A CA E TUDY ON A PILING SYSTEM FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING ALONG SA.RAWAK RIVER
IRWANDDY BIN ROSLI
Universiti Ma laysia Sarawak
2001
TA
780
172
2001
A CASE STUDY ON A PILING SYSTEM FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING ALONG SARA WAK RIVER
P.KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADIMIK
II~ml
By
IrwaBddy Bin Rosli
..,.
A Project Report Submitted in Partial FulfUlment for the Bachelor of Degree of Engineering (Civil) with Honours in the
Faculty or Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
1001
Borang Peyeraban Tesis Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
BORANG PENYERABAN TESIS
. Judul: A CASE STUDY ON A PILING SYSTEM FOR IDGB RISE BUILDING AWNG SARAWAK RIVER
SESI PENGAJIAN: lOOOIlOOl
, Saya IRWANDDY BIN ROSU
mengaku mc:mbenarbn tesis iui disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maldumat Akadc:mjk, Univcrsiti Malaysia Sarawak deugan syarat-syarat keguoaan seperti berikut:
I. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai olch UNIMAS, bakmililrnya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.
2. Naskbah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro banya bolch dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada penulis.
3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan. membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereh.
4. Kertas projek banya bolch diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran royaIti adalah meogikut kadar yang dipersetujui kelak.
S. • Saya membenarkaultidak membeuarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas prQjek iui sebagai bahan pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
6. •• Sila taodakan (J)
CJ
SUUT (Mengandungi maldumat yang berdaljah kcsclamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang tennaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).c:=J
TERHAD (Mengarvhmgi maldumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oIch organisasil badan di mana penyclidikan dija1ankan).CTI
TIDAK TERHADDisahkan oleh
~~) ~)
Alamat tetap:
57, Kampung Tupong Tengah. Miss Siti Noor Linda Taib
PetraJaya ( Nama Peoyelia )
93050, Kuching, SARA W AK.
Tarikh:
l.-l I1/:l-
00 'Tarikh:
CATATAN
..
Po&oaa YIIIII tidak JIb Kma Prvjek .... SULlT .... TERRAD, . . . . .pI... berkmaan. p. . . be~orpnlaui be~ denpa meayenaluua IekaIi tempeh kerills projek. IIIi pert.. dlkelulum IeMpi SULlT ... n:RRAD,
APPROVAL SHEET
This project report attached here to, entitled "A CASE STUDY ON A PILING SYSTEM FOR mGD RISE BUILDING ALONG SARAWAK RIVER", prepared and submitted by IRWANDDY BIN ROSLI in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (CML) is hereby accepted.
~.T.ib
(Project Supervisor) Lecturer
Civil Engineering Department Faculty Of Engineering Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
IR Date
57, ampung
Petra Jaya, 93050, Kuching, Sarawak:.
Fonn of Acceptance
This report entitled ' A Case Study on a Piling System for High Rise Building along Sarawak: River' was written by Irwanddy bin Rosli as a partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) Civil Engineering in UNlMAS is accepted and certified by:
Cik Siti Noor Linda Taib Date
(Project Supervisor)
To my beloved one, Siti Shoiyana Isnani, Family and friend
II
DECLARATION
No portion of work referred to in this dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university of higher learning.
111
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost the author would like to thank Allah S.W .t. for the entire blessing of his whole life. AlhamduliUah.
The author would like to express his deepest and sincere gratitude to his respectable supervisor Cik Siti Noor Linda Taib for her devotion, guidance, excellent ideas and constructive critism in completing this case study.
Million thanks to Jr. Ting from M.A.R. Associates, Mr. Lim from Zecon Engineering and Mr. Faisal from Riverbank Suite for their kindness helps and cooperation during the preparation of this thesis.
The Author would like to express his eternally gratitude to his beloved Siti Sholyana for her support,help and love, family, housemate - Jae,yan, Chip and Ngek Radu. Not forgetting my teanullates - Chong F.e., lsa., lUman, Faizal, Rabnan and friends ant Sebayor.
