International Journal of Social Science Research (IJSSR) eISSN: 2710-6276 | Vol. 4 No. 3 [September 2022]
Journal website: http://myjms.mohe.gov.my/index.php/ijssr
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPORTS MOTIVATION, KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE AND SPORTS INVOLVEMENT AMONG GIFTED AND TALENTED
STUDENTS
Azrina Md Azhari1, Nurul Suzaina Joli2, Nursakinah Mat Hazir3, Jamaliah Hamdan4, Roslina Ahmad Faisal5, Mohd Shafiz Md Shah6, Nurul Hidayah
Mohd Nasir7, Fairuz Adlidna Badrol Hissam8 and Rorlinda Yusof9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pusat GENIUS@Pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, MALAYSIA
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Article Information:
Article history:
Received date : 29 June 2022 Revised date : 20 July 2022 Accepted date : 1 September 2022 Published date : 9 September 2022
To cite this document:
Md Azhari, A., Joli, N. S., Mat Hazir, N., Hamdan, J., Ahmad Faisal, R., Md Shah, M. S., Mohd Nasir, N. H., Badrol Hisham, F. A., & Yusof, R. (2022).
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPORTS MOTIVATION, KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE AND SPORTS INVOLVEMENT AMONG GIFTED AND TALENTED STUDENTS. International Journal of Social Science Research, 4(3), 94-103.
Abstract: Involvement in sport provide benefits on health, psychology, social and at the same time improve academic performance of the students if the students able to make good use of the advantages they have. A person able to have more than one type of intelligence.
There are eight types of intelligence which are Linguistic, Logical or Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily- Kinesthetics, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist. Students that showed high in kinesthetics intelligence able to become excel in any sport that they partake. Today, students who are smart or high in cognitive intelligence does not participate in any physical activity or sport because they perceive that it is wasting time or give no benefit to their academic. By involving 46 gifted and talented students that consist of 27 female and 19 male students that range from 15 to 17 years old, this study will refute the belief posed on gifted and talented students. This research seeks to study relationship between kinesthetics intelligence among gifted and talented (GT) with sport motivation and involvement in sport throughout their study period.
Inventory used in this research are Multiple Intelligence Checklist for Adults (MICA), Sports Motivation Scale (SPS) and google form to understand about gifted and talented students’ involvement and performance in the sport that they are involved in. This research showed
1. Introduction
No doubt that sport helps the individual to stay away from non-beneficial activity and at the same time help to develop quality on individual value that is balanced in terms of physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual. A consistent and balance in sport practice able to produce healthy individuals with an intelligent mind. Involvement in sport not only encourage the sportsmanship among GT students, but it also unites students from various races, ethnicities, and religions. According to WHO in 2019, physical exercise is one of the protective factors from various infected disease and help to improve health and human well-being. In 2020, WHO also suggested for adult to perform 150 minutes moderate level of physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous level of physical activity in a week. Although there are various recommendations given by WHO, but there are still at least 31 percent of adult do not achieve adequate physical activity even though it is seen as a very important thing (Kohl et al., 2012) to improve life quality and health aspects regardless of individual age and status. To add, COVID-19 situation has led to a decrease in physical activity (Hall et al., 2020) due to the belief hold by the society that they have fewer opportunities to perform physical activities as a result from movement control orders (MCO) stated by Majlis Keselamatan Negara (MKN).
Interesting recreational sport activities can be seen as one of the methods to encourage involvement in physical activity among students to achieve public health goals. Involvement in recreational sport activity able to give opportunity for the students to stay active in the sport activity that they participated in school. A study conducted by Nurul Huda Amirah et al., (2021) showed that there is a relationship between extrinsic motivation and the level of physical activity during pandemic. This finding is important as it helps institute of higher learning to plan a strategy to encourage students to continue to do physical activities despite the pandemic such as practicing healthy lifestyle at home by using facilities in their home environment. The result of this study emphasized the importance of physical activity involvement although facing pandemic COVID-19.
