REVIEW ARTICLE - Journal of Oil Palm Research - MPOB

DISTRIBUTION OF AREA PLANTED WITH OIL PALM BY OWNERSHIP IN MALAYSIA DECEMBER (million hectares). MALAYSIAN EXPORTS OF PALM OIL AND PALM OIL PRODUCTS Volume (million tonnes) Value (difference in million RM.

TABLE 1. MALAYSIAN OIL PALM PLANTED AREA AS AT DECEMBER (million hectares)

AR TICLE IN PRESSARTICLE IN PRESS

An assessment of the outcome of the Oil Palm Replanting Scheme (OPSRP) and New Planting Scheme (TBSPK). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with compactness in an interspecific two (BC2) population of oil palm.

Figure 1. Resource optimisation and diversification strategy for food, feed, fuel chemicals and other bio-products.

SOIL FUNGAL COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY IN OIL PALM PLANTATION AT SUNGAI ASAP,

SARAWAK, MALAYSIA

RESEARCH ARTICLES

TIME COURSE NUMBER OF FUNGAL PHYLUS, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY AND GENERA FOR OIL PALM PLANTED AREA (OPPA) AND SECONDARY FOREST. SF1 and SF2) IN SOILS TAKEN FROM SUNGAI ASAP, BELAGA, SARAWAK, MALAYSIA. This result suggested that soil fungal communities in OPPA were heterogeneous compared to fungal communities in SF1 and SF2.

Figure 1. Sampling sites of oil palm planted area (OPPA), undisturbed secondary forest 1 (SF1) and secondary forest 2 (SF2) at Sungai Asap, Sarawak, Malaysia.

A PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDY: DETERMINING THE GEOGRAPHICAL ORIGIN OF CRUDE PALM

OIL WITH THE COMBINED USE OF GC-IMS FINGERPRINTING AND CHEMOMETRICS

Examples of the GC-IMS spectra obtained from Sabah and Peninsular CPO samples are shown in Figure 3. HPLC-UV and HPLC-CAD chromatographic data fusion for the verification of the geographical origin of palm oil.

TABLE 1. INSTRUMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS FOR CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) ANALYSIS

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF GIBBERELLIN 2-OXIDASE 6 GENE

We also examined the expression profile of the EgGA2ox6 gene in vegetative and reproductive tissues of oil palm using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative real-time (qRT- PCR). The expression level of EgGA2ox6 was indicated by the intensity of the amplified band in the agarose gel (Figure 6).

EXPRESSION OF CADHERIN GENE IN Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A TOXIN RESISTANT AND

Cadherin expression at each developmental stage was normalized against the expression of the pupae from Tinbarap Estate. The evolutionary of the cadherin gene was evaluated with seven Lepidoptera sequences from NCBI database. Cadherin Gene Expression of Developmental Stages The expression of the cadherin gene was found to be significantly higher in the seventh stage of the Sabaju Estate sample and fourth stage of the Tinbarap Estate sample.

The pupal stage cadherin expression level of the Tinbarap Estate sample was set to 1 for the analysis. The relative abundance of cadherin was recorded in the fourth stage of the Tinbarap Estate sample.

Figure 1. Map of Sabaju Estate and Tinbarap Estate, Sarawak, Malaysia.

SOIL CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 ) EFFLUX RATE AND OIL PALM YIELD FROM DIFFERENT PEAT

TYPES IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA

The extent of soil CO2 emissions from oil palm plantations on peat still remains uncertain and more studies are needed to address this issue. RATE OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) RELEASE FROM SOIL AND YIELD OF PALM OIL FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF PEAT IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA. A study conducted by Hergoualc'h et al. 2017) on 6-year-old and 1-year-old oil palm planted on peat in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, showed CO2 release from the soil.

The results showed that different types of peat have a significant effect on CO2 emissions in the soil and oil palm yield. Conversion of pristine peat swamp forest to oil palm plantation: Effects on soil CO2 fluxes in Jambi, Sumatra.

TABLE 1. CLASSIFICATION, SOIL CHARACTERISTIC AND ORGANIC MANAGEMENT GROUP OF STUDY SITES Soil series/

REPLANTING AREA

The location is shown in Figure 1. The CO2 emissions were measured at five different stages of the replanting process: 1) before cutting down the 28-year-old palms (November 2016); THE DYNAMICS OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) EMISSION AND LAND COVER ON INTERRUPTION SYSTEM ON OIL PALM REPLANTING AREA. The CO2 emissions during the vegetative and generative phases of the intercropped plants are presented in Table 3.