IV
ABSTRAK
Kejuruteraan tapak adalah satu perkara yang tidak boleh dipandang remeh oleh seorang jurutera apabila beliau hendak membina sesebuah bangunan. Sistem cerucuk yang digunakan untuk membina sesebuah bangunan adalah bergantung kepada rekabentuk yang dicadangkan oleh jurutera tersebut. Untuk membina sesebuah bangunan yang tinggi di kawasan yang rata, prosedurnya adalah agak mudah kerana daya mendatar yang akan dikenakan kepada sistem cerucuknya adalah agak rendah. Namun, apabila kita membina sebuah bangunan yang tinggi di kawasan tebingan sungai, kita harus mengambil kira daya mendatar tersebut.
Untuk itu, pemilihan sistem cerucuk yang sempuma akan menjamin ketahanan asas bangunan tersebut. Selain itu faktor- faktor lain juga harus dikaji bagi menjamin bukan sahaja sistem cerucuknya sempurna, namun ia dapat mengurangkan belanjawan projek tersebut. Sebagai kesimpulan projek dapat memberi gambaran terhadap kaedah yang digunakan oleh jurutera untuk membina sistem cerucuk bagi bangunan yang terletak berhampiran sungai Sarawak.
v
ABSTRACf
Foundation engineering is not an element that can be left out by an engineer when he wants to design a building. A piling system that will be used to construct the building is depending on the designed that he had suggested. For a high rise building that will be constructed on a flat land, it is a straightforward procedure.
This is because the horizontal force that will be acted on the piling system is very low. But, to construct a high rise building along a riverbank, we have to consider the horizontal force. Thus, a perfect choice of piling system will guarantee the durability of the building. Besides, there are other factors that need to be considered not only to achieve the perfect piling system but also suit the budget of the project. As a conclusion, this project will give a little illustration on the piling method that had been used by the engineer to construct the high rise building that situated along Sarawak River.
VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Dedication ii
Declaration iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstrak v
Abstract vi
Table of content vii
List of tables xi
List of figures xii
CHAPTER!
1.l Introduction 1
1.2 Objective 1
1.3 Case Study 2
...~,
1.4 Methodology 2
1.4.l. Collecting Primer Data 2
1 .4.2. Secondary Data 3
Vll
4 CHAPTER 2
2.1 Objectives of Foundation
2.2 Factors that need to be looked when designing the pile system 6 2.2.1 Type of soil and rock
2.2.2 Load from the type structure 2.2.3 Location
2.3 Factor that had been considered when designing the Riverbank Suite
CHAPTER 3
3.1 Case Study 3.2 Rubble Wall
3.3 Rock and Soil Description 3.4 Bore Process
3.5 Reinforcement
....
3.6 Grouting 3.7 Excavation 3.8 Pile Footing
6 7 8
9
10 14 18 2l 23 25 27 28
Vi11
CHAPTER 4
4.1 Displacement Pile 4.1.1 Bakaupile 4.1.2 Spanpl1e 4.1.3 Sheet pile 4.1.4 U-Steelpile 4.2 Installation of piles
4.2.1 .Drophammer 4.2.2Diesel hammer 4.2.3 Hydraulic hammer 4.2.4 Rapid blow hammer 4.2.5 Vibratory pile drivers 4.2.6 Sheet pile presser 4.2.7 Special driving system
....
