This is to certify that I am responsible for the work presented in this project, that the original work is my own, except as specified in the references and acknowledgments, and that the original work contained herein was not undertaken or done by unspecified sources or persons . Water-emulsified fuels in biodiesel is one of the options to address the problem of decreasing availability of conventional fuels, as well as to reduce CO2 emissions of internal combustion engines. Works with regular diesel, B10 biodiesel engine and 12 different water-in-biodiesel emulsified fuels.
It is found that at 75% load 7-9-13 has the highest premixed combustion peak and 8-8-13 has the highest secondary peak. This project is dedicated to those who shared their ideas and knowledge for the completion of this research. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Universiti Teknologi Petronas (UTP) for giving me this opportunity to improve my knowledge and research experience.
Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to Mrs. Hazira, who guided and helped me to complete the experiment. Finally, I hope this research will provide further information and data regarding Water-in-Biodiesel Emulsified Fuel (WiBE) research for references.
BACKGROUND
PROBLEM STATEMENT
OBJECTIVES
- THEORY
- MICRO-EXPLOSION PHENOMENA
- STABILITY OF WATER-IN-BIODIESEL EMULSION FUELS
- IMPACT OF EMULSIFIED FUELS ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE
- IMPACT OF EMULSIFIED FUELS ON EXHAUST EMISSION
- FUNDAMENTAL OF COMBUSTION PHASES IN DIESEL ENGINE
Watanabe et al., 2009) that the selection of the surfactant and the process time play an important role for the stability of the emulsion. The role of surfactants in the emulsification process is to reduce the surface tension between fuel and water, maintain emulsion stability and reduce the coagulation effect in the water phase (R.S. Kumar et al., 2018). Alahmer et al., 2010) found that the increase in torque and engine performance is due to the increase in water concentration in the emulsion.
The presence of water in the mixture will improve the thermal efficiency of the brakes (Abu-Zaid, 2004; Alahmer et al., 2010). The presence of water in the diesel engine combustion chamber in the form of emulsified fuels has an impact on exhaust gases. Studies reported that soot and particulates decrease with increasing water concentration (Noge et al., 2015; Ochoterena et al., 2010).
The ignition delay period consists of (a) a physical delay in which atomization, vaporization, and mixing of the air fuel occur, and (b) a chemical delay attributed to pre-combustion reactions (Shahabuddin et al., 2013). The peak pressure for the water-diesel emulsion was found to be higher than that of diesel, which was due to more fuel being burned in the premixed phase of combustion during the longer ignition delay period (N. Kumar et al., 2019).
- PROJECT FLOW CHART
- PREPARATION OF WATER-IN-BIODIESEL EMULSION (WIBE)
- PERFORMANCE TEST AND EXHAUST EMISSION MEASUREMENT . 13
- GANTT CHART
- KEY MILESTONES
To fulfill both objectives of this research, WiBE must be prepared first hand. Then the emulsion will undergo second direct sonication for another 30 minutes with the same optimal parameters. Up to 4 hours of internal battery life Ideal for pre-compliance testing, vehicle diagnostics and servicing to manufacturer specifications.
An exhaust gas analyzer is a device for measuring emitted substances in the form of gases or solid particles. It is important to measure exhaust gas emissions, as they must comply with emission standards and regulations. In the WiBE exhaust emissions measurement, the diesel engine is continuously operated at 2000 rpm with a load range of 0% to 100% in 25% increments.
The emission gases that are measured are nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The test setup shown in Figure 3.6 is used to test engine performance and measure exhaust emissions. Both information will be captured at a constant speed of 2000 rpm with 5 different loads ranging from 0% to 100% in 25% load increments.
After the heating process, the excess diesel fuel is discharged into the waste tank. In this experiment, all samples are tested at a constant speed of 2000 rpm and 5 varied loads. When the engine speed drops, the position of the throttle actuator is adjusted so that the engine runs at a constant 2000 rpm.
After the speed is held at 2000 rpm before the data is taken, the timer in the computer well will be turned on and the engine will be left running for 60 seconds to obtain the engine cylinder pressure. Table 3.5 shows in-cylindrical pressure data for each crank angle for WiBE 8-8-11 at 0% load. The engine's cylinder pressure, heat release rate and exhaust emission data are taken as a starting point for comparison.
By obtaining the in-cylinder pressure at each crankshaft angle data, the rate of heat release can be calculated based on the formula shown in Figure 3.8, which is obtained from the first law of thermodynamics during the cycle.
Combustion Analysis for Water-In-Biodiesel Emulsified Fuels
- In-Cylindrical Pressure (ICP)
- Heat Release Rate
In Figure 4.7 and Figure 4.8 we can see that the combustion peak will increase as the HLB and water concentration increase. We also see that emulsion with a constant value of surfactant concentration (7%, 8% and 9%) at a water concentration of 11% will have a longer ignition delay than 13%. Moreover, we see that increasing the HLB value will improve the combustion peak and reduce the ignition delay for emulsion 7-9-11 and 8-9-11, while emulsion 7-9-13 and 8-9-13 work differently.
In terms of increasing surfactant concentration, we can observe that the peak of combustion increases, and ignition delay decreases. Trend in Figure 4.7 shows that emulsion 7-8-11 has the shortest ignition delay and highest peak of combustion. Trend in Figure 4.11 shows that the peak of combustion increases, and ignition delay decreases as water concentration and HLB value increase.
The trend in Figure 4.12 shows a complex behavior; for emulsion 7-9-11 and 7-9-13, as the water increases, the ignition delay will be reduced while the combustion peak increases, but it happens oppositely for emulsion 8-9-11 and 8-9-13. We can also observe that as the HLB value increases for emulsion 7-9-11 and 8-9-11, it will decrease the ignition delay and increase the combustion peak, while emulsion 7-9-13 and 8-9-13 behave in opposite directions. By comparing all trends in Figure 4.10 – Figure 4.12, we see that emulsion with a concentration of 8% will always show the highest combustion peak and the shortest ignition delay.
Reduction of ignition delay indicates better atomization of the emulsion, while increase of peak of combustion indicates higher intensity of micro-explosion.
Emission Analysis for Water-in-Biodiesel Emulsified Fuels
- Nitrogen Oxide (NO x )
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
We can observe that in-cylinder pressure does not play a role in reducing NOx emission. In figure 4.18 we can observe that the CO emission decreases as the water concentration increases at 75% and 100% load. We can also see that there is no change in the CO emission as the HLB value increases at 75% load but at 100% load the CO emission will decrease.
In Figure 4.22, we can see that as the surfactant concentration increases for the emulsion, the surfactant concentration has the highest CO emission, and the 9% surfactant concentration has the lowest at 75% loading, while at 100% CO emission loading there are no changes.
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
Ignition characteristics of diesel-water emulsion sprays in a constant volume container: Effect of injection pressure and water content. Experimental Study of Performance and Emission Characteristics of IDI Diesel Engines Using Homogenized Water in Biodiesel Emulsion. Performance and emission analysis of biodiesel-petroleum blends and their emulsions in a modern small DI diesel engine.
Comparison of fuel properties and emission properties of two- and three-phase emulsions prepared by ultrasonic vibrating and mechanically homogenizing emulsification methods. Effects of an oxygenated additive on the emulsification properties of two- and three-phase diesel emulsions. An investigation into the relationship between the formation of thermal cracked components and PM reduction during diesel combustion using water-emulsified fuel.
Optical studies of spray development and combustion of water-in-diesel emulsion and microemulsion fuels. Emission characteristics of diesel engines using water-in-diesel emulsified fuel and its CFD analysis.
