Prepared by
Name : Saiful Rizan Bin Sanusi
Designation : Principal Assistant Director, Corporate Division Agency : Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources
Course Details
Name of course: "Water Resource Management for Sustainable Development"
Venue : National Institute of Rural Development & Panchayati Raj (NIRD&PR), Hyderabad, India
Date : 4 Feb 2019 – 17 Feb 2019 (2 weeks)
Sponsorship : African-Asian Rural Development Organization (AARDO) &
Ministry or Rural Developmet, Government of India
TABLE OF CONTENT
i COURSE OBJECTIVES AND DETAIL PROGRAM
1. PROJECT BACKROUND ... 1
1.1 Introduction of India ... 1
1.2 Water Resource Management for Sustainable Development : An overview of India……… ... 2
1.3 Comparison situation between Malaysia and India ... 5
1.3.1 Present situation of activities related to Water Resource Management in Malaysia ... 5
1.3.2 Problem statement ... 6
2. ACTION PLAN ... 8
3. LESSON LEARNT ... 9
4. SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION ... 10
5. CONCLUSION ... 10
6. ATTACHMENT ... 13
6.1 Pictures ... 13
6.2 Certificate ... 18
1 1. PROJECT BACKROUND
1.1 Introduction of India
India also known as the Republic of India is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by area and with more than 1.3 billion people, it is the second most populous country and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
In 2018, the Indian economy was the world's sixth largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, and inadequate public healthcare India is a federal republic governed under a parliamentary system and consists of 29 states and 7 union territories. A pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society, it is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.
2 Figure 1: Map Of India
1.2 Water Resource Management for Sustainable Development : An overview of India
1.2.1 Water
Water the critical resource of agriculture, has not been well managed in India, despite the country being an agricultural powerhouse. It has some 195 MH of land under cultivation of which some 62% is rain-fed and 37%, irrigated.
Agriculture uses 85% of the water resources with low efficiency. The rain-fed area is the critical area of cultivation with the largest concentration of rural poverty spanning several agro ecological regions.
3 1.2.2 Water Management
Water management is related to three important challenges in the agricultural front today namely raising productivity per unit of land, reducing poverty, and responding to food security needs. In the light of the new call to achieve “more crop per drop”, this paper discusses pertinent issues related to irrigation in India and the strategies and arrangements to address water scarcity for irrigation. The study finds that problems are largely institutional, structural, and administrative. Overcoming them is crucial for agricultural development in general and water management in particular
1.2.3 Water Resource Management
Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is a sub-set of water cycle management. Ideally, water resource management planning has to regard to all the competing demands for water and seek to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all user and demands.
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1.2.4 Ground Water
Development of ground water resources which was a low key affair in the early stages, is now contributing to more than 60% of the irrigation demand and playing a critical role in ensuring food security to the millions in India. India has a dubious distinction of having the highest ground water abstraction. In view of the seriousness of the problem, the Government is, therefore, putting a lot of emphasis on artificial recharge of ground water. A project for setting up 225 thousand recharge structures has been launched with this objective and a clear defined goal that it has to be implemented in a participatory mode with involvement of local communities, locally elected bodies like Panchayats, and Non Government Organizations (NGOs).
4 1.2.5 Watershed
Another important purpose of the watershed programs is to generate employment opportunities to address the equity concerns of landless laborers and marginal and small farmers. The results of meta-analysis have clearly established that watershed programs resulted in generating substantial employment opportunities in the watershed areas. This also implies that the investment in watershed development programs can be considered as poverty alleviation programs for those areas.
India had introduce Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. Another aim of MGNREGA is to create durable assets (such as roads, canals, ponds and wells). Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an applicant's residence, and minimum wages are to be paid. If work is not provided within 15 days of applying, applicants are entitled to an unemployment allowance. Thus, employment under MGNREGA is a legal entitlement. Labour intensive tasks like creating infrastructure for water harvesting, drought relief and flood control are preferred
1.2.6 Rain Water Harvesting
Ancient peoples collected and stored rainwater in wet seasons to sustain themselves in dryer days. Today, the practice is being revived through community systems that provide not only water, but local control over the sometimes-contentious distribution of this precious resource.
The Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University (JNTU) in Hyderabad promotes inexpensive rooftop collection systems. Some of them have been created at schools, community centers, and other central locales. Ground water tanks may have a capacity of 100,000 liters, and roofs are linked together with pipes that deliver collected water to a central cistern. These collection and
5 distribution systems are designed and constructed with local labor and skill and provide significant employment opportunities. They result in affordable water that is available to all, regardless of caste, creed, or economic status.
The university has been further addressing the variable precipitation cycles of the Indian monsoon by promoting conjunctive management of surface and groundwater. That is, during the wet season, excess runoff is channeled into over dry wells, where it can be stored underground for use in drier months. The university also educates volunteers and promotes efforts to clear silt and clay from local ponds. Once cleaned out, these ponds, maintained by local people, can function as rainy season recharging sources for underground aquifers. This is important because in many areas the groundwater has been over-exploited, particularly for agricultural use.
1.3 Comparison situation between Malaysia and India
India already introduces sixth order industrial as platform to make their people who involve in agriculture sector evolve to be think farmers and entrepreneur. Sixth order industrial encourage farmers participate in development of their crops both agriculture and infrastructure. In this context, farmers can propose ideas to expand the yield of their crops and further advancement their business, however, the participation of farmers come with sharing the development cost of the said ideas together with government to support ownership and responsibility among farmers.
1.3.1 Present situation of activities related to Water Resource Management in Malaysia
Malaysian agricultural sector is fall under two ministerial authorities.
Commercial crops such as palm oil, rubber, timber, cocoa, pepper, kenaf, sago and tobacco which fall under Ministry of Primary Industry and Commodity Malaysia. The degree of management varies among the types of holdings. The estates, which are owned and operated by large private profit-oriented
6 organizations, deploy a more efficient and well-organized management. The smallholdings, on the other hand, are owned by individuals and are characterized by less efficient and unorganized management.
The management of development schemes, in contrast, is somewhere between the estates and the smallholdings. The Malaysian government mandated Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry (MOA) to manage this development scheme. MOA somehow will lead the transformation processes in the agriculture crop other than commodity output such paddy cultivation, fisheries, and livestock in a planned, integrated and comprehensive manner.
1.3.2 Problem statement
Both the past development of Malaysia’s legal framework for water resources management, and its growing needs to update and harmonize its legal framework, are intrinsically linked to the country’s path of economic development and its effects on the country’s natural resources. During the period before and shortly after independence, the agricultural sector was a major contributor to Malaysia’s economy; it remains critically important in several states to this day.
As a result, several of Malaysia’s early water-related laws were primarily narrowly focused on expanding the coverage of irrigation and drainage infrastructure. In 1953, the federal government passed the Irrigation Areas Act to regulate irrigation for agricultural development, and shortly afterwards passed the Drainage Works Act in 1954 to regulate agricultural drainage development. In 1972, the federal government passed two important laws aiming to stimulate paddy plantations and to improve the overall irrigation system for paddy farms in the states of Kedah and Kelantan: the Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA) Act (1972) and the Kemubu Agricultural Development Authority (KADA) Act (1972). The institutions created by these Acts – MADA and KADA – are federal agencies created to assist and enhance the agricultural sector in the states of Kedah and Kelantan respectively – and their activities have had major impacts on water use patterns in these states.