CHAPTERS
5.1 Non- displacement pile
5.2 Graphic sequences of the bore pile process
29 29 30 35 36
38 38 39 40 40 42 43
44 53
IX
CHAPTER 6
6.1 Problem in pile construction 57
6.1.1 Excavation of the bored pile 57
6.1.2 Overbreak 57
6.1.3 Base of bore holes
58
6.1.4 Effect of water in the bore holes 60
CHAPTER 7
7.1 Conclusion 61
7.2 Bored Pile Properties 61
7.2.1 Vertical forces 61
7.2.2 Construction location 62
7.2.3 Soil Bearing Capacity 63
...,
7.2.4 High budget 63
7.3 Recommendation 64
REFERENCES APPENDIX
x
LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1 Sample Bored Pile Log Sheet 18
Table 4.1 Detail and Dimension of Square Span Pile 31 Table 4.2 Size and Recommended and maximum safe load
of spanpi Ie 32
Table 4.3 Detail of welded joint span pile 32
Table 4.4 Detail of the tripile 33
Table 4.5 Detail ofU-Steel pile 37
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Foundation cross section 4
Figure 2.2 Load distributions 5
Figure 3.1 Location of the pile 11
Figure 3.2 Machinery record for March 1994 12
Figure 3.3 ~anpovverrecord 13
Figure 3.4 'Bakau' pile -rubble vvall 14
Figure3.5 Rocktoe 15
Figure 3.6 Wall pitching process 15
Figure 3.7 Location of rubble vvall 16
Figure 3.8 Picture of rubble vvall 17
Figure 3.9 Picture of rubble vvall 17
Figure 3.10 Drilling auger and bucket 21
Figure 3.11 Telescopic kelly bar 21
Figure 3.12 Augering plant 22
Figure 3.13 Augering plant crane 22
Figure 3.14 : Reinforcement bar 23
Figure 3.15 : The reinforcement cage is inserted into the bored hole 24
Figure 3.16 : Reinforcement cage 24
Figure 3.17 : Grouting processs 25
XlI
Figure 3.18 : Tremie method 26 Figure 3.19 : Excavation of the bored pile 27
Figure 3.20: Cut ofT level 27
Figure 3.21 : Re-bar for pile footing 28
Figure 4.1 Bakau pile using excavator 30
Figure 4.2 Drop hammer 34
Figure 4.3 Sheet pile 35
Figure 4.4 Vibratory pile drivers 41
Figure 4.5 Sheet pile presser 42
Figure 5. 1 Drilling auger 44
Figure 5.2 Milling rig for barettes 46
Figure 5.3 Tungsten teeth Carbide 47
Figure 5.4 Drilling bucket 47
Figure 5.5 Dri11ing Crane (dimension) 48
Figure 5.6 Kelly bar, temporary casing and bucket 49
Figure 5.7 Chiseling process 50
Figure 5.8 Grouting 51
Figure 5.9 Excavation 52
Figure 5.10 : Sequences of large diameter bored pile 53 Figure 7.1 : Effect of water flow from the river
XlII
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION.
The topic of this thesis is 'A case study on the piling system for high rise building along Sarawak riverbank'. This thesis is a requirement for students in order to complete their study in Degree of Civil Engineering in University Malaysia Of Sarawak. It also acts as a final year project.
1.1 OBJECTIVE
As mentioned earlier in this chapter, this thesis/final year project IS to determine and investigate as well as study the piling system for high rise building especially that allocated along Sarawak riverbank. So, in the case study the author had chosen the Riverbank Suite and other nearby buildings as a reference.
Piling system means the piling method that had been designed by the Engineers in order to have a strong foundation that can support the load from the dead load (from the super structure) and imposed load (from the man, machinery, etc).
These piling methods are design according to many factors including soil properties, environmental aspects, economical aspects and many other factors that we will discuss in the next chapters.
Meanwhile high rise building is a multi-storeys building or a building that has more than five storeys building. For my case study, Riverbank Suite is a suitable building because of its location (on Sungai Sarawak riverbank) and it has more than
1
five storey building. Furthermore the location of Riverbank Suite is at the erosion side ofSungai Sarawak, where the water flow is strong when it goes back to the sea.
This phenomenon will be investigated and. studied whether the erosion from the river will affect the design of the piling system. The selections of the material to be used have to be suitable for the condition of the soil and the water from the river.
1.3 CASE STUDY
For the case study, the author will try to discover and detemline, why the engineer had chosen the bored pile as a piling system for Riverbank Suite. But the Holiday Inn and Menara SEDC had used steel 'H' pile. The properties of soil at the riverbank of Sarawak River win be examined. It will also consider the slope stability and the underground water at the selected places. This knowledge will help to understand more on the method that had been used to determine the selection of the piling system for high rise building such as Riverbank Suite.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
The author had used two methods of collecting data and information. The methods that he had used were:
(i) Collecting Premier Data
To gain fresh information about the building and its piling system, the author had conducted a few interviews with the contractor, the manager and the engineer that had worked together when constructed the building. Tn the case of Riverbank Suite, he had interviewed M.A.R. associates that act as an engineer that design the building, the
2
Zecon Engineering as the contractor that built the building and also the management of the Riverbank itself for all the relevant and useful infonnatioll. The author had gained 80% of the infonnation for his case study from the interview. This is because there are very little infonnation that can be collected from the booklet or pamphlet that has information about the selected building. From there the author had analyzed the infonnation and investigated all the data that he had collected.
