COST PLANNINGS STANDARD DEVELOPMENT FOR ARCHITECTURE, EXTERIOR, AND MISCELLANEOUS WORKS ON STADIUM MAIN BUILDING WORKS TO IMPROVE COST ACCURACY

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International Journal of Engineering Advanced Research eISSN: 2710-7167 [Vol. 4 No. 1 March 2022]

Journal website: http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijear

COST PLANNINGS STANDARD DEVELOPMENT FOR ARCHITECTURE, EXTERIOR, AND MISCELLANEOUS

WORKS ON STADIUM MAIN BUILDING WORKS TO IMPROVE COST ACCURACY

Melly Artika Silalahi^1* and Yusuf Latief²

1 2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok, INDONESIA

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Article Information:

Article history:

Received date : 29 December 2021 Revised date : 15 February 2022 Accepted date : 2 March 2022 Published date : 9 March 2022

To cite this document:

Silalahi, M. A, & Latief, Y. (2022).

COST PLANNINGS STANDARD DEVELOPMENT FOR

ARCHITECTURE, EXTERIOR, AND MISCELLANEOUS WORKS ON STADIUM MAIN BUILDING WORKS TO IMPROVE COST ACCURACY.

International Journal of Engineering Advanced Research, 4(1), 30-44.

Abstract: Apart from that, the level of complexity of the stadium construction process also demands the most efficient and effective method, especially in terms of cost planning, so that the process of achieving project delivery can be carried out with a high level of accuracy. This level of accuracy becomes very important, since there is a possibility of a phenomenon of differences in project costs running with the planning. Furthermore, there is a possibility that disputes will arise as a result of inaccurate cost planning at the beginning of project implementation.

Therefore, the design and build integrated contract method can be one of the best choices, as long as it can be implemented by following standards that have been tested for their effect on the accuracy of cost planning. However, due to this type of contract is not yet contained in existing national standards, a development of existing regulations or standards is very crucial, in order to support national plans and development, especially in the field of sports tourism. Thus, a development of the existing regulations whose contents are closest to being a solution to the above problems, Ministry Regulation No. 22 of 2018, needs to be done immediately. From the results of this study, it is hoped that a new Standard Cost Planning for stadium projects can be made to increase the accuracy of project costs.

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1. Introduction

Design and Build is a construction contract for work related to the construction of a building where the provider has one unit of responsibility for the design and implementation of construction. This Design and Build is different from the conventional method where the Service User does not need to prepare a Detail Engineering Design (DED), but only prepares a basic design.(Inspectorate General of the Public works and housing (PUPR) Ministry, 2020)

The current design and build integrated contract method is considered capable of responding to the challenge of the importance of speeding up the completion of a project. Design and Build Integrated Construction Work is all work related to the implementation of building construction or the manufacture of other physical forms, where planning work is integrated with construction implementation (Public works and housing (PUPR) Ministry Regulation No.19 of 2015).

According to the Public works and housing (PUPR) Ministerial Regulation Number 22 of 2018, State buildings are buildings for official purposes that become state or regional property and are held with financing sources originating from State Budget (APBN), Regional Budget (APBD), and/or other legal acquisitions. In this study, the building of the State Building that became the object of research was the construction of the stadium. due to the stadium is one of the country's special buildings that are being devoted to its construction.

The stadium is a large covered ground area with rows of seats around the sides and often without a roof, used for sporting events and musical performances.(Cambridge Dictionary, nd). The stadium is a state building (special building) which was built using an integrated design contract.

The Stadium consists of the Main Stadium Building, Field of Play and the Main Stadium Area.

The implementation of the construction of the stadium construction is very complex and requires completion with special technology, so that there is a high risk of causing danger to the surrounding community. Conventional methods are not the answer for projects that have high complexity such as stadiums, so an alternative is needed to reduce pressure on management and technical skills, and the Integrated Design and Build contract method may be a technically appropriate alternative (Seng, et al 2006; CA Umar, AAAF, et al 2020; Tarigan, AM, et al 2018; Adamu, I., et al 2017).

