MODELLING A FRAMEWORK OF MICROGRID HYBRID WITH ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (ESS) -
REDUCE MAXIMUM DEMAND IN UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
NUR AINA ALWANI BINTI MOHAMAD
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SABAH
2022
MODELLING A FRAMEWORK OF MICROGRID HYBRID WITH ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (ESS) -
REDUCE MAXIMUM DEMAND IN UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
NUR AINA ALWANI BINTI MOHAMAD
THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
2022
NAME
MATRIC NUMBER TITLE
DEGREE VIVA DATE
CERTIFIED BY;
MAIN SUPERVISOR
CERTIFICATE
NUR AINA ALWAN! BINTI MOHAMAD BK18110162
MODELLING A FRAMEWORK OF MICROGRID HYBRID WITH ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM (ESS) - REDUCE MAXIMUM DEMAND IN UNIVERSffi MALAYSIA SABAH
BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 26th JULY 2022
SIGNATURE
DR. MOHD KAMAL MOHD SHAH
\y •
• ,
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DECLARATION
I will henceforth declare that this project progress report entitled "Modelling A Framework of Microgrid Hybrid with Energy Storage System (ESS) - Integration For Reduce Maximum Demand", submitted to Universiti Malaysia Sabah in an original and it is submitted as a partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering, which has not been submitted to any other university for a degree. I also certify the work described here is entirely mine, except for quotations and summaries of sources which have been duty acknowledged.
ist JULY 2022
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NUR AINA ALWAN! BINTI MOHAMAD BK18110162
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This Final Year Project (FYP) would not be possible without the help of individuals who work behind the scenes. As a result, I would want to offer my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who was directly or indirectly involved in the completion of this project, and who were always by my side during the entire process. It is always a pleasure to thank the wonderful people for their true direction and support in developing the mechanical and technical abilities, as well as theoretical engineering skills, throughout this project.
Ultimately, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Mohd Kamal Bin Mohd Shah, my supervisor for this final year project, for providing me with the chance to undertake this research project. Despite being quite busy with his obligations, he was also prepared to give his time to hear, guide, and keep me on track throughout the conclusion of the research project. Aside from that, I would like to thank him for his patience and persistent motivation for me till the finish of this project.
Furthermore, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to both of my examiners, Dr. Farm Yan Yan and Ir. Dr. Mohd Adzrie Bin Hj. Radzali, as well as FYP coordinator, Dr. Mohd Nazrien Adrian Amaludin, for their guidance in producing a better report, as well as to the individuals involved in data collection for their willingness to spend their time to assist in the task's completion. As a matter of fact, their advice assisted me in producing a professional-looking report.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my family, especially my parents, for their love, prayers, continual support, and motivation till the end, as well as my lecturers and friends for their physical and emotional support. It would be hard for me to complete my research assignment without the assistance I received throughout the semester.
NUR AINA ALWANI BINTI MOHAMAD 1st JULY 2022
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ABSTRACT
In theory, a microgrid system generates electricity by utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and biomass through distribution energy resources such as photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and biomass gasifiers and supplying it to the load requirements of a specific group of consumers. Nowadays, Malaysia is one of the countries with a vast number of renewable energy sources derived from its geographical location, giving Malaysia a good potential to put the system in place in the country to replace nonrenewable energy sources such as fuel and coal, which are nearing the end of their useful life. As a result of the implementation, the nation and its citizens will reap significant benefits. Modeling a Framework of Hybrid Microgrid with Energy Storage System (ESS) - Reduce Maximum Demand at University Malaysia Sabah was carried out at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Science (FPSK). Initially, the simulation of a hybrid system includes the solar sources which include photovoltaic panels, then the addition of wind resources to examine the performance of the system, which include photovoltaic panels and wind generic turbines. Data such as electricity usage for the entire faculty, as well as the type of panel, turbine, and generator, was collected and studied. Several simulations were run in HOMER Pro software to determine the feasible model setup of the hybrid system. This project aims to produce a configuration that can meet the faculty's electricity usage; hence, technical and financial analyses were performed to determine the most optimal and best fit of the configuration that is consistent with the faculty's electrical consumption situation. Furthermore, this project aims to reduce the maximum demand faced by the faculty because this demand will incur additional costs for university management; thus, the analysis in terms of maximum demand obtained by the chosen modelling configuration is made to determine whether it can or cannot reduce the demand for the entire faculty.
