International Journal of Education and Pedagogy (IJEAP) eISSN: 2682-8464 [Vol. 1 No. 3 December 2019]
Journal website: http://myjms.moe.gov.my/index.php/ijeap
TECHNOLOGY AFFECTS STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC
INTEGRITY ON NATIONAL EXAMINATION: A DISCOURSE FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION
Olivia Wardhani1*, Paulus Insap Santosa2 and Muhammad Nur Rizal3
1 2 3 Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, INDONESIA
*Corresponding author: [email protected] Article Information:
Article history:
Received date : 20 September.2019 Revised date : 20 September.2019 Accepted date : 26 September 2019 Published date : 30 December 2019
To cite this document:
Wardhani, O., Santosa, P., & Rizal, M.
(2019). TECHNOLOGY AFFECTS STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC INTEGRITY ON NATIONAL EXAMINATION: A DISCOURSE FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION. International Journal Of Education And Pedagogy, 1(3), 17-27.
Abstract: The role of technology seems real and has a big impact on the education system in Indonesia. More importantly, technology doesn’t only play a role as a facility, but it also has a role in increasing students’
academic integrity level in doing the National Examination (UN). This began to be seen and had a positive impact after the implementation of the Computer-Based National Examination (UNBK) which replaced the old system, which is Paper-Based National Examination (UNKP).
This article is a literature study that aims to find out some factors that affects students’ integrity especially in doing their National Examination. This article is done by using systematic literature review approach and is intended to present the initial findings for further study. Based on the result of the study from various researchers on similar topic, several technical and non-technical factors were found which influenced the high value of students’ integrity in doing the National Examination.
Keywords: Academic Integrity, National Examination, UNBK, Technology.
1. Introduction
Rapidly developing technology has influenced and even changed human lives in various fields, including on Education. Not all of these tools are made specifically for the purposes of education, but these tools are very useful to be used in education field (Budiman, 2017). Technology on education is intended to improve the quality of learning. One indicator of the improvement of learning quality is related to the student achievement in the learning process (Pakpahan, 2016).
Indonesia applies a final learning assessment system to find out the extent of students' understanding, achievement and competence in understanding the learning material (Basuki, 2014). In the implementation of the education and exam system, students will be tested at each end of the material to find out the competence of students in understanding the material. To measure students' achievement in mastering the material at the end of the chapter, daily tests are performed; to measure midterm achievement, midterm examinations are conducted (UTS); to measure achievement at the end of the semester, final examinations are conducted (UAS).
Indonesia also applies a final grading conducted by the government based on the existing education standards. Assessment of learning outcomes by the government is carried out in the form of National Examinations (UN) and / or other forms in the context of controlling the quality of education (Depdiknas, 2016). In measuring the aspects of knowledge, the implementation of UN is divided into 2, namely the Computer-Based National Examination (UNBK) and the Paper and Pencil-Based National Examination (UNKP) (BSNP, 2017). One of the reasons of the UNBK implementation replacing the UNKP system is a security reason.
The level of massive fraud in UN implementation in Indonesia is still relatively high (Firmantyo
& Alsa, 2016), it is seen from the National Exam Integrity Index (IIUN) which tends to be low at the level of high school in various regions in Indonesia. In 2017, data was obtained that the implementation of UNBK brought positive changes in the aspect of integrity (Kemendikbud, 2017a). Research (Fong, 2015) also stated that the integrity and authentication survey conducted in 2015 resulted that the potential for student dishonesty and cheating behavior will likely continue to occur, unless barriers through authentication and technology are implemented. This indicates the positive impact of technology implementation in improving student integrity.
Based on the problems explained above, this research was conducted to find out what factors that make technology influence students' integrity. The term technology in this research is the computer technology applied in the National Examination, not the other exams such as daily tests, UTS, or UAS because Indonesia has not implemented computer-based exams for these types of exams yet.
2. Method and Approach
The study of how technology can influence students' academic integrity in carrying out national examinations as a discourse and this perspective for further study is carried out through literature studies. This study focuses on the assessment of the technology used at the UN in Indonesia, not the other types of exams, although they also utilize technology in their implementation.
A number of articles related to the topic of UNBK and integrity both published in National and International journals will be reviewed. Other sources that become references in writing this literature study are expert opinions contained in news articles on the official portal. Other supporting literature deemed relevant is also used, such as books or patents (such as Ministerial Regulations or Laws). This review literature article will be divided into two parts, namely the study section and the analysis section. The analysis section will contain the opinions and views of the author as a result of the studies that have been carried out.