Plant height, number of leaves and number of leaves indicate the carbon stocks of oil palm plants. The results of this study show that replanting oil palms does not increase CO2 emissions in the air, but increases carbon stocks.

Figure 1. The research site location of Bukit Jaya Village, Ukui Subdistrict, Pelalawan District, Riau Province, Indonesia.

QUANTITATIVE APPROACH FOR IRRIGATION REQUIREMENT OF OIL PALM: CASE STUDY IN

CHUPING, NORTHERN MALAYSIA

Irrigation is one of the ways to reduce the impact of water deficit and support oil palm's functional growth. The aim of this study was to predict the crop and irrigation water requirement to help decision makers for irrigation planning in the oil palm plantation. Unfortunately, no exact figures have yet been demonstrated for oil palm and in this case, 50%.

Geospatial assessment of plant water demand for yield optimization of oil palm in Southwest Nigeria. Lysimeter studies and oil palm irrigation in some interior soils of Peninsular Malaysia Felda experience.

Figure 1. Different soil layers through soil horizon (Point 2).

ODOUR EXPOSURE LEVEL MEASUREMENT SURROUNDING PALM OIL MILL

An alternative approach to the odor limit is thus necessary to justify the odor pollution from palm oil mills. Thus, the odor exposure to the surrounding community is also a measurable data to validate the odor emission problem from the palm oil mill. The odor assessment method involved determination of odor intensity, odor concentration and odor characterization following that of Balch et al.

However, the wind concentration at the source and field decreased significantly during the second assessment as shown in Figure 4 compared to Figure 3. The results showed that the wind concentration at the source was much higher than the wind concentration at the field.

TABLE 1. SURVEY LOCATIONS POME treatment Location A Boundary

INVESTIGATION ON THE EFFECT OF MONOGLYCERIDE CONCENTRATION ON

A water gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used to determine the molecular weight (Mw) of the formulated alkyd resins. The AV of the reaction products was frequently checked to track the progress of the polyesterification. The effects of MG:DG ratio are seen in the early response period in Figure 4.

It can be seen that as the reaction preceded the increased Mw of the synthesized alkyd resin (A-30 and A-60). The scope of this work is to find the effects of the variation in MG/DG ratio on the properties of palm oil based polyalkyds.

Figure 1 depicts the flow diagram of methodology for this study.

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In several tropical countries, especially in the Asian region, the oil palm industry produces a significant amount of biomass that can be used for bioconversion. The industry generates several types of biomass, and one of the most recently studied is oil palm fronds (OPF) due to its availability and valuable content. During the pruning operation, OPF can be obtained annually up to about 44 million tons and 15 t ha−1 during replanting (Awalludin et al., 2015).

If this biomass is not used, it will contribute to environmental degradation as it will only rot or burn in landfills (Faizi et al., 2017). However, in 2010, OPF was identified as a potential source for the production of fermented sugar (Goh et al., 2010).

XYLAN RECOVERY FROM DILUTE NITRIC ACID PRETREATED OIL PALM FROND BAGASSE

XYLAN RECOVERY FROM DILUTE SALPETENSACUR PRETREATED OIL PALM FROND BAGASSES USING FRACTIONAL FACTORIAL DESIGN. Dilute nitric acid pretreatment with milder conditions was performed with the aim of achieving higher xylan recovery by higher. Further detailed analysis of variance for xylan recovery via dilute nitric acid pretreatment is displayed in Table 5.

Factors with a t value exceeding the Bonferroni limit of 8.57517 are considered important and can significantly enhance xylan recovery (Abdulredha et al., 2020). In this case, glucan preservation may indirectly improve xylan recovery by preventing acid hydrolysis of xylan.

TABLE 1. CODED VALUES AND ACTUAL VALUES OF VARIOUS PRETREATMENT FACTORS Factors Type of

METHANOLIC EXTRACTION OF FREE FERULIC ACID FROM OIL PALM

The separation of standard ferulic acid extracts and palm oil extracts by SFC is shown in Figures 1–3. Calibration of ferulic acid in palm oil extracts was performed with reference to the authentic standard (Figure 3). The amount of free ferulic acid in extracts obtained from different parts of oil palm under different sample to solvent ratio (S/S) is shown in Table 1 and Figure 4. S .

