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Maturity Assessment Based on Physicochemical Properties of Senna tora Compost Production Using Bokashi Technique
Mohamad Amir Shah Yusopa, Zaidi Ismaila, Anisah Mohammeda*, Hendrie Johann Muhamad Ridzwanb and Badli Esham Ahmadc
a Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
b Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
c Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang, 26400 Bandar Tun Abdul Razak Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Received: 13/09/2023, Accepted: 17/12/2023, Available Online: 20/12/2023
ABSTRACT
Senna tora is a leguminous plant species belonging to the Fabaceae family, known for its ability to engage in nitrogen fixation. It might improve compost output for sustainable soil fertility control.Bokashi compost is an organic amendment produced in two to four weeks through the fermentation of organic material. The purpose of this study is to assess the maturity of Senna tora compost made using the bokashi method for future uses.
Senna tora compost produced by the bokashi method reached a mesophilic temperature (> 35 °C) on the first day and a thermophilic level (> 50 °C) on the second day. From Day 2 to Day 12, a thermophilic temperature level was observed. The temperature decreases until Day 35, signifying the finish of the decomposition process.
The pH level of the compost showed a fluctuating pattern, starting at 7.8 and spiking at 8.4 before lowering to 7.2 (neutral) by the end of the study.The height of the compost decreased by approximately 53.97% over the duration of the study, showing that the decomposition process has reached a state of maturity. During the decomposition process of Senna tora, the nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), with 2.88%, 0.654% and 6.671%, respectively, are released and eventually reach the desired target value. The initial carbon- to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of the compost was 25, and it gradually decreased to 14 at the end of study. Senna tora compost produced a statistically significant result in the evaluation of compost maturity. The compost is deemed suitable for use as an organic fertilizer since it meets the specified nutrient availability criteria.
Keywords: Senna tora, composting process, bokashi compost, compost temperature, compost maturity
JOURNAL OF AGROBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023, VOL 14(2):130-139 e-ISSN:2180-1983
http://dx.doi.org/10.37231/jab.2023.14.2.349
https://journal.unisza.edu.my/agrobiotechnology/index.php/agrobiotechnology/index
131 INTRODUCTION
The worldwide population is experiencing an upward trajectory, necessitating the implementation of more sustainable farming practises to adequately address the global need for food. Crop overexploitation has resulted in the usage of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, resulting in environmental damage and human health problems (De Corato, 2020). Loss of biodiversity, altered weather patterns, soil erosion, and chemical contamination of water supplies are only few of the negative consequences of intensive farming (Duru et al., 2015). A wide range of current agricultural methods endangers soil health and, as a result, its capacity to offer fertility and pest control (Searson, 2015). Human well-being and the maintenance of healthy ecosystems are intrinsically tied to biodiversity (Rai and Singh, 2020).
The prevailing worldwide outlook is increasingly oriented towards environmental sustainability, necessitating more use of eco-friendly solutions. The overarching goal of agricultural sustainability is to provide the nutritional needs of society while safeguarding the well-being of future generations. The objective of agricultural sustainability is to promote the usage of renewable assets by enhancing their inherent productive potential while concurrently limiting adverse effects on agroecosystems. Soil organic matter has a crucial role in providing essential macro- and micronutrients for the soil's microorganisms and crops. Additionally, it serves as a dynamic substrate for microbial activity and effectively mitigates fluctuations in acidity, water content, salt levels, and contaminants. Moreover, soil organic matter is a rich supply of helpful microorganisms that fight soil-borne plant pathogens that cause crop diseases (De Corato, 2020).
The utilisation of organic fertilisers, such as manure and compost, is a viable approach for the amelioration and enhancement of soils. This practise serves to combat the adverse effects associated with soil degradation and depletion (Searson, 2015). Organic farming is an agricultural methodology that aims to not only minimise or eradicate the presence of pesticide residues in crops, but also encompasses a more comprehensive approach to agricultural sustainability across economic, environmental, and social dimensions (Hata et al., 2020).
Biofertilizers and biopesticides, such as bokashi, are organic soil amendments that incorporate living microorganisms. These substances are often employed to sustain and improve soil functionality (Searson, 2015).