3. Results
3.1 What is Academic Integrity?
The word integrity has several meanings from some points of view. In psychology, integrity is related to the formation of positive personalities, such as courage, attention, authenticity, and honesty (Barnard, Schurink, & Beer, 2008). In China, the word ‘integrity’ has a long history and rich interpretation. The Chinese character pronounced as 'Cheng' comes from the word 'integrity' which means no cheating (Zheng, 2016). According to Nillsen (Nillsen, 2004), integrity has broader connotations, not only showing certain attitudes or qualities of someone such as honesty or sincerity, but integrity has moral and ethical connotations that are not only related to someone.
From those researchers' opinions, one conclusion can be drawn in understanding the word integrity, where integrity is not only showing a behavior, but also refers to a moral connotation related to an action that closely related to honesty and respect.
In education field, known a term as Academic Integrity. Academic integrity is ethical behavior which is mostly expressed by representing the values of words, thoughts, images, and ideas which also includes an understanding of ownership principles related to words, thoughts, and ideas (Kariuki, 2012). Upholding academic integrity is a cornerstone in the field of education (McHaney, Cronan, & Douglas, 2016). The lack of individual academic integrity at the educational level is predicted to lead to dishonesty and cheating behavior in the future (Biswas, 2014). It is feared that the behavior will become a habit and then a negative culture will be formed that reflects the cheating and dishonesty behavior. Academic integrity as a normative framework is needed by every academic practitioner by building moral values as a form of consistency between the thoughts and behavior displayed by academics to avoid cases of violations or academic fraud.
Academic integrity is an important element in the implementation of national education to understand and have awareness about normative behavior that is expected to have academic integrity as a constructive-oriented perspective (Rahmawati, 2016).
Academic integrity is a crucial educational issue and becomes a concern in the development of education especially in international education (Emiloju & Adeyoju, 2012). This will affect moral development in the next stage so it needs to be upheld. Without integrity building, it will be very easy for an individual to commit cheating practices in the daily life, including when they are already working.
The lack of integrity can be seen with the occurrence of fraud and dishonesty committed by students in doing the national examination. The government is trying to measure the level of fraud in the UN with the existence of an instrument for measuring integrity called National Exam Integrity Index (IIUN). IIUN is a percentage of student response rates that do not indicate a cheating patterns (Azmi & Kusaeri, 2017). IIUN was presented to measure the level of cheating in the implementation of the UN which has always appeared every year (Alawiyah, 2015). IIUN is measured by two instruments, namely the combined pattern of cheating between students (individual cheating patterns) and the percentage of uniformity of UN answers (systemic/
organized patterns) of students or UN participants.
The Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemdikbud) explained that the IIUN can be identified by looking at the pattern of incorrect answers from the answer sheets of each UN participants. If the wrong answers from each student formed a pattern, then the integrity is considered low and stated as a fraud. The integrity index range is 0-100 which shows an inverse relationship between IIUN and the level of student cheating behavior. The higher the IIUN value obtained, the lower the level of fraud, and vice versa.
Some researchers have conducted research to find out the factors that cause low integrity, especially which related to student cheating behavior in taking exams. These findings are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1: Perception Summary of the Cause of Academic Dishonesty No. Factors of Academic Dishonesty Researcher
1. The ease of getting information via internet (Thornock, 2013); (McHaney et al., 2016) 2. The lack of supervision from institutions and
educators
(Thornock, 2013); (Iberahim, Hussein, Samat, Noordin, & Daud, 2013)
3. Competitive pressure from family and peers to excel in academics
(Thornock, 2013); (Iberahim et al., 2013) 4. There is no academic cheating detectors (Thornock, 2013); (Emiloju & Adeyoju, 2012);
(McHaney et al., 2016) 5. The award given because of the score obtained is
greater than the award for honesty
(Thornock, 2013); (McHaney et al., 2016) 6. There is no written policy on honesty and academic
fraud
(Thornock, 2013); (Anonimous, 2017) 7. Teaching errors, learning system errors, and bad
classroom / school environment
(Thornock, 2013); (Emiloju & Adeyoju, 2012);
(McHaney et al., 2016); (Firmantyo & Alsa, 2016)
8. The emergence of academic anxiety and fear of failure / loss of confidence in the ability to take the exam
(Emiloju & Adeyoju, 2012); (Firmantyo &
Alsa, 2016)
9. Lack of supervision in committing fraud (Emiloju & Adeyoju, 2012)
10. Student behavior that is not based on ethics or ignoring ethics
(McHaney et al., 2016); (Firmantyo & Alsa, 2016)
11. Moral compass: Options in judging right and wrong, and inner drive: inner urge to commit fraud
(Barnard et al., 2008); (Firmantyo & Alsa, 2016); (Iberahim et al., 2013)
12. Lack of student interest in the field of the test (Nillsen, 2004)
13. Failure to control emotions (Firmantyo & Alsa, 2016) 14. The level of difficulty of the exam and the
irrelevance of the exam material are high
(Iberahim et al., 2013)