The problems that occur in this stadium project could be due to there is no standard that determines cost planning and measurement of output for the work using the Design and Build Integrated Contract method. A standard will greatly assist in the consistency of management and operations and in the process of preparing the standard, the Public works and housing (PUPR) Ministry Regulation No. 22 of 2018 will be used as a guideline to improve the accuracy of work cost planning.

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2. Literature Review 2.1 State Buildings

According to the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Housing Number 22 of 2018, state buildings are one of the state-owned assets that have strategic value as a place for the state administration process to take place which is regulated and managed to be functional, reliable, effective, efficient and organized in an orderly manner. The stages of State Building Construction consist of the preparation stage, the technical planning stage, and the construction implementation stage (Article 3 of the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and housing Number 22/PRT/M/2018 concerning Technical Guidelines for the Construction of State Buildings). The stages by stage must be carried out properly and follow the applicable provisions and standards so that development failures do not occur. According to the technical guidelines for the construction of state buildings in Public works ministry regulation No. 22 of 2018 it is stated that:

1. The implementation of state building construction includes the construction maintenance phase.

2. Construction implementation is the implementation stage of constructing a building, whether it is a new construction, partial or complete repair, or expansion of an existing one, and/or a continuation of unfinished development, and/or maintenance (rehabilitation, renovation, restoration) carried out by using a service provider. contractor in accordance with the provisions.

3. The construction is carried out based on the tender documents that have been prepared by the construction planner, with all additions and amendments at the time of the job description/auction bidding, as well as the required technical provisions (guidelines and technical standards).

2.2 Design and Build

In the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Housing No.1 of 2020 it is stated that Design and Build Integrated Construction Works are all work related to the construction of a building or the manufacture of other physical forms, where design work is integrated with construction implementation. By definition this development method is "all work related to the construction of a building or the manufacture of other physical forms, where the design work is integrated with the construction implementation". In other words, this construction work is carried out by more than one construction service provider.

The advantages of a project implementing an integrated design and build contract system are that it offers one-point responsibility, project cost savings without sacrificing quality, reduced schedule, improved communication, reduced litigation (lawsuits) associated with project implementation and the risks and costs associated with errors. and design omissions and which are then transferred from the owner to the selected contractor who is judged best able to manage the risk.

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2.3 Research Variables and Indicators 2.3.1 Standard Cost

The standard cost for the main stadium building is a cost that includes the components of the work on the project being carried out, the technical specifications of each work item, the standard area of the State Building, the number of seats, the highest unit price for the state building and the construction cost index where this cost has been determined. or estimated in advance at the beginning of the project period and if there is a balance against it, then this standard cost is considered correct. The following are indicators for standard cost variables used in this study, there are 6 indicators as described in table 2.1 below.

Table 2.1: Standard Cost Indicators and Variables

No Variable Indicator Reference

1 Standard Cost

Work Component Jauzy A. (2012); BPSDM PUPR (2016); Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) (2017)

Technical specifications Construction Technology Application Center (2018); Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) (2018); PU Ministerial Decree No. 22 (2018)

Area Standard Jauzy A. (2012); BPSDM PUPR (2016); Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) (2017); PU Candy (2018)

Chairs amount UEFA Guide to Quality Stadiums (2011); Minister of Youth and Sports Regulation No. 0400 (2013)

The highest unit price for a state building

Jauzy A. (2012); BPSDM PUPR (2016); Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) (2017)

Construction Cost Index The Wisdom of J. and Idris (2019)

2.3.2 Non-Standard Cost

Non-standard costs for the main building works are the costs of carrying out physical construction for which there are no relevant provisions or regulations approved by the relevant agencies, which usually must include details related to volume, work that can be categorized into building and environmental works, special functions and other work. which can be categorized as non-standard costs. The following are indicators for non-standard cost variables used in this study, there are 4 indicators as described in table 2.2 below.