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ABSTRAK
MODEL RANGKA KERJA MIKROGRID HIBRID DENGAN SISTEM PENYIMPANAN TENAGA (SPT) –
MENGURANGKAN PERMINTAAN MAKSIMUM DI UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
Secara teorinya, sistem mikrogrid menjana tenaga elektrik dengan menggunakan sumber tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui seperti solar, angin dan biojisim melalui alat pengagihan sumber tenaga seperti panel fotovoltaik, turbin angin, dan pengegas biojisim dan membekalkannya kepada kumpulan pengguna tertentu untuk menampung beban keperluan seharian. Pada masa kini, Malaysia merupakan salah satu negara yang mempunyai sejumlah besar sumber tenaga yang boleh diperbaharui yang mana terhasil disebabkan oleh struktur geografi muka bumi di tanah Malaysia, memberikan Malaysia potensi yang baik untuk meletakkan sistem itu di negara ini bagi menggantikan sumber tenaga yang tidak boleh diperbaharui seperti bahan api dan arang batu, yang kini hampiri akhir hayat bagi penggunaan mereka.
Hasil daripada pelaksanaan itu, negara dan rakyat akan mendapat faedah yang besar dan menguntungkan semua pihak. Model Rangka Kerja Mikrogrid Hibrid dengan Sistem Penyimpanan Tenaga (SPT) - Mengurangkan Permintaan Maksimum di Universiti Malaysia Sabah telah dijalankan di Fakulti Perubatan dan Sains Kesihatan (FPSK). Simulasi sistem hibrid yang menggunakan sumber suria melalui penggunaan panel fotovoltaik, dan seterusnya memasukkan sumber angin melalui penggunaan turbin generik angin untuk mengkaji prestasi system hibrid tersebut. Data seperti penggunaan elektrik untuk seluruh fakulti, serta jenis panel, turbin, dan penjana, telah dikumpul dan dikaji. Beberapa simulasi telah dijalankan dalam perisian HOMER Pro untuk menentukan persediaan model sistem hibrid yang boleh dilaksanakan dilokasi tersebut. Projek ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan konfigurasi yang dapat memenuhi penggunaan elektrik di fakulti; oleh itu, analisis teknikal dan kewangan telah dilakukan untuk menentukan kesesuaian konfigurasi yang paling optimum dan
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terbaik yang mampu mencapai tahap penggunaan elektrik terkini di fakulti tersebut.
