To create an awareness of marine remote sensing applications and to set regional research priorities in this area. Thien welcomed any cooperation program with regional or international organizations in the field of maritime remote sensing.
ANNEXES
ANNEX 2
We are glad that you were all able to come to Malaysia, despite the attention and focus on Malaysia in the media recently. With us today are specialists and experts from Japan, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and MFRDMD.
ANNEX 3
We are all aware of the capabilities of remote sensing technology, but in the field of fisheries, the potential in Southeast Asian countries remains to be exploited. Detailed studies can be carried out to understand the effects of oceanic processes on the movements of fish stocks, particularly those that are communal.
ANNEX 4
Global Status
Country Report Presentations Chair Person: Mr. Hitoshi Fujita
Phytoplankton and Remote Sensing Chair Person : Mr. Ibrahim bin Saleh
Research Priorities Setting
GLOBAL STATUS OF REMOTE SENSING OF PHYTOPLANKTON
Introduction
Since remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments is based on the optical properties or color of the constituents of seawater, it is often referred to as ocean color remote sensing. With the recent introduction of new ocean color sensors, remote sensing of phytoplankton has gained more attention from oceanographers around the world.
Principles of ocean color remote sensing
This article first discusses the principle of remote sensing of ocean color, presenting various correction techniques involved in the processing and interpretation of remotely sensed ocean color data. We then discuss the characteristics of ocean color sensors, including spectral, spatial, temporal, and radiometric sampling aspects.
Atmospheric correction
Photons from the sun reach the sea surface directly or are scattered in the atmosphere to reach the sea like a skylight. They are refracted as they pass through the sea surface and then dispersed or absorbed as they interact with water and the various constituents of water.
The underwater light field
This is because the strong absorption in the blue part of the spectrum by the chlorophyll a pigment ensures a good correlation between chlorophyll concentration and the ratio of R at 550 nm (green) and 440 nm (blue) as shown in Figure 4. case 2 waters, reliable calibration algorithms have yet to be developed (for global application), except in the limited case of sampling site-specific models based on coincident in situ data.
Other possible problems
Characteristics of Ocean color sensors
Spectral resolution
Spatial resolution
Temporal resolution
Radiometric resolution
Status of ocean color sensors
The Indian Ocean color sensor Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) will be launched on Oceansat/IRS-P4 (India). The Taiwanese Ocean Color Imager (OCI) and the Korean Ocean Scanning Multispectral Imager (OSMI) are scheduled to be launched on ROCSAT-1 and the Korean Multipurpose Satellite (KOMPSAT), respectively.
Application of remotely sensed phytoplankton pigment concentration
Phytoplankton distribution as tracer to a dynamic ocean
Phytoplankton as indicator of ocean production
Coastal pollution
Carbon cycle and global climate study
Since human beings developed the global economy and lifestyle based on fossil fuels, the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased dramatically as seen in Fig.7. Ocean or phytoplankton color information is considered to be a good indicator of primary production, so they can help monitor global climate change and assess how such change affects living systems. How does a change in phytoplankton (due to natural or artificial causes) affect the global climate? 2. How does such a change affect the ocean's food supply? The first step towards answering these questions are: 1) estimating the level of primary production in the ocean with an accepted level of precision, 2) finding out how variable (both spatially and temporally) productivity is, and in end 3) determining whether there is a long term trend.
All of these questions can be answered with remote ocean color sensing if we have a reliable technique to achieve the desired accuracy. Although this is an annual product, it would be possible to provide comparable global coverage on a weekly or monthly basis with the existing SeaWiFS and upcoming ocean color sensors.
Prospects of ocean color remote sensing in coming decade
Currently, scientists are investigating both statistical and semi-analytical models to estimate productivity using biogeographical quantities such as phytoplankton pigments, SST, light levels, etc., measurable using satellite remote sensing. In the case of the semi-analytical mathematical models, physical processes are integrated into algorithms and they are the most useful in calculating primary productivity for more over localized region.