Table 2.2: Non-Standard Cost Indicators and Variables

1 Non Standard Cost Volume details Jauzy A. (2012); PUPR BPSDM (2016) Building and environment Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR)

(2017)

Special function Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) (2017); PU Candy (2018)

Other jobs Ministry of Public Works and Housing (PUPR) (2017)

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2.3.3 Additional Costs

Other costs in the main stadium building work may include related to building permits (IMB), internet connection Costs, land investigation testing Costs, and Occupational Health and Safety (K3) costs which so far cannot be categorized into standard cost groupings and non-standard costs.

The following are indicators for other cost variables used in this study, there are 4 indicators as described in table 2.3 below.

Table 2.3: Indicators and Other Cost Variables

1 Additional Costs Building Approval PP No. 16 (2021); Indonesian Information Portal (2020); Kristina et al. (2018)

Internet Connection Cost Rusniati (2020); KOMINFO Candy No. 14 (2017) Soil Investigation Test MA Fareza (2021); Rena M (2011);

Cost of Safety Ni Putu et al. (2020); Ananti (2019)

2.4 Level of Cost Accuracy

The level of cost accuracy in planning the cost of a project can be made properly if it includes factors such as a detailed description of the quality of the scope, the quality of the information used is clear, the level of work uncertainty that can be minimized, the performance of the estimator used is experienced and the estimator carries out his work. in accordance with the correct estimation procedure and in accordance with the provisions. Following are the indicators for the cost accuracy variable used in this study, there are 5 indicators as described in table 2.4 below

Table 2.4: Indicators and Variables of Cost Accuracy Level

1 Cost

Accuracy

Scope quality Alfredo F. (2005); Mamik R. (2007); Pradana & Miftahul (2019);

Hatamhel, MT, et.al (2018)

Information quality Alfredo F. (2005); Mamik R. (2007); Hatamhel, MT, et.al (2018);

Ghallab, AHO, and Hosain, MDS, (2020) Level of job

uncertainty

Alfredo F. (2005); Mamik R. (2007); Hatamhel, MT, et.al (2018)

Performance estimator

Alfredo F. (2005); Mamik R. (2007); Hatamhel, MT, et.al (2018)

Estimation Procedure

Alfredo F. (2005); Mamik R. (2007)

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2.4 Relationship of Planning Standards and Public Works Ministerial Decree No. 22 of 2018 to Improve Cost Accuracy

Based on the literature that discusses the factors that affect cost accuracy(Muhammad T. Hatamleh, 2017) followed by an understanding of the rules and regulations related to the integrated contract for the design of the State Building in Minister of Public Works Decree No 22 of 2018. Based on research and government regulations, a research synthesis or relationship between variables is obtained as shown in table 2.5.

Table 2.5: Research Synthesis – Relationship between Variables

No Variable Relationship Reference

1 Standard Cost→ Cost Accuracy PU Ministerial Decree No. 22 (2018); Presidential Decree No. 73 (2011)

2 Non Standard Cost→ Cost Accuracy

Muhammad T. H (2017); Alfredo F. (2005); Mamik R. (2007);

Pradana & Miftahul (2019) 3 Miscellaneous expense→ Cost

Accuracy

Muhammad T. H (2017); Alfredo F. (2005); Mamik R. (2007)

Viewed from table 2.5, the author tries to develop a standard for planning the cost of architectural work, building exterior facilities and Miscellanious Work on the main stadium building work on an integrated contract for state building design based on Minister of Public Works Regulation No.

22 of 2018 as an effort to increase cost accuracy.

2.5 Problem Statement

In developing a Standard Cost Planning based on the Minister of Public Works Decree No. 22 of 2018, there are several things that must be analyzed first in this research:

1. There is no standard for standard/non-standard costs for architectural works, building exterior facilities, and Miscellanious Work on the Main Stadium Building.

2. There is no standard technical specification for each stadium classification on architectural work, building exterior facilities, and Miscellanious Work on the Main Stadium Building.