Tambahan pula, projek ini bertujuan untuk mengurangkan permintaan maksimum yang dihadapi oleh fakulti kerana permintaan maksimum ini akan mewujudkan kos tambahan yang perlu dibayar oleh pihak pengurusan universiti; oleh itu, analisis dari segi permintaan maksimum yang diperolehi oleh konfigurasi pemodelan yang dipilih, dibuat dan disemak untuk menentukan sama ada ia mampu atau tidak untuk mengurangkan permintaan maksimum bagi keseluruhan penggunaan elektrik do fakulti.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
CERTIFICATE i
DECLARATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
LIST OF FIGURES x
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS xv
CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.1 Chapter Overview 1
1.2 Introduction 1
1.3 Problem Statement 3
1.4 Research Objectives 5
1.5 Scope of Works 5
1.5.1 Preliminary Literature Review 5
1.5.2 Data collection of maximum demand and the structural analyzing
6
1.5.3 Conducting the Simulation 6
1.5.4 Analyzing the performance of the system 6
1.6 General Methodology 7
1.6.1 Research Location 7
1.6.2 Simulation Apparatus 7
1.6.3 Simulation Method 8
1.7 Research Contribution 10
1.8 Research Commercialization 11
CHAPTER 2: Literature Review
2.1 Renewable Energy 12
2.2 Solar Energy in Malaysia 14
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2.3 Wind Energy Potential in Malaysia 15
2.4 Microgrid and Classification 18
2.4.1 AC Microgrid 20
2.4.2 DC Microgrid 20
2.4.3 AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid 21
2.5 Existing Structure of Microgrid Hybrid 23
2.5.1 Microgrid Configuration 26
2.5.2 The Photovoltaic system 28
2.6 Energy Storage System (ESS) 33
2.7 Performance of the System 36
2.8 Maximum demand 37
2.8.1 Reducing Maximum Demand 38
2.9 Summary 39
CHAPTER 3: Methodology
3.1 Chapter Overview 40
3.2 Project Flow Chart 41
3.3 Technical Analysis 42
3.3.1 Data Collection 42
a) Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) 43 b) The Research Area: Faculty of Medicine and Health
Science
44
3.4 System Configuration and Modelling 46
3.5 Simulation of the Hybrid Microgrid 47
3.5.1 Renewable Energy Source 48
3.5.2 Load profile of the studied area 48
3.5.3 Simulation Procedure 49
3.5.4 System component inputs and variables 49
3.5.5 System constraints 56
3.6 Optimization 56
3.7 Financial Analysis 57
3.8 Summary 59
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CHAPTER 4: Result Analysis and Discussion
4.1 Chapter Overview 61
4.2 Data Collection 61
4.3 Architecture of Framework Modelling 71
4.3.1 Primary electrical load 72
4.3.2 Resource data of the studied area 73
4.3.3 Generated configuration of Hybrid System 77
4.4 Analysis of the purposed system 79
4.5 Emission of greenhouse gas 91
4.6 Determining the best fit configuration of the optimized system 92
4.7 Analyzing the maximum demand achieved 93
4.8 Grid-PV with battery and generator by adding wind turbine 94
4.9 Summary 98
CHAPTER 5: Conclusion
5.1 Conclusion 99
5.2 Future Recommendation 101
REFERENCES 102
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Data Collection from Faculty Medicine and Health Science
108
APPENDIX B 131
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1.1: Flowchart of simulation method 9
Figure 2.1: Malaysia Renewable Energy Source 13
Figure 2.2: Solar irradiance level of different town in Malaysia 15 Figure 2.3: Frequency distribution in Kota Kinabalu obtained
from the station
16
Figure 2.4: Wind turbine in Terumbu Layang-Layang (Swallow Reef) Sabah
17
Figure 2.5: Wind generator system (WGS) in China 18
Figure 2.6: The classification of the microgrid system 19 Figure 2.7: The general framework of a microgrid with a
hierarchical structural
22
Figure 2.8: The typical system structural of a microgrid 24
Figure 2.9: Hybrid microgrid system block diagram 25
Figure 2.10: Designed hybrid microgrid system 26
Figure 2.11: Hybrid photovoltaic, wind and battery storage microgrid configuration
27
Figure 2.12: Diagram of the AC/DC microgrid model 28
Figure 2.13: Type of Photovoltaic combination 29
Figure 2.14: Basic components of photovoltaic system 31 34
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Figure 2.15: The classification of the principle energy storage system
Figure 2.16: The structure of a combine cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system
35
Figure 3.1: Flowchart of the project 41
Figure 3.2: Collecting data at FPSK, (a) and (b) setting up the connection from power source to data logger devices, (c) setting the parameter in data logger devices
45
Figure 3.3: Purposed location for solar panel at Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, UMS
45
Figure 3.4: Schematic figure of the purposed hybrid energy system configuration in HOMER software