Conclusions and recommendations
Morel, Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to biogenic matter content (Case I waters), J. SeaWiFS Home Page (http://seaw ifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/S E A W IF S /) Goddard DAAC Home Page (http : //daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/).
COUNTRY STATUS REPORT
INDONESIA
- Fisheries Development in the South China Sea
- Fisheries Production
- Fishing boats
- Equipment and Technology
- Fisheries Resources in the South China Sea
- Remote Sensing Technology for Fishery
- Remote Sensing Technology for Fish Stock Assessment
- ANNEX 7
The modern technology, such as ring nets, gill nets and fishing nets are operated in the offshore waters of the Indian Ocean, North Irian Jaya Sea, South China Sea and Arafuru Sea. Hopefully, this technology can be used in the future to utilize the marine fish resources. Northern area is the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Indonesia, while in the south there is the coastal area of Sumatra.
The Directorate General of Fisheries Indonesia has implemented research on the application of remote sensing technology using NOAA AVHRR data for fisheries in collaboration with LAPAN. Currently, remote sensing technology for detecting phytoplankton distribution has not yet been implemented in Indonesia.
JAPAN
- Current marine remote sensing application in Japan
- Research findings of phytoplankton blooms
- Monitoring of coastal sea environment using remote sensing techniques
- Problem encounters
- ANNEX 8
The first is the long-term forecast, 2 to 4 months, and the second is the near-future forecast or flash report. There are two main research frameworks for ocean color remote sensing for fisheries in Japan. The first one is the joint research agreement between NASDA and JAFIC to put color ocean imagery into rapid reporting for fisheries terrain.
Second one is the joint research agreement between NASDA and NRIFS for ocean color validation and. There are many chlorophyll-a ship observations near Japan in winter and spring around the spawning season, but there are not many data in other seasons.
MALAYSIA
- Co-ordinating agency
- Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), Penang
- University of Technology Malaysia (UTM)
- University of Science Malaysia (USM)
- Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Fisheries Malaysia The FRI remote sensing team conducted studies on the following subjects
- Marine Fishery Resources Development and Management Department (MFRDMD) of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
- University Putra Malaysia (UPM)
- Research findings of phytoplankton/algal bloom in Malaysia
- University of Science Malaysia (USM)
- On-going monitoring of coastal sea environment
- FRI - MACRES
- MFRDMD/SEAFDEC
- MFRDMD/SEAFDEC - UPM
- MFRDMD/SEAFDEC - UTM
- MFRDMD/SEAFDEC - MACRES
- MFRDMD/SEAFDEC
- University of Technology Malaysia a. Oil slick studies from remote sensing
- University of Science Malaysia (USM)
- Research needs and possible collaborative research program Possible collaborative research programmes are listed below
- ANNEX 9
The application of remote sensing technology to monitor the marine environment in Malaysia is fairly new. This paper provides an overview of the application of remote sensing techniques to the marine environment in Malaysia. Participating agencies involved in the application and development of remote sensing techniques in Malaysia are also listed.
Below are some of the projects that were carried out by the MFRDMD/SEAFDEC remote sensing team. Application of remote sensing in the study of development impacts in marine park in Malaysia.
PHILIPPINES
- Application of marine remote sensing
- Monitoring of Coastal Environment
- Proposals from the Philippines
- ANNEX 10
This multidisciplinary information is being used for the government's integrated coastal zone management programme. The government's mangrove management program had used LANDSAT data in its assessment studies. Remote sensing was used to assess and map corals at Apo Reef.
Technology-enhanced fish farming, as one of the fish production industries in the Philippines, contributes significantly to the total annual fish production. LANDSAT data is used to determine the extent of reclaimed land in the Bay Area.
THAILAND
- Status of marine remote sensing applications in Thailand
- Comment on the proposals for a network of fisheries remote sensing technologists
- Suggested areas of collaborative research in remote sensing within the Southeast Asian Region
- ANNEX 11
Participation in the United States remote sensing program has been ongoing and active since 1972. It is thought that the core expert disciplines should be closer to fisheries management participants with remote sensing knowledge, rather than just remote sensing. specified. Remote sensing is a tool that can be used for the purpose of fisheries management.