3. There is no standard percentage of the scope of each architectural work, building exterior facilities, and Miscellanious Work on the Main Stadium Building.

4. There is no standard cost per m² of architectural work, building exterior facilities, and Miscellanious Work on the Main Stadium Building.

5. There is no standard cost per seat for architectural work, building exterior facilities, and Miscellanious Work in the Main Stadium Building.

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2.6 Hypothesis

Based on the background of the problem, problem formulation, and framework thoughts that have been compiled based on literature studies, it can be concluded the hypothesis of this study, namely:

1. Standard Cost Variables significantly affect Cost Accuracy variable 2. Non-Standard Cost Variables significantly affect Cost Accuracy variable 3. Other Cost Variables significantly affect Cost Accuracy variable

3. Method

In a research, a clear, systematic and organized planning or stage of research is needed so that the research can run smoothly and on target in accordance with the objectives of the research. Chapter 3 describes the research methodology consisting of research strategies, research processes consisting of research variables, research instruments, data collection processes, and data analysis methods. After all these processes have been carried out, the Standard Development for Architectural Work Cost Planning, Building Exterior Facilities and Miscellanious Work on the Main Stadium Building Works on an Integrated Contract for State Building Design Based on Public works and housing (PUPR) Ministerial Regulation No. 22 of 2018 to Improve Cost Accuracy based on the results of the reaserch question containing identification of Development of Planning Standards for Architectural Works, Building Exterior Facilities and Miscellanious Work on Main Stadium Building Works on Integrated Contracts for State Building Design Based on Public works and housing (PUPR) Ministerial Decree No. 22 of 2018 to Improve Cost Accuracy.

This research begins by identifying the background of the problem that causes this research to be carried out, then the formulation of the problem formulation in the research question is carried out so that the objectives of this research are achieved. Furthermore, a study of the literature study was carried out as a support for the literature study in chapter 2 (two). In conducting research, a conceptual model must be created in developing the system to be produced and the research methodology used as a tool to achieve research results must be determined.

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3.1 Research Strategy

According to research by Robert K. Yin (2003), there are steps of research strategy for experimental, survey, archive analysis, historical, and case study strategies which are summarized in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Measurement Strategy Strategy Research Question Form Control of Events

Focus on Contemporary Events

Experiment How, why Yes Yes

Survey Who, what, where, how many, how big

Not Yes

Archive Analysis

Who, what, where, how many, how big

Not Yes No

Historical How, why Not Not

Case study How, why Not Yes

How is the relation between cost accuracy and Standard Cost Plannings based on Public works and housing (PUPR) Minesterial Decree No.22 Year 2018 on the scope of architectural work, building exterior facilities, and miscellaneous work in the stadium area? With this, we will answer the questions using archive analysis, questionnaires, and Structural Equation Model (SEM).

3.2 Research Process

This research begins by identifying the background of the problem that causes this research to be carried out, then the formulation of the problem formulation in the research question is carried out so that the objectives of this research are achieved. Furthermore, a study of the literature study was carried out as a support for the literature study in chapter 2 (two). In conducting research, a conceptual model must be created in developing the system to be produced and the research methodology used as a tool to achieve research results must be determined. In a study, based on the formulation of existing problems with the objectives to be achieved, a systematic and organized research flow design is needed so that research can run effectively and obtain good and relevant results. to achieve research results, namely the Development of Standards for Planning Costs for Architectural Work, Building Exterior Facilities and Miscellanious Work on Main Stadium Building Works on Integrated Contracts for State Building Design Based on Public works and housing (PUPR) Ministerial Decree No. 22 of 2018 To Improve Cost Accuracy, a research question will be answered, namely the identification of Development Cost Planning Standards for Architectural Works, Building Exterior Facilities and Miscellanious Work on Main Stadium Building Works on Integrated Contracts for State Building Design Based on Public works and housing (PUPR) Ministerial Decree No. 22 of 2018 to Improve Cost Accuracy.