Composting refers to the deliberate process of decomposing organic waste in a regulated manner, resulting in the production of stable and uncontaminated organic material. This material can then be utilised in agricultural practises to enhance soil quality. There are numerous methods to compost, ranging from small, homemade reactors used by households to relatively simple on-site reactors used by farmers to large, basic to complex reactors used by professional composters (Termorshuizen et al., 2004).
Bokashi compost relates to an organic amendment that is derived from a mixture of fermented organic waste originating from both animals and plants. This blend through a series of fermentations, including lactic, acetic, alcoholic, propionic, and butyric fermentation. Additionally, the compost is enriched with a microbial inoculum, which serves to expedite the preparation process and yield a substantial quantity of beneficial bacteria. The organic fertiliser undergoes a fermentation process, resulting in a product that is rich in nutrients and helpful microorganisms. These components have been identified as beneficial for enhancing both soil health and promoting plant development. There are several advantages connected with the use of this approach. One notable benefit is the expedited breakdown of waste, which occurs within a relatively short timeframe of 2 to 4 weeks. In contrast, standard composting methods often need a longer period of around 6 months for the same process to occur (Hata et al., 2020). Bokashi has been seen by farmers to have notable efficacy in the realms of soil conservation and regeneration of organic matter. As a result, this organic fertiliser demonstrates more efficacy in the physical, chemical, and biological aspects compared to synthetic fertilisers. It effectively aids in the preservation of salt-affected soil, enhances soil fertility, and effectively mitigates secondary salinization (Xiaohou et al., 2008). The utilisation of Bokashi fertiliser has been shown to enhance soil fertility through the augmentation of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the availability of essential nutrients. Additionally, it has been seen to enhance soil porosity and increase microbial biomass (Joseph and Chacon, 2010).
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The local biodiversity, ecosystem services, environmental quality, and human health have all been seriously threatened by invasive plants during the past few decades, resulting in ecological and economic consequences (Rai and Singh, 2020). Plants are considered invasive when they are brought to a location in which they do not naturally occur and quickly become a nuisance due to their ability to reproduce rapidly and their potential to harm the local ecosystem, economic, or human health (Yang et al., 2022).
Senna tora is a species of leguminous plant in the Fabaceae family. It goes by several names, including sickle senna, sickle pod, tora, coffee pod, and foetid cassia. The plant is native to Asia, particularly India, and has spread to other parts of the world, including Africa, Central and South America, and Europe. Senna tora (Cassia tora) is a small shrub with 10-centimeter-long pinnate leaves that are comprised of three pairs of opposing ovate, oblong, and oblique leaflets at the base. The yellow-colored blossoms are bearded in the leaf axel. The blooms have five petals that are half an inch in diameter (Shukla, 2013). The Senna tora plant has a nitrogen content of 2.66%, phosphorus content of 0.963%, and potassium content of 2.85%. Additionally, the total nitrogen content for this weed species is measured at 427 kg/ha (Suryawanshi, 2011). Through nitrogen fixation, legumes can add approximately 150 kg of nitrogen per hectare per year. It can also reduce nitrogen leaching into the soil (Agamuthu and Broughton, 1985). According to Patil (2012), this weed served as green manure for the corn crop. Using Cassia tora as manure will increase the yield of corn compared to conventional methods. Programmes that manage soil fertility in a sustainable way could benefit from weed as well. This is because weed biomass contains high levels of certain plant nutrients (Rawat and Suthar, 2014).
So, the goal of this study is to use the bokashi technique to turn Senna tora biomass into compost. To preserve ecological equilibrium and ensure suitability for subsequent uses, it is necessary for the compost to adhere to specific quality criteria, as evidenced by maturity and stability indices. Compost is considered 'mature' when it has reached both maturity and stability levels.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials of compost
Composting is one of the best ways to add organic matter to soil and increase the amount of organic carbon in the soil at the same time. During the composting process, many different materials and equipment are used to make Senna tora compost. The present study employed a combination of Senna tora plant material, rice husk, sawdust, wood ash, banana stems, chicken manure, fresh cow dung, charcoal, molasses, and beneficial microbes to generate compost derived from Senna tora. The composting materials used in this study are shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Composting Materials in Bokashi Technique
Material Quantity Description
Senna tora (Noxious weed) 25 kg Senna tora was collected around the Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) farm in Jengka, Pahang, and the leaf parts were taken for this study. The leafy parts of Senna tora are cut into small (2 cm to 3 cm) pieces using a shredder. Senna tora leaf was the primary component in the composting process.