7 From the 1990s onwards, Malaysia’s economy has continued to rapidly develop and diversify. Economic development has been guided by Vision 2020, a strategy envisaged in 1991 by the then Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, establishing the country’s goal to become a developed nation in 2020. As we approach 2020, Malaysia has indeed come very close to surpassing the threshold for high-income country status. However, the legal framework for water resources management has not kept pace, and accordingly, the rapid economic growth of Malaysia has brought increased environmental degradation, especially degradation of the country’s water resources. For example, there have been reports of large-scale land clearance which, together with illegal logging activities, has led to increased soil erosion and high sediment loads in adjacent rivers. In some cases, Malaysia’s rivers have then been further polluted by effluents from the rubber and palm oil industries.
At the same time, the population of Malaysia has rapidly increased in urban areas, both in planned and unplanned settlements. This growth in population and urbanization has increased the overall demand for clean potable and non-potable water. At the same time, rivers have been contaminated by untreated domestic wastewater and untreated industrial toxic and hazardous wastes. Water supply to Malaysia’s largest urban area, the Klang Valley, has experienced several high profile prolonged disruptions in the past few years due to river pollution levels. The duty to control water pollution is spelled out in several pieces of legislation. Chief among them is the Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 and its subsidiary regulations. However, the primary focus of the EQA is point-source pollution such as agro-based and industrial discharges, livestock farming and sewage discharges, rather than non-point source pollution which has been especially problematic in Malaysia..
8 2. ACTION PLAN
Malaysia benefits from a relatively favorable climate and water resources endowment, and this has provided a comfortable buffer as the country developed.
Overall, water resources management has remained a relatively low-priority political issue while specific sectors like drinking water utility restructuring and irrigation infrastructure development have taken the forefront in public and political attention.
However, in the march towards developed-nation status, there are strains beginning to appear in some areas. There is evidence of the continuing degradation of water bodies and trends where water demands are now outstripping water supplies in some states. In facing these challenges, at present, most states have only limited legal and regulatory tools available at their disposal to try to support improvements in water resources management. Thus, responsibility for water resources management is largely decentralized to the state level in Malaysia, but most states have not yet enacted detailed legislation or regulations on the subject. On average, Malaysia’s laws and regulations provide fewer tools to water resource managers than other typical laws observed in upper-middle-income and high-income countries.
Putting in place a more comprehensive legal framework will provide more tools to Malaysia’s water managers to better understand, efficiently allocate, and more effectively protect water resources. Ministry of Water, Land, and Natural Resources plans to take this on in the coming year by proposing a new draft law at the national level to unify the various current state approaches. Quantitative legal analysis may provide a few useful insights and highlight relevant comparative examples. From this analysis, there are a few bright lights leading the way within Malaysia with relatively more comprehensive legal frameworks for water resources. As it moves towards high- income country status, Malaysia may wish to also look outward to examine trends in the legal frameworks of peer countries which tend to have balanced and comprehensive legal frameworks supporting aspects related to water information systems, planning, allocation, protection, and adaptation to changing situations
9 3. LESSON LEARNT
During the program, there are many valuable lessons that can then be used to create process change, run more efficient management, and can be useful applied in Malaysia. Table 3 below show the significant lesson learnt that related with my action plan.
No Item Knowledge acquired in India Comparison with Malaysia Comment 1. Visit to
Watershed, Interaction with Water User Association, sustainable livelihoods created under watershed in Chikkaballapur District and Visit to BR Hiils (11 &
12/02/2019)
• Participatory Irrigation Management
• Government Organisation at
• Granary area - IADA (Integrated Agriculture Development Area)
• Non-granary area – DID (Department of Irrigation &
Drainage)
• Water User Group- Water management at tertiary level
• To improve the paddy cultivation management in Malaysia.
• To promote farmers participatory in irrigation
Management in Malaysia
• Surface irrigation • Malaysia have a lot of rain and the suitable irrigation system is by open channel
• Ground water • Only few places in Malaysia can apply this ground water
• Water harvesting • Malaysia using Urban Stormwater Management Manual (MSMA)
• Starting to imposed water harvesting concept in building new housing scheme.