47
Figure 3.5: Fuel curve of the diesel generator 54
Figure 4.1: Load demand against time interval in #1 day 62 Figure 4.2: Load demand against time interval in #2 day 63 Figure 4.3: Load demand against time interval in #3 day 64 Figure 4.4: Load demand against time interval in #4 day 65 Figure 4.5: Load demand against time interval in #5 day 66 Figure 4.6: Load demand against time interval in #6 day 67 Figure 4.7: Load demand against time interval in #7 day 68 Figure 4.8: Load demand against time interval in #8 day 69 Figure 4.9: Load demand against time interval for all day collection 70 Figure 4.10: Load profile on the day where the greatest demand occurs
(23 March 2022)
71
Figure 4.11: Hourly electrical load profile for a typical day 72
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Figure 4.12: Yearly electrical load profile at FPSK 72
Figure 4.13: Monthly average solar global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and clearness index
74
Figure 4.14: Monthly average daily temperature (°C) 76
Figure 4.15: Average wind speed data 77
Figure 4.16: Purposed configuration system of the hybrid microgrid in HOMER PRO
78
Figure 4.17: 𝐶𝑂2 emission related to each system configuration 92 Figure 4.18: Hybrid configuration system with wind turbine 95
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1: Standard Test Condition (STC) 29
Table 2.2: Nominal operating cell temperature specification 30 Table 2.3: Photovoltaic technology goals as been accomplished 30
Table 2.4: Microgrid element and characteristics 37
Table 3.1: Data of used generator set and its installed capacity 43 Table 3.2: Data of the type and capacity for the distribution energy resources
devices
43
Table 3.3: Load demand of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Science in the year 2022
49
Table 3.4: Electrical properties of the selected panel 51
Table 3.5: Photovoltaic array cost input 51
Table 3.6: Electrical properties of selected energy storage 52
Table 3.7: Battery cost input 52
Table 3.8: Electrical properties of the selected inverter 53
Table 3.9: Inverter cost input 53
Table 3.10: Generator properties 53
Table 3.11: Generator cost input 54
Table 3.12: Electrical properties of selected wind turbine 55
Table 3.13: Wind turbine cost input 56
Table 4.1: Monthly average solar radiations availability at FPSK for a year 74
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Table 4.2: Monthly average daily temperature (°C) 75
Table 4.3: Wind speed in month wise (m/s) 76
Table 4.4: Optimized system architectures for the purposed system 79 Table 4.5: Electrical analysis of the current biomass 81 Table 4.6: Detailed electrical analysis of the current biomass scenario 86 Table 4.7: Cost and saving analysis of the purposed system 88
Table 4.8: Other Economics Metrics 90
Table 4.9: CO2 emission by utility grid 91
Table 4.10: Maximum demand data for PV with battery system. 94
Table 4.11: CO2 Emission 96
Table 4.12: Electricity generation 97
Table 4.13: Cost analysis from HOMER Pro simulation 97
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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
AC Actual Current
AH Ampere Hour
BESS Batteries Energy Storage System
CO2 Carbon Dioxide
COE Cost of Energy
DC Direct Current
DER Distribution Energy Resource
EIS Energy Interconnection System
ETIME Estimation Time
EPA Environment Protection Agency
ESS Energy Storage System
EV Electric Vehicle
FIT Feed Tariff
FPSK Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
FYP Final Year Project
HESS Hybrid Energy Storage System
HOMER Hybrid Optimization Multiple Energy Resource
kWh Kilo-watt hour
LI-Ion Lithium Ion
LSS Large Scale Solar
MD Maximum Demand
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MTs Micro-turbines
NPC Net Present Cost
O&M Operation and Management
Pdem+ Power Demand
PCMs Phase Change Materials
PECs Power Networks
POWER Prediction of Worldwide Energy
Resources
PV Photovoltaics
RE Renewable Energy
RERs Renewable Energy Resources
RM Ringgit Malaysia
RMS Root Mean Square
SESB Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd
STC Standard Test Condition
STR Sunday Tariff Rider Scheme
TNB Tenaga Nasional Berhad
UKM Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
UMS Universiti Malaysia Sabah
U.S. United State
WTG Wind Turbine Generator
WTs Wind Turbines
WGS Wind Generator System
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Chapter Overview
This chapter provides an overview of the entire project. It also contains information about the project's background, the problem statement, project objectives, and scope of works, general methodology, research contribution, and research commercialization.