Chicken dung 20 kg Chicken dung acts as an amendment to improve the quality of compost.
Cow dung 2 kg Cow dung acts as an amendment to improve the quality of compost.
Banana stem 10 kg Banana stem act as green materials for the decomposition process.
The banana stem was shredded into smaller pieces.
Paddy husk 10 kg Paddy husks act as brown materials for the decomposition process.
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Charcoal 10 kg Charcoal is a vital material in the composting process.
Indigenous microorganism
(IMO) 2 kg IMO is called beneficial microbes because it acts as a catalyst to boost the decomposition rate in the composting process. Rice that had undergone fermentation served as the basis for the IMO used in this.
Molasses 2 liters Molasses enhances beneficial microbial activities
Method of composting
The procedure in this study focused on composting Senna tora using the Bokashi method. In this composting, the leaves of Senna tora were chosen. The banana stem was cut into smaller pieces and the charcoal was crushed into small bits to hasten the decomposition process. All the materials were weighed and laid out layer by layer before being mixed. To create a mixture, combine fresh cow dung, molasses, Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO), and water into a basin. Incorporate it gradually throughout the process of blending the substantial input.
Thoroughly include the layer with the mixture, transfer it into a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) drum, and position it appropriately. This compost is mixed twice a day so that air and heat can move through it better (Joseph and Chacon, 2010). This study was conducted for 35 days until it reached maturity.
Data collection
The production of compost was assessed using maturity and stability indices. Its maturity denotes the composting process's stage or degree of completion. Any compost product is only usable once the compost has reached maturity. From day 1 to day 35, data were collected for this study. The data utilised in this study were gathered during a period spanning from day 1 to day 35. Table 2 present the data collection in this study. The assessment of compost maturity encompassed several elements, including composting temperature (Mahapatra et al., 2022), reduction in compost height (Mukai and Oyanagi, 2021), pH level of the compost (Rai et al., 2021), total nitrogen content, carbon to nitrogen ratio, as well as phosphorus and potassium levels (Rai and Suthar, 2020).Data collection was analyzed by describing the data in the graph and table using Microsoft Excell.
Table 2: Data Collection for Compost Maturity Assessment
Data Collection Description
Temperature of compost The temperature, which plays an important role in composting process. It was measure daily by using Zeal Scientific Mercury Thermometer.
Thermometer was permanently placed in the mid of the composting pile and temperature was monitored daily till the last day of the composting process.
pH of compost For pH analysis in compost, 1 g fresh sample was mixed with deionized 10- mL water to prepare compost extract and pH was mixed immediately using Hanna pH meter.
Level reduction of compost pile The reduction level of compost content was collected to observe the decomposition process of compost materials. The measurement was taken by observe at the PCV drum. The levels of measurement had been prepared inside the drum in centimeters units.
Nutrients analysis of compost:
Total Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium (NPK)
Sample of compost was collected and send to Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), Resident Tekam Plantation Jerantut, Pahang for analyzing total NPK.
Carbon to nitrogen
(C/N) ratio The process of biological degradation requires nitrogen, so C/N acts as an indication of the total availability of nitrogen. A supply of nutrients which mainly consists of carbon and nitrogen is very much essential for the
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decomposition of wastes by the microorganisms. As the composting process progresses a decline in the C/N is observed.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Temperature of compost
The line graph in Figure 1 illustrates the changes in temperature on compost from day 1 until day 35. The graph clearly shows that the initial temperature was 49 °C on the first day, then rapidly increased to 71 °C on day 6.