15. Insufficient exam time (Iberahim et al., 2013)
3.2 What is UNBK?
One of the important aspects in teaching and learning process is the assessment system.
Assessment is the process of gathering and processing information to measure the achievement of student learning outcomes. Assessment of learning outcomes conducted by the Government is then referred to as the UN. According to the Minister of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia Regulation No. 23 of 2016 Article 8 paragraph (2), the National Examination is used as a basis for mapping the quality of education units, consideration of selection to enter the next level, and as guidance and assistance to education units to improve the quality of education (Depdiknas, 2016).
UN is also one of the tools for evaluating and mapping problems and the quality of education that can assist government efforts in formulating education policies from time to time (Ade Maulidya, 2017). UN has been implemented in Indonesia since the days of independence, with different names and implementation systems (Pakpahan, 2016).
According to (BSNP, 2017), National Examination is divided into two, namely paper based or written, called UNKP or Paper Based Test (PBT) and computer-based called UNBK or Computer Based Test (CBT). CBT computer-based exam is an innovative movement and answer to an easier, faster, and cheaper assessment system, especially in district or national scale exams. CBT is also considered to provide greater ease and accessibility for persons with disabilities (Thurlow, Lazarus, Albus, & Hodgson, 2010).
UNBK is an UN that using a computer equipped with software that has been developed specifically to display questions and also the answer with the same difficulty level with UNKP (Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan, 2017). UNBK began to be applied to the national education system for the first time in 2013 in Indonesian schools in Malaysia and Singapore (Pakpahan, 2016). However, the implementation of UNBK independently by the Indonesian government began in 2015 (Alawiyah, 2015).
According to the National Education Standards Agency (BSNP), the criteria for the schools that wants to implement UNBK are the ratio of computers compared to UN participants is one in three, preferably accredited A, having Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for servers and clients, and preferably schools that have electricity generator or more often called as a genset (Alawiyah, 2015). Schools that will implement UNBK must submit a statement confirming their willingness to participate as a test administrator. Next, the verification team will check to ensure that the school is equipped with adequate facilities, resources and infrastructure to implement the UNBK system (Retnawati et al., 2017).
Regarding the technical requirements, schools that register to implement UNBK are required to provide computers (both for servers and main clients + backup clients) that meet the minimum specifications, internet connection networks with a minimum bandwidth of 1 Mbps and Local Area Networks (LANs). The server computer equipment (main and backup) is PC / tower / desktop (not laptop); accessible port 80; 4 core processor with a frequency of 1.6 GHz; At least 8GB RAM;
Operating systems (of 64 bytes) are Windows Server 8 / Windows 7 / Linux; with two LAN CARD units; UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) which can last for 15 minutes; the number of server computers according to the ratio of 1:40 (e.g., 1 server maximum for 40 client computers); and there is at least one backup server computer.
Meanwhile, the main and backup client computers must meet the following requirements: PC or laptop with, at least a 12-inch monitor, 1 core processor with a frequency of 1 GHz; 512MB RAM;
At least Windows XP operating system is installed as .NET Framework 3.5; minimum Chrome web browser with Exambro (browser application from the education evaluation centre for UNBK);
the minimum number of client computers according to a ratio of 1: 3 (e.g., 1 client computer for 3 participants); backup client computers at least 10%; and a headset / earphone provided (for the listening test in high school). For LAN hardware, the minimum cable requirements are CAT5E 10/100/1000; each server with 1 switch and at least 24 ports; 1 Mbps dedicated bandwidth; IP is made static (IP determination is made by the central executive); and at least 1 spare unit. In addition, the UPS for the server must last for at least 2 hours and a generator set (or genset) for all electronic equipment used in UNBK must be provided (Kemendikbud, 2017b).