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3.3 Research Variables

The variables and indicators in this study are described in Table 3.3 below:

Table 3.2: Research Variables

Variable Indicator

X1 Standard Cost X1.1 Work Component X1.2 Technical specifications X1.3 Area Standard

X1.4 Chairs amount

X1.5 The highest unit price for a state building X1.6 Construction Cost Index

X2 Non Standard Cost X2.1 Volume Details

X2.2 Building and Environment X2.3 Special Functions

X2.4 Other Jobs X3 Miscellaneous expense X3.1 Building Approval

X3.2 Internet Connection Cost X3.3 Soil Investigation Test X3.4 Cost of Safety

Y Cost Accuracy Y1.1 Scope Quality Y1.2 Information Quality Y1.3 Level of Job Uncertainty Y1.4 Performance Estimator Y1.5 Estimation Procedure

3.4 Procedures

The procedure used as research strategies that have been determined for this research is archive analysis, surveys in the form of questionnaires, and validation from experts. The questionnaire will be used as a research instrument in this study. Data collection for the Research Question (RQ) is divided into several stages. Before conducting a pilot survey for the first questionnaire, an analysis of the archive from previous literature studies was carried out as materials in order to create the questionnaires. The first stage of data collection was carried out to find out what elements of standard and non-standard costs could have an influence cost accuracy in the cost planning for integrated design and build contract in the scope of architectural work, building exterior facilities, and miscellaneous work on stadium main building by validating the contents onstructs through interviews and discussions with experts.

3.5 Data Analysis

The method used in analyzing data is the most important part of the scientific method, due to data analysis is used to solve research problems (Basrowi & Suwandi, 2012). The raw data that has been collected will be useless if it is not analyzed. The raw data that has been collected needs to be typed into groups, and filtered in such a way to answer problems and to test hypotheses.

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3.6 Validity and Reliability 3.6.1 Validity Test Using SPSS

A research instrument is included in the good category based on the results of the validity and reliability tests. Validity test aims to measure the accuracy of the contents of the instrument used in a study. This study uses the product moment/pearson correlation validity test which was carried out with SPSS. According to Firdaus (2009), the Pearson Correlation Product Validity test produces a correlation coefficient that serves to measure the strength of the linear relationship between two variables (Wulandari, 2021). The value that can be used to measure correlation is the Pearson correlation value "R", where according to Sudhana (2005), an instrument is declared valid if the R value is greater than the significance R value obtained in the R distribution table (Wulandari, 2021). This study used a sample of 66 people so that the R table obtained as a measurement guide was 0.242.

The table for the result of Pearson Correlation listed in table 4.6 shows that the Pearson Correlation value in each indicator has a greater value than R table = 0.242. It can be concluded that all the indicators in this research are valid and can be used at the next stage of analysis.

Table 3.3: Pearson Correlation Analysis Result

Correlations Total Description

X1.1 Pearson Correlation 0.810**

Valid

Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000

Valid

X3.1 Pearson Correlation 0855**

Valid

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Y1.2 Pearson Correlation 0.755**

Valid

3.6.2 Reliability Test (Cronbach's Alpha) Using SPSS

According to Singarimbun (1989), the reliability test was conducted to determine the consistency of the reliability of the measuring instrument by using the consistency and stability of the answers or data. In this study, a reliability test with SPSS using the Cronbach's Alpha method will be carried out with the following conditions (Wulandari, 2021):

- Cronbach's Alpha value > 0.6 → Reliable - Cronbach's Alpha value < 0.6 → Unreliable The results of the reliability test are as follows:

Table 3.4: Results of Reliability Test

Sources: Author's Data, 2021

The result of the reliability test shows that the 19 indicators used in this study have a Cronbach Alpha's value of 0.840 > 0.6, which means the indicators in this research are reliable. The next stage is to know the reliability of each indicator which can be seen from theCronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted value, it can be seen that the 19 indicators used in this study have a Cronbach Alpha's value > 0.6 which means it is reliable.