1.2 Introduction
Cambridge Dictionary described that energy can be defined as an ability to do work.
Nowadays, in line with the development of civilization, people have been learned how to change the energy from one form to another to be used to do the work. There are many types of energy in this world such as mechanical energy, nuclear energy, kinetic energy, solar energy and many more. These energies can be used by a variety of equipment created using the latest technology. Furthermore, there are many types of energy source in this world. However, the two main source of energy is known as renewable energy and non-renewable energy. Renewable energy is defined as a source that can be renew, and can be used many times such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydropower energy and biomass energy. Non-renewable
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energy is the energy that commonly used for work which comes from fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal and petroleum. Non-renewable energy known as an energy that cannot be renew and eventually can gone forever once it finishes. The application of renewable energy in economic system can conserve the ecosystem and preserve the environmental also can the pollution of the nature such as decompose the anthropogenic of the greenhouse effect (Amoatey et al., 2022).
In the term of energy saving and conservation of nature and environment protection, the traditionally used of fossil fuel is not in the higher chart in demand in power industries. In recent years, the study related to the distributed energy resources (DERs) keep dragging the attention of the researcher and scientist to develop more technologies. Distributed energy resources (DERs) units may include several devices such photovoltaic (PV) panel, micro-turbines (MTs), energy storage systems (ESSs), wind turbines (WTs) and etc. Additionally, PV and WT are commonly used for the connection of the utility grid and always face the difficulty during the operation in the term of intermittent and variable outputs of the system (Liu et al., 2016).
Microgrids are small-scale generation and distribution systems that include distributed energy resources (DER) units, energy storage systems, energy conversion devices, monitoring and protection equipment, and loads. This system is self- contained and capable of high adaptability, operation efficiency, self-control, self- protection, and self-management (Jiayi et al., 2008). This idea (microgrid) was created with the intention of realizing the flexible and efficient deployment of dispersed energy resources (DERs). There are three common type of the microgrid which are AC microgrid, DC microgrid and AC/DC microgrid (Ahmed et al., 2020).
A microgrid is a local energy production and transmission system. thus, microgrid are called a decentralized grid system where energy is produced locally and transmitted locally to its users in a specific area. Whereby a central power grid system produces energy and pushes it through long transmission cables around the nation.
Transmission through this national power grid system is inefficient in a way where eight to fifteen percentage of energy will be lost in transmission. Moreover, a microgrid system overcome this inefficiency by producing electricity close to its end-
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user like a solar panel on the roof top of its user. Through this method, a minimal amount of energy is lost in the transmission process.
In advance, microgrid consists of three-type of operation mode, known as islanded mode, grid-connected mode and transition mode (Jiayi et al., 2008). A typical hybrid microgrid is purpose under the grid-connection mode as the application of this system is still under study and currently applied in a certain place. In Sabah, microgrid system have been currently applied at the local place to supply electricity. However, the existing microgrid system used is not a hybrid microgrid but it is a DC microgrid of photovoltaic (PV) system where they used the DC-based for the system, connected to the battery as the energy storage system.
Moreover, in recent year, a new developed software that have been introduced by United State (U.S) to determining the application of the microgrid with an easier way, called Hybrid Optimization Multiple Energy Resource (HOMER). Homer is a software program that is widely used to develop and evaluate various aspects of a system in terms of technical and financial aspects depending on the system’s structure and control. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the United State created this application in 1993 (Kassam -Field & Manager, n.d.). Generally, this software provides the features to defining the site local for the system to be place and run an experiment on that place to determine whether it is suitable or not to build up a station for the system at that place. By using this software application, it can help many government organizations to analyze the related issue before they proceed to build or improving the further system without any cost provided.