The temperature remained constant from days 25 to 30. The temperature drops to 29 °C on day 34, signalling the end of the decomposition process and showing the maturity of the compost. With the bokashi method, Senna tora compost reached a mesophilic level (> 35 °C) on the first day and a thermophilic level (> 50 °C) on the second day. From Day 2 to Day 12, a thermophilic temperature level was seen to last for 11 days. The temperature gradually drops until Day 35.
Fig. 1. Temperature of compost
Temperature is important in the composting process because it affects the rate of decomposition and the types of microorganisms that thrive. The temperature changes during the decomposition process in three stages:
mesophilic, thermophilic, and maturation (Mahapatra et al., 2022). According to Sayara, et al., (2020), the composting process encompasses a period known as the "active" decomposition stage, during which the microbial community initiates the degradation of easily decomposable substances, leading to an increase in population size. The heat produced by the microbial activity gradually builds up within the pile, causing the temperature to progressively increase, transitioning from the mesophilic range (25 - 45 oC) to the thermophilic range (above 45 oC). Thermophilic temperatures, namely those over 55 oC, are seen advantageous due to their heightened efficacy in eliminating pathogens, weed seeds, and fly larvae inside composting materials. Compost producers use aeration and mixing to keep temperatures below 65 oC, which kills many microbes and tends to slow the decomposition process. Mesophilic microorganisms once again predominate in the compost pile during the cooling phase as the supply of high-energy compounds runs out. The maturation or "curing" phase happens at a lower temperature, but there are still many natural reactions going on, even though the activity of microorganisms isn't as high as it was in the earlier stages. The fact that the temperature kept going down over the rest of the composting time showed that the compost was getting close to being ready.
Monedero et al., (2005) stated that, the observed decline in temperature during the remaining duration of the composting process indicates a nearing state of maturity for the compost. During the stage of maturity, the process of breakdown had a sluggish pace, with the microorganism demonstrating a state of stability. The compost underwent a transformation, resulting in a refined consistency characterised by a deeper hue and a lack of discernible fragrance.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Temperature (oC)
Time (Days)
135 pH of compost
Figure 2 shows that the pH was 7.8 at the start and gradually increased by Day 5. On Day 10, the pH reaches a maximum of 8.4. From Day 15 until the end of the study, pH begins to slowly decline. At the end of the study, the pH was recorded as 7.2. According to Rai et al., (2021), the initial increase in pH of the compost pile could be attributed to the formation of intermediate organic and inorganic salts, specifically through protein and sulphur compound degradation. In the later stages of composting, ammoniacal N is converted into some liable forms of N that are acidic via nitrification, which is responsible for pH reduction. Bacterial species also produce humic acid, which also changes the pH of the compost piles. The pH of the final compost, according to Suthar (2009), was in the optimal range (7.0 - 8.0), which promotes microbial activation and nitrogen retention in compost. Study from Mukai and Oyanagi (2021) found that the pH values for organic feedstocks and final products of the fast compost and test-kosi were in the range of 7.7 to 8.5. According to Chukwujindu et al.
(2006), the pH drops to a neutral value during the cooling and maturation stages.
Fig. 2. pH of compost Level reduction of compost pile
Figure 3 depicts the level reduction of the pile from Day 1 to Day 25. The line graph made it clear that from Day 2 to Day 15, the height of the compost starts to decline because microorganisms are actively breaking down the composting material. The height of the compost pile remained constant three times: from Day 15 to Day 19 (44 cm), from Day 21 to Day 24 (37 cm), and from Day 25 to Day 30 (33 cm). Variations in the volume of the compost pile are related to the period (Mukai and Oyanagi, 2021). At the end of the study, the compost pile reached a height of 29 cm on Day 35. The compost height decreased by about 53.97% from the beginning of the study to its end. According to Robert (2003), the volume of a compost pile is reduced by two-thirds when it ends up going through the entire decomposition process. Monedero et al. (2005) stated that, the diminished vertical dimension of the compost pile serves as an indicator that the process of decomposition has attained a state of maturity. When compost reaches maturity, it does not emit any unpleasant odours.