To increase school students’ involvement in recreational sports activities, it is important to identify the factors that influence students’ involvement in recreational sport activity. Hence, the purpose of this study conducted is:
a) To study the relationship between kinesthetics intelligence among gifted and talented (GT) students with the level of sport motivation.
b) To study the relationship between sport motivation with GT students’ involvement and performance in sport whether at the school, district, state, national and international levels.
kinesthetics intelligence also had high level of sport motivation that push them to participate and strive hard to achieve victory in the sport they involved in.
Keywords: kinesthetics intelligence, gifted, talented, sport motivation, physical activity.
Study conducted by Azlan Ahmad Kamal (2011) showed that students who participated actively in physical activity have achieved the best results in academics compared to students who are inactive in physical activity. To add, Pauline et al. (2020) in her study stated that “In line with government aspirations and Ministry of Education which focuses on student excellence, it is important to increase the level of physical fitness of students as a platform to develop students who are fit, healthy and intelligence in terms of Physical, Emotional, Spiritual, Intellectual and Social. By doing so, students who are active and fit able to compete and master various academic field leading up to the 21st century”. Students need to partake in any sport activity organized by the school when sport and recreation are included as part of the component in the curriculum. When an individual involves actively in physical activity, it automatically led their body to be in a healthy state and avoid them from practicing unhealthy living style such as smoking. In addition to that, students also able to keep themselves from doing any non-benefitted activity and social problem with their peers. Involvement in sport actively also help students to regulate their emotion better because they able to think calmly and solve their problems better. So, the student will not cause many problems in school.
Participation in sport also help students to improve their social skills by interacting with teachers and friends from different background. This interaction at the same time help to build unity, sense of belonging and togetherness when they cooperate and tolerate in the sport activity organized by school.
2. Literature Review
Most of the students who are smart and have high intelligence were found to be less involved in sports activities and preferred to study textbooks compared to students in the school. This is because they hold a view that involvement in sport wasting the time and are considered as non-benefitted. These students perceived involvement in sport as time consuming and affecting their academic performance. However, this is not true at all because involvement in sport provide benefit to the students from various aspect. According to Wan Rezawana et al.
(2018), students who are excel in academic or also known as intelligent students do not have any flexible time because it will be used for the academic purposes only. Academically talented and gifted students also have been labelled as a “nerd” and lack in a social skill whenever they partake in any physical activity. Wee (2013) stated that, lack of involvement in the physical activity at school has been one of the education institutions concerns in this country. Low attitudes towards sports are also the cause of their lack of involvement in sports which lead to an increase in obesity which is the cause of some chronic diseases such as heart, kidney and so on. Nowadays, career in sports is also an important field in Malaysia as it is in line with the development and progress of sports in the country and abroad. Therefore, to ensure that these students are involved in sports, kinesthetics intelligence among students needs to be improved as well as to increase the sports motivation of these students for them to become a student who is not only excellent in academics but also excellent in sports.
2.1 Problem Statement
Students with high intelligence do not rely on cognitive intelligence alone. There are various types of intelligence that can be obtained in a person. According to Gardner kinesthetic intelligence theory, even students who do not excel in written tests can also be considered as gifted. Athletes, dancers, soccer players, artists and others can learn effectively in the classroom if teachers recognize their kinesthetics intelligence. Teachers and parents play an important role in helping the future of these students in the profession that needs their talents.