While Thailand is currently unable to successfully use remote sensing to estimate phytoplankton abundance, this does not mean that it is not an effective tool for the rest of the region. Although this buoy system does not represent remote sensing in the satellite sense of the word, it is remote sensing in the sense that the acquired data is continuously updated in remote conditions, that is, unmanned.
VIETNAM
- Applications of remote sensing in marine fisheries research
- Status of phytoplankton research in seawaters of Vietnam
- Needed research activities and Recommendation
- Possibility of collaboration and research programs between Vietnam and other countries, and especially RIMP and SEAFDEC
- ANNEX 12
One of the special features of phytoplankton distribution in Vietnamese marine waters is that they are often concentrated in coastal waters north or west of the Gulf of Tonkin and the South Sea. T-Student's test proved the difference in phytoplankton density in different seasons and in different seas. Phytoplankton density in spring does not differ from that in summer, but is lower than in autumn.
The greatest density of phytoplankton is in summer in the Mediterranean Sea and east of the South Sea. Distribution of phytoplankton in June 1979 in central Vietnam and the eastern part of the South Sea (Nguyen Tien Canh, 1981).
TECHNICAL REPORT
ANNEX 13
- HAB cycle
- Seed population and bloom initiation
- Bloom growth
- Nutrients and Species Competition Macronutrients
- Hydrography and physiology
- Predation
- Conclusion
Vegetative cells that germinate from cysts, or occur in the plankton, will not form flowers unless conditions are favorable. While experimental evidence exists for the influence of Fe, Se, Co and Cu on the growth of harmful algal species, the exact role played by trace elements and chelators in the initiation and maintenance of most HABs remains unknown. This is the case for example for Dinophysis and Gymnodinium flowers in the rias of Spain.
Most laboratory growth experiments indicate that the maximum growth rate achieved by the dinoflagellate was 0.3 - 0.5 divisions per day-1. It is a very interesting phenomenon simply because most of the species involved are those that are not normally dominant in the plankton.
ANNEX 14
The properties and interaction of the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) as it propagates from source to sensor. Sensor: Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) Remote Sensing for Phytoplankton Detection. Coast Zone Color Scanner) Band Wavelength.
ANNEX 15
- Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (ADEOS)
- Distribution of chlorophyll in the South China Sea
- Spring bloom of phytoplankton in the Japan Sea
- Distribution of chlorophyll off Tohoku, Japan
- Forecast of fish ground area in use OCTS data
The main information is a quick report on the state of the fishery and mapping of the sea surface temperature. We will provide knowledge and expect a solution of phytoplankton production system in the South China Sea. In a mid-latitude area like Japan, seasonal climate causes variation in plankton production and species composition, for example "spring phytoplankton blooms".
The OCTS data showed an interesting phenomenon of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Sea of Japan. The Northeast Pacific off Tohoku is a major fishing area in Japan and the world.
ANNEX 16
- Materials and Method
- Results and discussion
- Conclusion
This research paper reports the result of mapping phytoplankton distribution using NOAA AVHRR satellite data from Malaysian waters. Visible band (band 1) and near-infrared band (band 2) from NOAA AVHRR were used in this study. As one of the large-scale satellite data, NOAA AVHRR satellite data can map the distribution of phytoplankton over entire Malaysian waters.
NOAA AVHRR consists of five bands which are band 1 (visible), band 2 (near infrared), band 3 (near infrared), band 4 and band 5 (both thermal infrared). There are two parts to the study, first, phytoplankton sampling and analysis, and second, NOAA AVHRR mapping.
ANNEX 17
GENERAL INFORMATION
Once the upgrade is complete, MFRDMD will conduct training on "SeaWiFS Data Processing and Research Methodology" in 2000 for young scientists in the region.