(ii) Secondary data
The data that the author had gained from the interview had to be analyzed and in order to learn how the system works, he had to refer all the books, journals, internet and magazines that contains infonnation about foundation and the piling system. 70 % of the secondary data was from books and 30% was from internet, magazi nes and journals.
The problems that I had faced in my final years project was the contractor and the engineer that had conducted this project had less infonnation about this project because of it had been completed in many years ago. And they said some of the infonnation might have lost in the store while the M.A.R. Associates moved to another place.
3
Superstructure
Pile footing
4
CHAPTER TWO
According to Rangwala in his book entitled Building Construction last edited in 1996, every structure consists of two parts :
(i) Superstructure (ii) Foundation
Superstructure can be defined as the higher part of the structure, which is above ground level. So, it consists of many structures part from ground floor beam, columns truss until the roof
Meanwhile, foundation can be defined as the lowest artificially prepared parts of the structure which are in direct contact with the ground and which transmit the
local of the structure to the ground. Parts of foundations are stump, footing pad and pile.
Figure 2.1 Foundation cross section
Column
I
GroundI
Foundation1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE FOUNDATION
Foundation is the most important part of a structure. Without a strong foundation. a building wiLL never have a chance to stand up tall. So, an engineer wiLL have to design a suitable foundation that can support all the load from the superstructure and other imposed load to the ground via the foundations systems.
These are some of the objectives of the foundation;
(i) The designed foundation should be able to distribute the total load coming on the structure on a larger area so as to bring down the intensity of load at its base below the safe bearing capacity of subsoil.
Lateral disturbing force
I ,
Figure 2.2
(ii) The foundation is also designed to support the structure. Just like the function of a column to support all the roof and rafter.
5 Load from superstructure'
into larger area
(iii) It is also to give enough lateral stability to the structure against various disturbing forces such as wind, rain, earthquake, etc.
(iv) The foundation can also help to prepare a level and hard surface for concreting and masonry.
(v) It is also to transmit the super-imposed loads through side function and end bearing case of deep foundation. This is an important element when dealing with the pilling system for high rise building that we will discuss later in the next chapter.
(vi) To distribute the non-uniform load of the superstructure evenly to the sub-soil.
(vii) Foundation can help to provide the structural safely against undermining or scouring due to animal, flood, etc.
1.2 FACTORS THAT NEED TO BE LOOKED WHEN DESIGNING THE PILE SYSTEM
There are a few factors that need to be considered when designing the pile system. This is important when selecting the suitable materials and technique in order to maximize the function of the foundation and minimize the cost of each foundation. Here are some factors that need to be considered ~
1.2.1 Type of soil and rock
The type of sub-soil of a proposed structure has to be investigated.
Soil investigation has to be carried by an experience engineer. For example, bore-hole can be carried out before any designing process. This is important for us to determine the type of soil and its strata. Soil that contains too much sulfur can weaken the strength of the concrete. And sometimes can cause the
6
reinforcement to oxidize twice as faster as an ordinary soil. So, to overcome this problem, sulfate resistant cement has to be used. For certain cases, when the rock bed is so deep for example 30 to 50 meter, an ordinary span pile is not effective or suitable choice for a pile system. This is because the ordinary span pile has 12 meter, 9 meter and 6 meter length. So when the span pile is longer than its length, it has to be welded with another span pile until it reaches its setting. Too many connections will cause a weakness in its strength and the welded areas are the place where the oxidation process will occur. To overcome this problem, it is practical to use the bore pile instead of using the ordinary span pile. The process of producing the bored pile will be discussed in the next chapter.
1.1.1 Load from the superstructure.
If we want to build a single storey house and the subsoil hard, it is suitable to pick up 'hakau' pile. This will minimize the cost and the strength of the 'bakau' pile is suitable for a single storey house depending to the quantity or amount of the 'bakau' pile. But in the case of the high rise building, we will not use such an old fashion method. We have to consider the amount of load that have to be carried by each footing pad or each pile. For example, the size of pile are depending on its load such as the construction of Riverbank Suite:
(a) 610 mm in diameter pile carried load of200 tone (b) 710 mm in diameter pile carried load of 300 tone (c) 910 mm in diameter pile carried load of 400 tone
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