Schools that offer themselves to UNBK administrators must meet criteria not only related to computer facilities but also related to human resources. The school must have at least one exam supervisor, one technician, and a room supervisor according to the needs that meet the criteria stated in the UN Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). The criteria for examination supervisors are that they are teachers or education personnel in schools who have competence in information and communication technology; have attended training or served as a test supervisor at UNBK;
willing to test supervisors in schools that manage UNBK; and not refuse to sign an integrity pact.
The criteria for technicians are as follows: educational staff who have knowledge, skills and experience in managing school LANs; have attended relevant preparation programs or have served as UNBK technicians; and willing to sign an integrity pact. Meanwhile, the criteria for supervisors are as follows: they are disciplined, honest, careful and responsible teachers who are able to keep secrets; healthy and able to oversee the UN; not the subject teacher supervised in the exam; not from schools participating in the UNBK; and willing to sign an integrity pact (BSNP, 2017). Some findings regarding to the benefits or the advantages of implementing UNBK from researchers are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2: Perception Summary of the Advantage of UNBK Implementation
No. Advantage of UNBK Researcher
1. Able to overcome the problem of assessment objectively
(Prakoso, 2017); (Harris, Al-Bataineh, & Al- Bataineh, 2016)
2. Quick assessment process (Prakoso, 2017); (Putri Manafe, 2017); (Pakpahan, 2016)
3. Plays a role in the measurement of integrity using IIUN
(Prakoso, 2017) 4. The distribution of exam questions to the remote
areas is more efficient
(Retnawati et al., 2017); (Putri Manafe, 2017) 5. Easier to provide different exam questions and
combine packages for each examinee
(Retnawati et al., 2017); (Mardiana, 2017); (Putri Manafe, 2017); (Pakpahan, 2016)
6. Is a written test method that is more efficient and faster in its implementation
(Retnawati et al., 2017); (Putri Manafe, 2017) 7. Increase self-efficiency, comfort, and student
motivation
(Retnawati et al., 2017); (Putri Manafe, 2017);
(Harris et al., 2016)
8. Equipped with a strict timer system (Retnawati et al., 2017); (Mardiana, 2017);
(Pakpahan, 2016) 9. Equipped with a headset to overcome the
possibility of questions or exam materials not delivered properly
(Retnawati et al., 2017)
10. The level of security from question leakage is lower
(Mardiana, 2017); (Putri Manafe, 2017);
(Pakpahan, 2016) 11. Having a secure database is always updated so
that the data is accurate and always stored properly
(Mardiana, 2017); (Putri Manafe, 2017)
12. Existing programs in online UNBK can help in data collection
(Mardiana, 2017) 13. Save the cost of procurement and distribution of
test materials and be eco-friendly
(Putri Manafe, 2017) 14. Provides stricter, easier and more direct
supervision
(Putri Manafe, 2017) 15. Accountability is more transparent (Putri Manafe, 2017) 16. Errors in the distribution of exam materials were
reduced and it was ensured that there were no concerns exam materials were not received at the time of the exam
(Pakpahan, 2016)
In addition, according to (Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan, 2017) UNBK has several advantages compared to the implementation of UNKP, as follows:
a. It is less likely that the question sheets are delivered late, swapped, or printed unclearly.
b. It is easier in collecting the National Examination Answer Sheet (LJUN).
c. The picture shown in the question sheet is clearer.
d. Accommodating the students with disabilities, for example, for ‘low vision’ writing and images can be enlarged.
e. UN results can be processed and announced more quickly.
f. UN can be held several times a year.
g. Facilitate security and logistics.
3.3 What is the Role of Technology in Improving Students’ Integrity?
Several studies were conducted to find out and produce statements that technology has a role to improve integrity and reduce fraud or dishonesty in conducting tests. Research (Emiloju &
Adeyoju, 2012; Firmantyo & Alsa, 2016; Fong, 2015; McHaney et al., 2016; Pakpahan, 2016) shows some statements that technology has a role to reduce academic dishonesty and increase integrity. This indicates that there are certain factors that underlie the statement. Factors of the influence of technology on integrity certainly have different levels of influence.