Extraction of free ferulic acid from palm pressed fibers, both FPPF and DPPF, was found to be optimal when the S/S ratio was 1:6. Supercritical fluid chromatogram of ferulic acid in extracted dried palm pressed fiber (DPPF) (sample vs. solvent, 1:6).

Figure 1. Supercritical fluid chromatogram of ferulic acid in dried palm pressed fibre (DPPF) extracted (sample to solvent, 1:6).

AR TICLE IN PRESSARTABLE 1. FREE FERULIC ACID EXTRACTED FROM OIL PALM UNDER DIFFERENT TICLE IN PRESS

This study focused on the extraction of free form ferulic acid from different parts of oil palm. The amount of free ferulic acid extracted from palm pressed fibers and EFB is comparable to its amount in oil palm fruits. Effect of different alkaline treatment on the release of ferulic acid from empty fiber of oil palm fruit cluster.

Extraction and purification of ferulic acid as an antioxidant from sugar beet pulp by alkaline hydrolysis. Preparation of ferulic acid from corn bran: Its extraction and improved purification by membrane separation.

Figure 4. Composition of ferulic acid extracted from various oil palm biomass.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS OF GOATS FED WITH OIL PALM BY-

PRODUCTS BASED FEED PELLET

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND COCK TRAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF GOATS FED OIL PALM BYPRODUCTS BASED POULTRY. GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF KATJANG GOATS FED OIL PALM BYPRODUCTS BASED, CONTROL AND COMMERCIAL PELLETS. FEED INTAKE OF KATJANG GOATS FED OIL PALM BYPRODUCTS BASED, CONTROL AND COMMERCIAL PELLETS.

Therefore, oil palm by-products can be included in the feed formulation without compromising the growth performance and carcass composition of Katjang goats. CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPOSITION OF THE KATJANG OF KATJANG GOATS FED WITH OIL PALM BY-PRODUCTS, CONTROL AND COMMERCIAL PELLETS.

TABLE 1. PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF OIL PALM BY-PRODUCTS

EFFECT OF FEEDING PALM OIL SLUDGE AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF MAIZE IN

PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND BLOOD PROFILES

The chemical compositions of the experimental diets were similar in the two phases and between the groups, i.e. increasing levels of POS supplementation in the concentrate mixtures (Table 4) had no effect on the concentration of hematologic parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells ( WBC), red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and lymphocytes. The large variability in the chemical composition of POS is due to the oil palm varieties (Bamikole and Ikatua, 2009) and the method of oil extraction (Seephueak et al., 2011).

This can be attributed to higher CF and ash content in POS and the incorporation of palm oil in the concentrate feed. Oil palm slurry (OPS) as a partial replacement for maize in the feed for growing fattening pigs.

TABLE 1. PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, FIBRE FRACTION (g kg –1 DM) AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION (g per 100 g

PHASE BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH, MEDIUM AND LOW MELTING FRACTIONS IN LAURIC FAT

TRIACYLGLYCEROL GROUP

PHASE BEHAVIOR OF HIGH, MEDIUM AND LOW MELTING FRACTIONS IN LAURIN FAT MIXTURES FORMULATED BASED ON MELTING TRIACYLGLYCEROL GROUP. In the second part of the study, two formulations of lauric-fat mixtures were chosen. The isosolid diagram of FHRO lauric fat blends formulated at constant BH50 was shown in Figure 5.

Note: Either palm stearin (PS) or fully hydrogenated canola oil (FHRO) was the solid fat added to the lauric fat blends. Furthermore, the stiffness of lauric fat blends was affected by the total amount of HMF and MMF.

TABLE 1. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF STARTING OILS AND FATS

BLENDED PALM FRACTIONS AS

CONFECTIONERY FATS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY

The SFC of blended fats was measured according to the American Petroleum Chemists' Society (AOCS) official method Cd 16b-93 (AOCS, 2012) using pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMS Minispec from Bruker, Germany). The crystalline microstructure of fats was determined using a polarized light microscope (PLM) according to the method described by Narine and Marangoni (1999). TAG of saturated-unsaturated-unsaturated (SUU) mixed fats was higher than CB in the range of.

Among the mixed fats, fat F had the densest crystal structure due to the addition of POs IV 14. Therefore, the addition of POs IV 33 and POs IV 14 affected the snappability value of the chocolate bar.