Kinesthetics intelligence is when the person acquired the abilities to use their whole body or part of their body to perform a movement physically. Suyadi (2014) stated that kinesthetics intelligence is the person ability to combine physical and thoughts until they able to create a perfect movement. Meaning that kinesthetics intelligence is a good combination between the nerves that is the mind and one’s body. Besides, Gardner (2013) added that kinesthetics intelligence is one’s capacity to fully use their whole body or part of the body like hand and fingers to solve problem, creating things or performing certain movement. Sujiono (2010) stated that kinesthetics intelligence or physical intelligence is an intelligence when the person using their intelligence, they can utilize their body part to perform certain activities such as running, dancing, creating something or performing artistic activities. There are several components found in kinesthetics intelligence such as coordination, balance, skill, strength, flexibility, speed, agility as well as reaction time. Researchers are confident that intelligent students also have their own distinctive kinesthetics intelligence. This is because there are students who have the characteristics as mentioned above with active involvement and achievement in sports competitions as well as dance and acting competitions. A balanced combination between cognitive intelligence and kinesthetics intelligence in these students can help to produce national assets in the sports fields or arts that is in line with sports development in our country.
3. Method
Based on some doubts and practices that are often raised among talented gifted talented students (GT) and society, the following are some of the objectives of the study:
1. To study the relationship between the kinesthetics intelligence of GT students and their sports motivation.
2. To study the relationship between the kinesthetics intelligence of GT students with gender.
3. To study the relationship between the level of sports motivation of GT students with gender.
4. To study the relationship between kinesthetics intelligence and motivation level of GT students according to age.
5. To study the correlation between sports involvement and achievement of GT students.
Based on the objective listed above, research design for this study is as stated below:
Figure 1: Research Design
3.1 Materials
Instrument used to measure the level of multiple intelligence on gifted and talented students is Multiple Intelligence Checklist for Adults (MICA). Whereas to measure sport motivation among students Sport Motivation Scale Briere et al. (1995) have been used.
3.2 Samples
This study involved a total of 46 gifted and talented students from Pusat GENIUS@Pintar Negara UKM as the study sample. From 46 students, they consisted of 27 female students and 19 male students with age range from 15 to 17 years old.
3.3 Site
Involvement and sport achievement of these samples were obtained from a questionnaire made
Involvement or achievement in sport
among gifted and talented students
Student Level of Kinesthetic Intelligence
• High
• Average
• Low Sport Commitment
• Enjoyment in Sport
• Participation Opportunity
• Personal involvement
• Social Pressure
• Alternative Participation Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation
• Extrinsic Motivation
• Amotivation
3.4 Procedures
Samples were given an instrument to measure the level of multiple intelligence, but only kinesthetics intelligence result was taken for this study. Other than that, 46 students were also given a questionnaire to test their level of sports motivation as well as a questionnaire on student involvement and achievement in sports.
3.5 Data Analysis
Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 27. Among the analyses performed were testing the reliability of the items used in the instrument, testing the relationship between kinesthetics intelligence with student gender, testing the relationship between student level of sports motivation and their gender, testing the relationship between kinesthetics intelligence with students' level of sports motivation according to their age using anova one-way analysis, testing the relationship between kinesthetics intelligence with the level of sports motivation of students and finally this study also try to study the relationship between gifted and talented students involvement and achievement in sports throughout their studies.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Reliability of the Instrument
Table 1: Reliability of the Instrument
Cronbach’s Alpha value Number of items in the instrument
0.936 28
Table 1 showed that questionnaire instrument used in this study is Sport Motivation Scale from Briere et al. (1995). Total number of items used in this instrument is 28 items to test the level of sports motivation among gifted and talented students. It is found that the value of the reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) obtained is high at 0.936. This high reliability value indicates that all items are acceptable and suitable for use in the study.
4.2 Kinesthetics Intelligence of Gifted and Talented Students
Table 2: Kinesthetic Intelligence of Gifted and Talented Students with Gender
Gender n Mean Standard Deviation Sig.
Male 19 61.16 30.1 0.512
Female 29 61.81 26.3
Graph 2: Kinesthetic Intelligence of Gifted and Talented Students with Gender
Graph 2 showed that female students (M=61.81, SD= 26.3, n =29) are highly significance in kinesthetic intelligence compared to male students (M=61.16, SD= 30.1, n =19). T-test result t = - 0.079, p > 0.05 showed that there is no significance relationship between kinesthetic intelligence with student’s gender.
