 units)
●Accommodation (56 units)
●Food and Beverages (85 units)
●Trade and services (28 units)
●Education (37 units)
There are several mukim in Perak Tengah Districts that have tourism products including all types of tourism products. These are Mukim Belanja (15 units), Mukim Bota (132 units) and Mukim Kampung Gajah (31 units).
Meanwhile, some of mukims has at least two type tourism products such as Mukim Lambor Kanan has 13 units tourism products without accommodation, Mukim Lambor Kiri with 2 units of food and beverages, and 1 units of educational institutions, Mukim Pasir Salak with 14 units of tourism products without trade and services, and Mukim Pulau Tiga with 4 units of attractive places and heritages and 4 units of accommodations.
Other than that, there are several mukims with only one type of tourism products such as, Mukim Bandar has 1 education institution, Mukim Kota Setia with 5 units of food and beverages and Mukim Layang – Layang with one education institution. However, Mukim Jaya Baru and Mukim Pasir Panjang Hulu show no type of tourism products had been founded.
Overall, the distribution of attractive places and heritages, food, and beverages, and education institutions are not showing issues. However, trade and services are a second input driver such as banking, finance, healthcare, and shopping for tourism activities especially in terms of tourist expenditure.
Trade and services only served in these three mukim. There are 20 Units trade and services located in Mukim Bota, 3 units in Mukim Belanja, 1 unit in Lambor Kanan and 4 units in Mukim Kampung Gajah. Meanwhile, others from this mukim had trade and services offered which these mukim must depend on the services of those 4 mukim. (Refer to Table 3 Tourism Products by Mukim in Perak Tengah District).
Else, the highest unit of accommodation offered is in Mukim Bota (34 units), followed by Mukim Kampung Gajah (13 Units). There several mukim had served the accommodations services, however there were not more than 5 units such as in Mukim Pulau TIga (4 units), Mukim Pasir Salak (3 units), and Mukim Belanja (2 units). Others from this mukim had no accommodations offered. (Refer to Table 3 Tourism Products by Mukim in Perak Tengah District). The number of units is unsatisfactory to offer for future tourism development. (Refer to Table 3 Tourism Products by Mukim in Perak Tengah District).
Table 3. Tourism Products by Mukim in Perak Tengah District
No Mukim Attractive Places Heritagesand
Accommodation Food and
Beverages Trade and
Services Education Institution Total
1 Bandar 0 0 0 0 1 1
2 Belanja 4 2 6 3 6 15
3 Bota 5 34 57 20 16 132
4 Jaya
Baharu 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Kampung
Gajah 2 13 8 4 4 31
6 Kota Setia 0 0 5 0 0 5
7 Lambor
Kanan 3 0 4 1 5 13
8 Lambor Kiri 0 0 2 0 1 3
9 Layang –
Layang 0 0 0 0 1 1
10 Pasir Panjang
Ulu
0 0 0 0 0 0
11 Pasir Salak 5 3 3 0 3 14
12 Pulau Tiga 4 4 0 0 0 8
Total 23 56 85 28 37 229
Source:Author
Observation Data of Elements Tourism Products in Perak Tengah Districts
The observation survey of tourism products based on key features which involves 4 elements. The elements involved are signage and wayfinding, accessibility of tourism, condition of tourism and support facilities that include parking, prayer rooms and toilets.
Signages and Wayfinding
The provision of signage to tourist product locations is satisfactory as 67.89% are in the clear and very clear category. However, 11.79% (not very clear) and 6.50% (not clear) shows that the signages in these tourism areas seriously need attention and acts from operators and tourist agencies.
Refer to Figure 1 Read ability and clearness of signage and wayfinding.
\
Figure 2. Read Ability and Clearness of Signage and Wayfinding Source:Author
Accessibility to Tourism Areas
Accessibility of access to tourism product areas is also very good where (89.02%) are found easy and very easy to reach. Most of the tourism products areas can be reached by visitors as they are near to the main road. This is because of a route Ipoh – Lumut Expressway that can be linked from nearby cities and tourism attractions such as Parit - Seri Iskandar – Kampung Gajah – Pasir Salak. Refer to Figure 2 Accessibility to tourism areas.