1.3 Problem Statement
Renewable energy consists of many functions when combined with the latest technology in this era until it can even influence the demand of fossil fuel as the primary source before, to be the replacement for economic well-being. The role of distributed energy resources such as wind turbines, solar photovoltaic panel,
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batteries, and etc. are created to be use with the renewable energy in a system for distribution purpose. Currently, the distribution energy is using large-scale transmission for the electrical distribution energy to the city and its surrounding.
Furthermore, the growing economy of Sabah has driven an increase in the electricity demand of the state. In 2018, the projected growth of peak demand was 0.7%. However, the actual demand supplied was far higher than the forecasted value. About 1235 MW of the dependable capacity of the electricity was supplied to the power grid with a 29% reserve margin. Between the year of 2030 and 2037, it is projected that the peak demand of Sabah will increase by 3.0% (Suruhanjaya tenaga). The demand, especially in the east coast region, is far more than what the power plants present on the east coast can generate. To balance this shortage, a maximum of 224 MW of electricity was supplied to the east coast from the powerplants in the west coast through the grid. With load demand increasing steadily, Sabah needs to produce more electricity to cater to its people’s requirement.
Eventually, to achieve the balance in energy production and distribution throughout Sabah, there are several steps that can be considered by the authorities.
An implementation of a microgrid in the region that require electricity generation can be one of the steps in the same time to save a vast portion of large number of expenditures
One faculty established in Universiti Malaysia Sabah is the Faculty of Medicine and Health Science (UMS). This faculty is also connected to the university's newly constructed hospital. Furthermore, during the five (5) years of education, medical students frequently have a full schedule of academic activities. The frequent uses of the room and electrical and electronics in the faculty continuously for clinical exams, anatomy lessons, and other classes and also usage for the university hospital, causing the increasing amount of load demand by the faculty, hence in the same time increase the electricity bills. Hence, in order to reduce the maximum demand causing by the increasing of the electrical usage by the faculty, implementation a microgrid at the faculty can be applied which can help the university to reduce the electricity bills charges by the electricity company.
5 1.4 Research Objectives
This research aims to create a model of framework for Microgrid Hybrid with Energy Storage System (ESS)- reduce maximum demand in Universiti Malaysia Sabah. The aims will be achieved through the following determination:
i.
To identify the electrical usage pattern at Faculty of Medicine and Health Science in Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)ii.
To identify the best architecture structure of the hybrid microgrid system in Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)iii.
To determine the reduce maximum demand occur by the system for Faculty of Medicine and Health Science (UMS)1.5 Scope of Works
The specific scope has been considered for this project in order to successfully accomplished the objectives according to the required time. The planned scope of work is as follow:
1.5.1 Preliminary Literature Review
A review and study on the existing project about the microgrid hybrid with the energy storage integration system will be conducted before proceeding to the simulation phase. Literature reviews is made as to gain more knowledge of existing research related to the Microgrid Photovoltaic system. This information will be extracted from many sources such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar in the term of books, local and international research article, e-Books, textbooks and lecture notes.
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1.5.2 Data collection of maximum demand and the structural analyzing
Data collection is the first thing that needed in this project to analyze the load demand of electricity used in the faculty. Besides, analyzing the processes and structures of the existing systems to gain more knowledge for the developing modelling structure. The experiment is done on the structural system of the microgrid hybrid with the energy storage integration system to determine the desire features when the load is supply using HOMER application. The result of the experiment will be used for further inspection for data analysis of the system.
1.5.3 Conducting the Simulation
The purpose of conducting the simulation is to construct the framework configuration of the system using software and also determining the best configuration of the framework that has been optimized by the software to be applied at the study’s location. By using this step, the best framework modelling of the system can be determined.
1.5.4 Analyzing the performance of the system
After the simulation conducted, the performance of the system is analyzed to determine whether it is suitable or not if the system is applied on the actual location for the university used based on the simulation result.