6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 8.6
1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
pH
Time (Days)
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Fig. 3. Compost height Nutrients analysis of compost
Table 3 shows the percentages of organic carbon (OC), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K).
Based on the study of Rai and Suthar (2020) and Rai et al (2021), a nutrient target value was established, as shown in Table 3. Study conducted by Rai et al (2021) found that, after composting, all of the waste piles had much lower total organic carbon (TOC) levels than when they were first made. After composting, the amount of TOC was reduced by 16 - 31%. According to Rai and Suthar (2020), TOC levels have decreased significantly from their initial levels. The initial setup with high Parthenium leaf contents showed a higher TOC but decreased at the end of the study. The possible reduction is due to the high availability of lignocellulosic contents, which are used as carbon sources by the microbial decomposer community, particularly actinomycetes in compost piles. The nutrients (N, P, K, and Ca) released during organic matter decomposition also increase carbon loss from waste through enzymatic degradation and soil respiration. The Senna tora contains the amount of macro- and micro-mineral elements in the whole plant (Patil, 2012). According to a previous study by Suryawanshi (2011), there is 0.928% nitrogen, 0.560% phosphorus, and 0.834% potassium in Senna tora compost with soil, waste, and dung.
Table 3: Nutrients analysis and C/N ratio of compost
Parameter Composting Time
Target Value
Day 1 Day 35
pH 7.8 7.2 4 - 9
Total Organic Carbon (%) 54.89 38.03 > 15%
Total Nitrogen (N) (%) 2.21 2.88 > 2.5%
Phosphorus (P) (%) 0.135 0.654 > 0.90%
Potassium (K) (%) 4.652 6.671 > 1.7%
C/N Ratio 25 14 20-25
C/N ratio of compost
In this study, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was used as an indicator of compost maturity potential. The C/N ratio of compost begins at 25 and decreases to 14 at the end of the study, as shown in Table 3. As a result, there is a decrease in the C/N ratio in this study. Chukwujindu et al. (2006) reported that, the C/N ratio rapidly decreased from 28 in the raw materials to 18 after only 20 days. After 60 days, the ratio had dropped to 12.2.
For the remainder of the process, the C/N ratio remained stable at around 12 (11.8 - 12.8). Alidadi et al. (2016) found that, C/N was 53.57 on the 25th day, 34.73 on the 50th day, and 16.6 on the 100th day after composting began. This decrease in C/N is primarily due to CO2 emissions during the composting process. Mahapatra et
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Compost Height (cm)
Time (Days)
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al. (2022) reported that, nitrogen is needed for the process of biological decay. The C/N ratio shows how much nitrogen is available. The optimum C/N ratio ranges from 20 to 25, which is critical for the composting process's efficiency. A supply of nutrients, primarily carbon and nitrogen, is critical for waste decomposition by microorganisms. Waste is the primary source of these nutrients, but it must be present in the proper balance for the process to function properly. Pezzolla et al. (2021) stated that, the C/N ratio is significant because it represents an indicator of nutritional balance for microbial activity. According to the study, using a lot of pig slurry, anaerobic digestate, and sewage sludge can lead to a C/N ratio that is lower than 25 - 35, which is the best range for the initial mixture. This means that there is more nitrogen per degradable carbon.
CONCLUSION
The maturity of Senna tora compost that produce from bokashi technique was assessed based on temperature of compost, pH of compost, level reduction of compost pile, nutrients analysis of compost, and C/N ratio of compost. The conclusion of this study is that Senna tora compost reached the maturity level at which it produced positive results for each of the evaluated criteria.This compost is suitable for use as organic fertilizer because it meets the nutrient availability requirements for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. However, future studies may concentrate on applying compost directly to plants.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors acknowledge University Teknologi MARA Pahang, Jengka Campus, for providing the facilities for this study. The authors declare that they have no financial or organization connections to any entity funding this study.
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How to cite this paper:
Yusop, M.A.S., Ismail, Z., Mohammed, A., Ridzwan, H.J.M., & Ahmad, B.E. (2023). Maturity assessment of Senna tora compost production using bokashi technique. Journal of Agrobiotechnology, 14(2), 130-139.