Table 3: Lesson learnt from the program
10 4. SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION
This programme is designed for senior and middle level policy makers, administrators, entrepreneurs, bankers, academics, scientists and executives of corporate sector as well as voluntary sector representatives having interest in rural development sector The program is suit for knowledge enhancement to officer for career enhancement.
However, below is the suggestion and recommendation to the program for future improvement.
1. Participant is expected to well verse with Malaysian government policy before joining the program by conducting mini assessment for preparation.
2. After joining the program, the participant is expected to be exposed with other country policy and as an alumnus, he/she should promote advantage of joining this program by produce short duration video as a team/batch in order to gain more participation in future.
5. CONCLUSION
The Water Vision sought to promote efficient and effective water resources management through integrated water resources management. It also aimed to translate awareness into political will and capacity to provide adequate, safe and affordable water services for the country. Its broad objectives covered a range of topics, from ensuring safe and adequate water supply to the protection of river basins and other water bodies. As a starting point, the Water Vision identified four key water uses:
1. Water for people: Access to safe, adequate and affordable water supply, hygiene and sanitation;
2. Water for food and rural development: Provision of sufficient water that will ensure national food security and promote rural development;
11 3. Water for economic development: Sufficient water to spur and sustain economic growth within the context of a knowledge-based economy and e- commerce;
4. Water for the environment: Protection of the water environment to preserve water resources and natural flow regimes, bio-diversity and the cultural heritage, along with mitigation of water-related hazards.
Agriculture sector is indirectly related with rural development and economy of developing country. In fact, we have to make it as attractive as possible if we want to revitalize agriculture and make it a vibrant sector of the economy. But in terms of employment, there a still a lot more people are involved in agriculture in Malaysia. In 2010, agriculture, forestry and fishing accounted for 13.3% of total employment of 11.1 million. In contrast, the much-touted manufacturing accounted for 16.9%, not that much more. While the importance of agriculture is declining, it is still important to the economy and deserves attention because of the large number of people dependent on it. We need agriculture for the sake of food security and easy supply of essential food, especially rice, in which we are still not self-sufficient.
Despite the inclusion of some water-related aspects in general national planning documents, up until 2012, Malaysia still had no specific government policy on water resources management. The process to develop a specific policy took many years and began with the National Water Resources Study (2000-2050). The Study was a massive endeavor which comprehensively examined the present state of water demand and supply in Malaysia and made scenario projections based on forecasted demands.
Building from this study, the long-awaited National Water Resources Policy was published in 2012. The government believes that this policy will provide a new direction in water resources management in line with increasing competition for water. The policy focuses on better coordination among water-related agencies by attempting to promote an integrated water resources management approach.
12 Following publication of the Policy, a consultative process and action plan workshop were held immediately afterwards; furthermore, several task forces were set up to coordinate and monitor implementation of the Policy. The Department of Irrigation and Drainage coordinated this process and also engaged consultants to review present institutional and legal framework for the implementation of the policy. However, several identified constitutional and institutional challenges have made this process particularly complex and time consuming. As of yet, there have been no concrete national-level reforms enacted.
13 6. ATTACHMENT
6.1 Pictures
Group photo of the AARDO-International Workshop-cum Training Programme on
"Water Resource Management for Sustainable Development" participant .
Participant presenting their country’s paper.
14 Field visit to Rural Technology Park (RTP) NIRD, Hyderabad
Field visit to Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University (JNTU), Hyderabad
15 Field visit to Jawaharlal Nehru Technology University (JNTU), Hyderabad
Field visit to Kamala Poultry Farm, Chikkaballapur. Owner was a Krishi Pandith Awardee & Karnataka Best Farmer 2018
16 Field visit to Tribal Sub Plan Activities, ICAR- Indian Institute Of Horticultural Research,
Bengaluru
Field visit to Zonal Agricultural Research Station, University Of Agricultural Science, Bengaluru
17 Field visit to International Crops Research Institute For The Semi-Arid Tropic (ICRISAT)
Galla dinner night at the last day of programme.
18 6.2 Certificate