A project dissertation submitted to the Chemical Engineering Program Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the. This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the original work is my own, except as specified in the references and acknowledgments, and that the original work contained herein is not undertaken by unspecified sources or persons or not done. . This research aims to discover a new treatment of diabetes involving the beta-glucan represented by Oats and phenolic compounds extracted from two different sources, namely Vernonia Amygdalina and Archidendron Jiringa.
Both Beta-Glucan and Phenolic compounds are introduced into each other in a process called crosslinking to create a new compound that has different properties. Phenolic compounds will be extracted using a water bath shaker and the extracted sample will be tested using HPLC to quantify the phenolic compound using gallic acid as a standard. Vernonia Amygdalina, Archidendron Jiringa and oats will be mixed in a water-based solution and given to diabetic patients to test the effectiveness of reducing blood glucose.
The project investigates phenolic compounds and Beta-Glucan as inhibitors to convert the more complex sugar into a simple sugar. The antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds is due to their re-dox characteristics, which can act as an important role in the neutralization of free radicals, the quenching of single and triple oxygen or the decomposition of peroxides. The number of alpha and beta glucans is related to the number of carbon atoms on which the glycosidic bond is formed.
Beta-glucans and phenolic compounds have been proven to be effective in eliminating several diseases, including diabetes.
Objectives
Scope of study
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Phenolic compounds as antioxidant
- Glucans
- Intercalation Process
- Extraction of Phenolic Compounds
- METHODOLOGY
- Specimen and Chemicals
- Tools and Equipment
- Extraction of Phenolic Compound
- Gantt Chart
- Key Milestones
Structurally, phenolic compounds consist of an aromatic ring, containing one or more hydroxyl substituents, and range from simple phenolic molecules to highly polymerized compounds (Bravo, 1998). Most naturally occurring phenolic compounds are present as conjugates with mono- and polysaccharides, linked to one or more phenolic groups, and may also occur as functional derivatives such as esters and methyl esters (Harborne, 1989). Although such structural diversity results in a wide range of naturally occurring phenolic compounds, phenolic compounds can essentially be categorized into several classes (Harborne, 1989).
Of these, phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins are considered to be the major dietary phenolic compounds (King & Young, 1999). There are large differences between the total phenolic contents of the different fruits and vegetables, or even for the same fruits or vegetables, reported by several. For example, phenolic compounds present in fruits are found in both free and bound forms, but because the latter are often excluded from analyses, the total content of phenols in fruits is often underestimated (Sun, Chu, Wu, & Liu, 2002) .
They have been shown to be immunostimulatory and may contribute to the early development of the immune system in newborns. Looking at the intercalation aspect, we can observe that molecules with two-dimensional networks show intercalation nature reactivity as simple ions, organic species, coordination compounds or organometallics can be placed in the interlayer region. In the polymer industry, the matrix of the material can significantly improve its properties such as tensile strength, heat and chemical resistance, gas permeability, and fire retardancy.
The rehydration reaction results in the intercalation of anions from the solution, which results in the reconstruction of the layered LDH structure. The extraction of phenolic compounds from their respective plant tissues has been successfully achieved through the use of a range of solvents such as ethanol. methanol, ethyl ethers and ethyl acetates. In addition, due to its low polarity, it extracts phenols already dissolved in the lipid fraction of the food.
Traditional spectrophotometric assays provide simple and rapid screening methods to quantify classes of phenolic compounds in raw plant samples. However, due to the complexity of plant phenols and the different reactivity of phenols to assay reagents, a wide spectrum of methods are used for constituent analysis, leading to different and often incomparable results. In addition, the methods are quite prone to interference and consequently often result in over- or underestimation of the content.
Modern high-quality chromatographic techniques combined with instrumental analysis form the “state of art” for the profiling and quantification of phenolic compounds. Chemical procedures are used to detect the presence of total phenolic compounds, while chromatographic techniques are used to identify and quantify individual phenolic compounds.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phenolic Compound Extraction Result
As we can see from Table 4.1, Pithecellobium jiringa has the highest gallic acid concentration among other species.
Dose Response Study
- Dose Response Study (Non-Diabetic Patient)
- Dose Response Study (Diabetic Patient)
This result clearly indicates the effectiveness of the combination in lowering blood glucose.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
Recommendation for future work
Bonlokke JH, Stridh G, Sigsgaard T, Kaergaard SK, Lofstedt H, Andersson K, Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC, Jayatissa MN, Bodin L, Juto JE, Molhave L. Breastfeeding, aeroallergen sensitization and environmental exposures during infancy are determinants of allergic rhinitis in childhood. . Primary mechanism of apoptosis induction in a leukemia cell line by fraction FA-2-b-ss prepared from the fungus Agaricus blazei Murill.
Content of flavonols and selected phenolic acids in strawberries and Vaccinium species: influence of cultivar, place of cultivation and technique. Soluble branched (1,4)-beta-D-glucans from Acetobacter species potentiate antitumor activities against MHC class I negative and positive malignant melanoma through enhanced NK activity and cytotoxic T cell response. Evaluation of water-soluble beta-D-glucan from Auricularia auricular-judae as a potential antitumour agent.
Phenolics, their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in dark germinated fenugreek sprouts in response to peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Exposure to particulate 1 -> 3-beta-glucans causes greater pulmonary toxicity than soluble 1 -> 3-beta-glucans in rats. Effect of yeast-derived beta-glucan in combination with Bevacizumab for the treatment of human lung adenocarcinoma in subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models.