3.6.3 Data Adequacy Test Using SPSS

In this study, the data adequacy test will be carried out using the KMO & Bartlett's Test using the SPSS program in order to determine whether the data used are sufficient and able to represent the population. The result of the calculation of KMO & Bartlett's Test obtained is as follows:

Table 3.5: Calculation Result of KMO and Bartlett's Test KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. 0.847 Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square 912,312

df 171

Sig. 0.000

Sources: Author's Data, 2021

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

0.834 19

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The results of the KMO & Bartlett's Test obtained a KMO value of 0.847 > 0.5 so that it was concluded that the research sample obtained was sufficient to be used. Mark Bartlett's Test of Sphericity has a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05 which indicates that there is a significant correlation between research variables so that it can be continued to the next stage of analysis.

4. Result and Discussion

Based on the results of the outer loading on bootstrapping in Table 4.20, it can be seen that all existing indicators (indicators after deletion) all have a Significant Effect on the latent variable due to each has a T-statistic value greater than 1.96 or a P-value. Value < 0.05. Furthermore, the following is a table of path coefficient results from bootstrapping to see the significance of the relationship between variables.

Table 4.1: Path Coefficient Table, Result of Bootstrapping Original Sample

(O)

T Statistics

(|O/STDEV|) P Values Description Non-standard Cost ->

Cost Accuracy

0.446 4.481 0.000 Significant Effect

Standard Cost -> Cost Accuracy

-0.258 3.296 0.001 Significant Effect

Other Cost -> Cost Accuracy

0.354 2,963 0.003 Significant Effect

Sources: Author’s Data, 2021

Based on the results of the Path Coefficient, it can be seen that X1. Standard Cost, X2. Non Standard Costs and X3. Other Costs all three have a T-Statistic value > 1.96 or a P-Value value <

0.05, so it can be concluded that X1. Standard Cost, X2. Non Standard Costs and X3. Other Costs have a significant effect on Y. Cost Accuracy.

4.1 R Square

R Square is the coefficient of determination that explains how far the dependent data can be explained by independent data. R Square is worth between 0 – 1 provided that the closer to 1 (one) is the better.

Table 4.2: R Square Table, Result of Bootstrapping R Square R Square Adjusted Y - Cost Accuracy 0.706 0.692 Sources: Author’s Data, 2021

Based on the R Square results in Table 4.2, the R-square value of the cost accuracy level is 0.706 which indicates that the cost accuracy level can be explained by standard costs, non-standard costs and other costs of 70.6% which are included in the moderate category. (Joe F Hair et al., 2011).

While the remaining 29.4% is explained by other variables besides the 3 variables in this study.

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4.2 Fit Model

The result of Fit Model can be seen in table 4.3 below:

Table 4.3: Result of Fit Model

Saturated Model Estimated Model

SRMR 0.089 0.089

d_ULS 1.344 1.344

d_G 0.868 0.868

Chi-Square 295,402 295,402

NFI 0.695 0.695

Sources: Author’s Data, 2021

Based on Table 4.3, it can be seen that the resulting model represents 69.5% actual conditions in the field. The following is an Inner Model relationship model using SmartPLS software as follows:

Picture 4.1: Structural Equation Modeling Overview on Inner Model

Source: Author’s Data, 2021

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5. Conclusion

Based on the NFI value it can be concluded that the fit model of this study is 0.695 or 69.5%. From the results of the T-Statistic Results Table (Boot Stramping) it is also obtained for the mathematical model from the research results based on the Original Sample (O), therefore:

It's also possible to state that the level of accuracy increases if the variables X1 Standard Cost and X3 Other Costs are increased, and the level of accuracy also increases if the variable X2 is also increased. Non-Standard Costs are reduced.

So, after completing numerous assessments, starting from the Measurement Model and Structural Model. Then the final model results obtained that have fulfilled all these analyzes.

6. Acknowledgment

I would like to give my special gratitude to the one and only Allah SWT, my family, my professor Yusuf Latief, my fellow RQ3-mates, Anggoro Putro, and everyone who also helped me in doing this research.

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