Perceived Stress Level and Smartphone Addiction 11 Perceived Social Support and Smartphone Addiction 12 Social Anxiety, Perceived Stress Level, Perceived Social Support. This study was conducted to investigate social anxiety, perceived stress level, and perceived social support as predictors of smartphone addiction among undergraduate students in Malaysia. Interaction Anxiety Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and Short Version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale were used.
This study was expected to help update the psychology research database of social anxiety, perceived stress level and perceived social support as predictors of smartphone addiction among undergraduate students in Malaysia. A study conducted by Thatkar et al. 2021) revealed that social anxiety can positively impact smartphone addiction. Excessive internet use and smartphone addiction are reduced when people's psychological well-being and social support are improved (Konan et al., 2018).
Social anxiety, perceived stress level, and perceived social support significantly predict smartphone addiction among undergraduate students in Malaysia. Social anxiety, perceived stress level, and perceived social support significantly predict smartphone addiction among undergraduate students in Malaysia.
Literature Review
Therefore, as an individual's perceived social support declines, time spent using smartphones increases, which may lead to a higher risk of smartphone addiction. In contrast to the study by Zhao et al. 2021) mentioned that online social support can positively predict smartphone addiction. On the other hand, Yüksel and Baytemir (2010) found no significant relationship between perceived social support from family, friends, and teachers with smartphone addiction.
Similarly, Cevik and Yildiz (2017) found that perceived social support from family and friends was unrelated to smartphone addiction. In short, social anxiety, perceived stress, perceived social support are factors that contribute to and perpetuate excessive Internet use (Davis, 2001). In addition to physical and mental health, people who perceive high levels of social support are associated with psychological resilience, high self-esteem, and subjective well-being (Zhao et al., 2021).
Conceptual framework of anxiety, perceived stress level, perceived social support as predictors of smartphone addiction among university students. The research study will focus on social anxiety, perceived stress level and perceived social support as predictors of smartphone addiction among university students in Malaysia.
Methodology
1988), PSS-10 scores showed an adequate confidence value for internal consistency of .78 and .83 in another study by Lesage et al. In study by Al-Dubai et al. 2012), the psychometric properties of the Malaysian version were of the PSS-10 acceptable, indicating that it is an effective tool for evaluating stress among Malaysian students. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) which is free for use in research was used to measure perceived social support (Zimet et al., 1988).
According to (Guan et al., 2013), this scale has high reliability and validity that can be used as a simple screening technique among tertiary students in Malaysia. A Cronbach's correlation coefficient alpha of 0.911 was used to test the internal consistency reliability of the SAS-SV (Kwon et al., 2013). This scale has been used in a number of recent cross-cultural studies, including Lopez-Fernandez (2017) who found Cronbach's alpha correlation coefficients of 0.88 and 0.90 for Spain and Belgium, respectively, and Noyan et al. 2015) who found a Cronbach correlation coefficient alpha of 0.867 for Turkey.
While concurrent validity was supported by high correlations of the SAS-SV with the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) and Smartphone Addiction Propensity Scale, which were above 0.70 (Kwon et al., 2013). The Malay version of the SAS-SV was tested in the Malaysian context and Ching et al.
Result
The assumption of each variable for social anxiety, perceived stress level, perceived social support, and smartphone addiction was tested using a histogram and a P-P plot. Although perceived social support (= .067, p = .486) is not a significant predictor of smartphone addiction among students in Malaysia, as the p-value was greater than .05. The scatter plot of the standard predicted value of smartphone addiction versus standard residuals was shown in Figure 2.
Multiple linear regression was adopted to examine whether smartphone addiction was significantly predicted by social anxiety, perceived stress level, and perceived social support. This indicated that the significant relationship between perceived stress level and smartphone addiction became non-significant when social anxiety was present. As expected, an individual with a high social anxiety level tends to be related to the risk of smartphone addiction.
Consistent with previous study, Thatkar et al. 2021) mentioned that smartphone addiction can be predicted by social anxiety. In the hypothesis, it was expected that the higher perceived stress level would contribute to greater chances of engaging in smartphone addiction. In the present study, perceived social support was found not to significantly predict smartphone addiction among university students in Malaysia.
Thus, the linear relationship between perceived social support and smartphone addiction was not found, which was not significant in this study. It is to provide insight into the development of smartphone addiction in the United States. Second, the smartphone addiction scale seems to have been overtaken by the outbreak of a pandemic.
Thus, this scale may be somewhat incompetent to predict smartphone addiction in the current state. The present study identified the causal relationship between social anxiety, perceived stress level, and perceived social support on smartphone addiction. Social anxiety was an important factor influencing smartphone addiction, while perceived stress level and perceived social support do not show a causal relationship with smartphone addiction.
Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale short version among university students. Perceived stress and smartphone addiction in medical university students: The mediating role of negative emotions and the moderating role of psychological capital. Project title: Social anxiety, perceived stress level and perceived social support as predictors of smartphone addiction among undergraduate students in Malaysia.
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