This is to certify that I am responsible for the work presented in this project, that the original work is my own, except as specified in the references and acknowledgments, and that the original work contained herein was not undertaken or done by unspecified sources or persons . Crude oil is the most sought after petroleum product and can be found in various countries around the world. Composed of hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and trace amounts of metal, this mixture can be refined to produce thousands of products commonly referred to as petrochemicals, including gasoline, oil, and plastics.
Crude oil can be classified based on the physical and chemical properties of the oil, such as API oil weight, viscosity, color, and specific gravity. However, the API gravity grading technique is perhaps the most important as it gives a good indication of the commercial value or price of a particular oil. Based on API gravity, crude oil is classified as light, medium, heavy and very heavy oil.
The scope of this project is to design a system that can minimize the time to classify the crude oil into two types by measuring the optical properties of the oil. Applications for this system are typically used in the oil and gas fields. I would like to thank UTP for this wonderful opportunity that helps the student gain the experience to be a more innovative, creative and successful engineer in the future.
B ACKGROUND OF S TUDY
The higher the API grades of crude oil, the less dense (lighter, thinner) it will be. Where Sg is the density of the oil, Sg can be calculated from the following formula:.
P ROBLEM S TATEMENT
O BJECTIVES
S COPE OF S TUDY
F EASIBILITY OF THE P ROJECT
LITERATURE REVIEW
- E LECTRICAL P ROPERTIES OF O RGANIC L IQUIDS
- M EASURING THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLUIDS BY USING HIGH ACCURATE , FREE OF
- R ESISTIVITY L OGGING
- M EASUREMENT OF HIGH R ESISTIVE C OMPONENTS
- R EFRACTIVE INDEX
- L ORENTZ -L ORENZ RELATION
- O NE - THIRD RULE
The ABMN installation array is the most commonly used electrode array in resistivity logging, where A and B are current electrodes while M and N are potential electrodes.[4] At a certain time t = t1, the switch opens to disconnect the power source V while the capacitor will start discharging in the given resistance according to the following equation. If the value of R is very large, the capacitor will take a long time to fully discharge at a resistance of R. By calculating the time it takes for C to fully discharge, you can get the value of R.
This technique is considered a modified Wheatstone bridge used to measure higher value resistances that can fall into the terohm range. The main features that distinguish the Megohm bridge from other Wheatstone bridges are the three-terminal resistor and the protected circuit, which is used to minimize the leakage current to avoid measurement errors. The unknown resistor Rx is connected as shown in FIGURE.4, where the two main terminals of the three-terminal resistor are connected to Rx.
Due to this connection, R1 and RA are parallel to each other, the shunting effect of R1 is neglected because R1 is much larger than the arm of the RA ratio, and similarly R2 and the galvanometer are connected, which could follow the neglect of the value of R2 as the resistance of the galvanometer is much less than resistor R2. By varying the value of RC until the galvanometer indicator is set to zero, simple Wheatstone bridge calculations can be performed to identify the value of the unknown resistance [6]. The speed of light in a vacuum (usually denoted by c) is approximately m/s and is considered to be the largest value among other media.
The refractive index of a medium measures the decrease in the speed of light as light passes through it. Where (n) is the refractive index of a given medium, (c) is the speed of light in vacuum, while (v) is the speed of light in the measured medium. n) always has a value greater than 1, since the speed of light in vacuum is higher than the speed in any other medium, which is due to the constant absorption and remission of the light particles by the atoms of another medium. When the speed of light changes due to crossing the boundaries from one medium to another, the light bends from the proper passage and is refracted. The relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction can determine the relationship between the refractive indices of the datum. medium.
The Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz and the Danish physicist Ludvig Lorenz established an equation that relates the refractive index to the density of dielectric materials [7]. Where is the refractive index, is the density of a given dielectric, and ( is the proportionality factor. The molar refraction, A, of a dielectric material can be correlated with its refractive index, n, molar mass, M, and its density ρ, using Lorentz -The Lorenz model.