Figure 3. Accessibility to Tourism Areas Source:Author
Condition of Tourism Areas
The condition of the product place also shows a very good environmental condition (55.28%). Only 2.03% are in bad condition. The landscape of tourism areas is not degraded as rural areas are not physically impacted with development. As the cleanliness of tourism areas based on the visibility of litter in the areas do not impact the physical and visual degradation of the environment. However, 2.03% are in bad condition. This refers to the building façade especially towards the tourism product place and attraction which are in heritage categories. Refer to Figure 3 Condition of Tourism Areas.
Figure 4. Condition of Tourism Areas Source:Author
Support Facilities in Tourism Areas
Tourism facilities are very important elements in tourism areas.
Public facilities such as parking areas, restrooms, and prayer rooms in rural tourism attractions are very important for tourist convenience. Based on the observations, parking areas were found to be moderate (30.49%) and
sufficient (38.21%). This shows that the provision of parking in certain areas, especially in the city centre, needs to be increased. Refer to Figure 4 adequacy of Parking facilities in tourism areas.
Figure 5. Adequacy of Parking Facilities in Tourism Areas Source:Author
Prayers room and toilet facilities are also less satisfactory because most areas are in the moderate (33.33%) and adequate (40.65%) categories.
Refer to Figure 5 Adequacy of support facilities in tourism areas.
Figure 6. Adequacy of Support Facilities in Tourism Areas Source:Author
These elements show the tourism areas readiness in Perak Tengah is in categories satisfying. However, there are still some actions and improvements needed such as signages and wayfinding, condition of tourism areas and adequacy of support facilities.
The provision of signage to tourist product locations is important as to draw people's attention and as a guide for tourists in terms of availability, read ability and clearness. Besides, some tourism areas in rural locations located far access or main road require signages and wayfinding. Other than
that, good environmental conditions for tourism areas is very important to the images for tourism in Perak Tengah. Maintaining cleanliness and protecting the environment is essential, as is preserving authenticity and diversity, especially rural tourism stressing of heritages and historical values.
Lastly, support facilities are important for tourists’ convenience especially for the parking areas, prayers room and toilet facilities.
Mapping of Tourism Products in Perak Tengah District
The taking of the coordinates of the distribution of tourism products was carried out in several mukim in Perak Tengah District by secondary data on Google Earth recorded on 2021 and Google Maps 2021, and list of tourism product in Perak Tengah District in Officials Perak Tengah District Councils (PTDC) websites that promoted six tourism attraction such as place attraction, accommodation, trade and services, sport and recreation, worship places and education (PTDC,2022). However, the type of product tourism in this study was shortened as five including place of attraction, food and beverages, accommodation, education, trade, and services. This is because sport and recreation are categorised as place attraction and worship places are placed in trade and services categories.
The GIS application that we have developed based on the methodology consists of an interactive map that displays the location points of tourism places by type of tourism products and pictures. the documentation of the distribution of tourism products, the coordinate points are combined, data visualisation is carried out through the QGIS application which is then carried out a map layout so that it can display each tourism products on the Map and pictures Refer to Figure 6 Example of place and attraction in QGIS 3.26 Software and Figure 7 Mapping of tourism products in Perak Tengah in 2D.
Coordinates
Each coordinate, longitude and latitudes of 229 tourism products are documented and located in QGIS software.
Symbology
Each marker is assigned with a specially designed symbology (refer
to Table 2 Type of Tourism Products) to help the users to differentiate the places easily by place categories.
Location Information
After coordinates are located, some sort of tourism information will be inserted in the attribute tables such as location name, operation hours, address and contact number.
Pictures
Pictures are inserted as documents attached and viewed. This could help for visualisations of tourism products.
Interpretations / information
Some interpretations of types of tourism products such as heritage, events, shopping and more.