4.3 Sport Motivation Level of Gifted and Talented Students
Graph 3: Sport Motivation Level of Gifted and Talented Students with Gender
Table 3: Sport Motivation Level of Gifted and Talented Students with Gender
Gender n Mean Standard Deviation Sig.
Male 19 74.0 15.6 0.577
Female 29 72.6 13.4
Sport motivation level of gifted and talented students 74.5
74
73.5
73
72.5
Male
Kinesthetic Intelligence of Gifted and Talented Students
62 61.8 61.6 61.4 61.2 61
Male Female
4.4 Correlation Between Kinesthetics Intelligence with the Sport Motivation Level Among Gifted and Talented Students
Table 4: Correlation Between Kinesthetics Intelligence with the Sport Motivation Level Among Gifted and Talented Students
N Spearman Correlation Sig.
46 0.498 0.000
Table 4 showed the results of Spearman correlation test analysis that there is a significant relationship between kinesthetic intelligence and students' level of motivation towards sports (r =0.498, p < 0.05). This indicates that students with high level of kinesthetic intelligence also have high level of motivation in sport.
4.5 Correlation Between Sport Involvement and Sport Achievement Among Gifted and Talented Students
Table 5: Correlation Between Sport Involvement and Sport Achievement Among Gifted and Talented Students
N Spearman Correlation Sig.
46 0.296 0.046
Table 5 showed the result analysis of Spearman correlation test that there is a significance relationship between the level of student’s sport involvement with achievement in sport (r=0.296, p < 0.05). This showed that there is a weak correlation relationship between students’ involvement in sport and their sport achievement.
5. Conclusion
Based on data analysis collected, there is a significance relationship between kinesthetics intelligence with the level of sport motivation among gifted and talented students. This significance relationship result showed that gifted and talented students that have high level of kinesthetics intelligence have the tendency to participate actively and motivate in sport they partake. According to Mohd Zakaria et al. (2021), sport motivation that they acquired is in line with their commitment in sport. Without commitment, this motivation cannot be obtained to produce a good outcome. Sport motivation among gifted and talented students consists of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation. Intrinsic motivation concept is importance for students’ psychological development. According to Oudeyer, Kaplan dan Hafner (2007), this type of motivation is importance for students’ development and the motivation is part of student’s initiative to improve their development and self- improvement.
This showed that when students who have kinesthetics intelligence, these students are more motivated to develop their skills and potential in the sport they are involved in. For extrinsic motivation according to Ryan and Deci (2000) motivation refer to the tendency to obtained something after performing certain task. A gifted and talented student who have high level of kinesthetics intelligence, will feel that involvement and excellence achievement in sport as a satisfaction and will keep on being motivated to involved in sport and collect lots of victory.
Talking about sport commitment, sport commitment is importance as it is in accordance with sport motivation that they obtained. Existence of both components with high level of
among gifted and talented students. Among components in sport commitment is enjoyment when they involved in sport. This commitment also seen on how they grab the opportunity in sport involvement either in school, district, state, national and international levels. Other than that, gifted and talented students have put a mindset on what they will get when they get involved in sports and their personal investment to achieve their own satisfaction and progress.
With this, high level of kinesthetics intelligence among students will encourage them to be more committed in sport they partake and achieve excellent achievement in sport. As a conclusion from this study, gifted and talented students who possessed high level of kinesthetics intelligence will be more motivated and committed in sport the involved in. This will encourage them to do their best in sport until able to obtain outstanding achievement to themselves, school, and their parents.
6. Acknowledgement
Appreciation is given to all those involved in this research from start to finish. Special thanks to all the co-researchers who have worked hard together to collect data, prepare writing, analysed the data, prepared video presentation and so on. Not to forget also to my organization Pusat GENIUS@Pintar Negara UKM for given me a research grant to help complete this research and pay for all the costs involved.
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