The following figure illustrates the relationship between molar refractivity and molecular mass of various aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. A linear slope equal to approximately 1/3 is obtained when the molar refractivity is plotted against the respective molecular mass, [9] implying that the refractive index function divided by the mass density is equal to 1/3 from the following equation:
METHODOLOGY
- FYP I S YSTEM F LOWCHART
- FYP II S YSTEM F LOWCHART
- FYP I / FYP II G ANTT CHART / K EY M ILESTONE
- T OOLS AND S OFTWARE
- S AMPLES
- I NITIAL E XPERIMENT
- F INAL E XPERIMENT
- P ROGRAM CODING
Matlab: is a program based on numerical calculations and it is considered fourth generation programming language. It supports various programming languages such as C++, C#, Visual Basic NET., Java, Python, Ruby, PHP; such as web development environments such as ASP.NET MVC, Django, etc., adding new capabilities in Windows Azure online form editor. Crude Oil Samples: 2 samples of different origin crude oil will be tested during this project, Sample A is originally extracted from Kerteh, Malaysia and Sample B is extracted from Columbia.
More oil samples were used to verify the experiment; the number of oil samples used during the experiment is five. To determine the initial resistance characteristics of the tested samples, the measuring range must be determined, as well as the required probes. The experiment was held at UTP 22-022 Project laboratory, based on two different crude oil samples to differentiate between them based on resistance characteristics by inducing DC voltage at different voltage levels through two copper wires at different distances immersed in the samples, and measuring the electric current passing through it by connecting the ammeter in series with the copper wires.
To relate the refractive index and the API gravity of the tested samples. The experiment was conducted in UTP on 03-00-06 unit operation lab based on five different crude oil samples to differentiate them based on their refractive index. Make sure the prism surface is clean by wiping it with a clean piece of cloth using distilled water.
Drop the sample onto the prism lens by covering the entire surface of the prism with the sample to be examined. Close the lid of the prism and start the device by pressing the START button. After the measurement is finished, wipe the sample from the surface of the prism with a clean piece of cloth and distilled water.
The following graph illustrates the relationship between API gravities and refractive indices for given hydrocarbons based on Equation (1) and Equation (12). Based on results obtained by using MATLAB software shown in Figure.7, the refractive index threshold value at which crude oil is classified as heavy or light is obtained and the program code is developed accordingly. Me.TextBox1 = New System.Windows.Forms.TextBox() Me.Button1 = New System.Windows.Forms.Button() Me.Label1 = New System.Windows.Forms.Label() Me.SuspendLayout().
Me.AutoScaleDimensions = New System.Drawing.SizeF Me.AutoScaleMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font Me.ClientSize = New System.Drawing.Size(284, 163). Friend withEvents TextBox1 as System.Windows.Forms.TextBox Friend withEvents Button1 as System.Windows.Forms.Button Friend withEvents Label1 as System.Windows.Forms.Label End class.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
- I NITIAL EXPERIMENT ’ S R ESULTS
- F INAL EXPERIMENT ’ S R ESULTS
- R ECOMMENDATIONS
- C ONCLUSION
Based on Table.1, the results showed that the electrical characteristics taken from the initial test are not reliable to distinguish between the tested samples. Based on the newly developed system, which assumes that the criterion between heavy and light crude oil is n=1.515, the experimental results match the theoretical values obtained for each sample, where the Castilla sample is heavy crude oil, while Arab, Tapis, Masiila and El Shaheen samples are light crude. Design a circuit that can be used to discriminate between high resistive components based on charge loss method and guarded Wheatstone bridge.
Introduce a new classification characteristic that can be used to distinguish crude oil, such as salt analyses, refractive properties, electromagnetic characteristics, and electrical capacitance characteristics. The final proposed system can be developed to classify crude oil into heavy, medium and light crude oil. The proposed algorithm can be modified to include the classification of mixed crude oils, since the proposed algorithm can only classify pure crude oil samples.
Finally, using electrical resistivity properties to classify crude oil is inapplicable since crude oil is considered an electrical insulator. The proposed system that relies on the optical properties of crude oil represented in the identification of the refractive index is able to classify crude oil into heavy and light crude oil based on Lorentz-Lorenz formula and one-third rule . The proposed algorithm is able to correlate between the specific gravity of a given crude oil, refractive index and API gravity.
The process of identifying the grade of crude oil using the proposed system is not a time-consuming process which is able to achieve the objectives of the project.