Based on Figure 1, as an example for place and attractions mapping in QGIS Software with tourism data and images. The results achieved from this research are in the form of presenting a map of the distribution of tourism products in Perak Tengah Districts with types of tourism products by using symbols and including pictures for public references (Refer Figure 8 Mapping of tourism products in Perak Tengah in 2D). It is hoped, the public and tourists can easily see the markings at each point of the tourist products.
Future suggestion
The public, operators, or agencies may submit new locations as ideas to assist complete the database of locations with the goal of promoting undiscovered and fascinating locations. Additionally, the user interface for displaying travel information can be made more beautiful and easier to comprehend by using films and virtual travel. In addition, it would be possible to connect tourism-related products with e-marketing to encourage online shopping.
The database of tourism-related products in Perak Tengah is restricted because there must be many locations left as the study timeline constraints,
and it is only expected to be updated every two months. Besides that, Perak Tengah District Councils and all relevant parties are required to play a considerable part in enhancing the number of visitors to each tourist destination. So, the potential for tourism can be used to enhance the services and amenities for the local people and future tourists. The public's access to information about the prospective tourist sector in Perak Tengah District is expected to increase with the availability of data on the distribution and characteristics of tourism products because of this research.
Figure 7. Example of Place and Attraction in QGIS 3.26 Software Source:Author
Figure 8. Mapping of Tourism Products in Perak Tengah in 2D Source:Author
CONCLUSION
The distribution of tourism products shows that there are 229 tourism products that have the potential for tourism development in Perak Tengah District with place attraction, accommodations, trade and services, education and food and beverages. These tourism products are distributed with the highest growth in Mukim Belanja (15 units), Mukim Bota (132 units) and Mukim Kampung Gajah (31 units). There are 23 places of attraction, 56 of accommodations,28 of trade and services, 37 of education institutions and 87 of food and beverages. In addition, these tourism products areas are supported by signage and wayfinding, accessibility of tourism, condition of tourism and support facilities that include parking, prayer rooms and toilets that are satisfactory for tourists to come yet need improvement. In addition, the issues such as inadequate services such as banking and finances and accommodations need to be highlighted for future development.
The application of QGIS could be extended in websites to be accessed by the public. This application serves as a base for a tourism database to ease local operators or any tourism agencies. Additional features such as to add description data, pictures, or other tourist attractions can be planned for future collaboration with Perak Tengah District Councils. Lastly, the Ministry of Tourism and Culture Perak and Tourism@Perak should consider including Perak Tengah District in the cluster for Gopeng – Kampar – Batu Gajah – Perak Tengah and promote it as a rural tourism destination.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge Perak Tengah District Councils and students who have contributed to this study.
FUNDING
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme with Project Code: FRGS/1/2021/
WAB09/UITM/02/4 for financially support this research and Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak Branch and Universiti Sains Malaysia for collaborative member in the research.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All authors contributed to the design of the research, the observations, and the write-up. Data processing, data visualisation, data cleaning and mapping was carried out by researcher. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Prof. Madya Dr. Nur Hisham Ibrahim Rektor
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perak
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PERMOHONAN KELULUSAN MEMUAT NAIK PENERBITAN UiTM CAWANGAN PERAK
• MELALUI REPOSITORI INSTITUSI UiTM (IR)
•
Perkara di atas adalah dirujuk.
2. Adalah dimaklumkan bahawa pihak kami ingin memohon kelulusan tuan untuk mengimbas (digitize) dan memuat naik semua jenis penerbitan di bawah UiTM Cawangan Perak melalui Repositori lnstitusi UiTM, PTAR.
3. Tujuan permohonan ini adalah bagi membolehkan akses yang lebih meluas oleh pengguna perpustakaan terhadap semua maklumat yang terkandung di dalam penerbitan melalui laman Web PT AR UiTM Cawangan Perak.
Kelulusan daripada pihak tuan dalam perkara ini amat dihargai.
Sekian, terima kasih.
"BERKHIDMAT UNTUK NEGARA"
Saya yang menjalankan amanah,
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PROF. MADYA DR. NUR HISHAM IBRAHIM REKTOR
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN PERAK KAMPUS SERI ISKANDAR