Research done by Pakpahan (Pakpahan, 2016) said that the implementation of computer-based exams with CBT types such as UNBK, can reduce the anxiety of test takers, because participants do not need to worry about blackening the answer paper techniques like they should do in UNKP.
Students' concerns about whether the answers will be read or not, the length of time taken to blacken answers in the UN, concerns about damage to the answer sheets, and concerns about the completeness of the data contained in the answer sheets can be reduced or even eliminated by UNBK implementation. By implementing UNBK, examinees are also given the ease in checking back the answers that already filled in. This concern or anxiety also considered as factors that can affect students’ integrity (Firmantyo & Alsa, 2016). The relation of academic anxiety with student integrity shows a negative relation. The higher the level of academic anxiety, the lower the integrity, and vice versa. So, if the factors that cause students' academic worries or anxieties can be minimized, the integrity of students in doing the national exam will increase.
In addition, the security aspect in administering the National Examination is an aspect that affects the quality of the examination implementation. This is because the implementation of the UN with a computer can minimize the occurrence of fraud or events that cause elements to leak test questions during the process of doubling the text and distributing the exam material. Through UNBK, these frauds can be minimized or even eliminated because the doubling of exam material is done centrally and online (Pakpahan, 2016). Security in the process of copying manuscripts is very important because without UNBK, exam papers are printed by printing companies that involve many people. This causes the possibility of leakage by certain elements getting greater.
By UNBK, this can be anticipated. If there is still an indication of fraud or leakage at the distribution of UNBK manuscript, it will be more easily detected, because the parties involved in the distribution of online exam materials are fewer and their identities are monitored.
Fong (Fong, 2015) conducted an integrity and authentication survey in 2015 and stated that the potential for students' dishonesty and cheating behavior will likely continue to occur unless barriers through authentication and technology are put in place. Emiloju (Emiloju & Adeyoju, 2012) states that regardless of the strategic importance of the exam or test for diagnosis, placement, classification and quality control of the institution, the integrity and credibility of the national exam have been severely eroded and damaged with the increasing incidence of malpractice or cheating on the exam. According to Alawiyah (Alawiyah, 2015), UN through CBT is considered to be able to improve the efficiency of UN implementation because it is safer, efficient, and flexible and encourages the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in learning. CBT UN is also considered to be able to reduce the occurrence of fraud in answering UN questions because CBT uses a random system. No doubt, technology makes it possible to provide better facilities in
terms of supervision than human labour. Technology can act as a supervisor or even a barrier to academic fraud by implementing an academic fraud detection system.
Roger McHaney, et al (McHaney et al., 2016) stated that the growth of technology primarily software that designed to improve academic integrity has increased in recent years. McHaney also found one way to prevent and reduce academic cheating by utilizing the identity management implemented in the form of technology, namely virtual face-to-face which will eliminate concerns related to identity and anonymity, which correlate with the desire to be dishonest.
4. Conclusion and Recommendation
From the literature study and analysis conducted, it was concluded that the integrity of students is something that needs attention and is used as a focus to improve the quality of education, especially in Indonesia. There are many factors that cause a decrease in students' academic integrity due to the practice of cheating or academic dishonesty caused by several factors that can be categorized into internal and external factors. Internal factors are more likely to lead to self-deception, such as insecurity, moral compass, academic anxiety, lack of interest in the material being tested, failure in controlling emotions, and ignorance of ethics. External factors are factors that come from outside, such as pressure from friends or family, internet and technology support, the level of difficulty of the exam, teaching errors and the education system, and others.
Those dishonesty factors are reduced by the implementation of technology in UN, called UNBK.
The implementation of UNBK has a positive impact on the integrity of students in doing the national examination, seen from the increasing of IIUN value after the implementation of UNBK.
This shows some factors that indicates the role of technology in improving the integrity of students primarily in doing the national examination. The roles of technology itself, such as it can increase security in the distribution of exam materials, ease in identifying indications of leakage of exam materials, and technology enables the existence of a system that can carry out supervision and prevention of possible fraud. That’s why technology plays a big role in the increasing of IIUN value.
Some studies related to the role of technology in improving student integrity need to be done as a basis for developing technology-based practices in the world of education primarily to enhance moral values that exist in students’ personality. In addition, some steps have to be done to improve the validity of the results of the study which can be done by carrying out several additional stages in the study method. Data collection methods such as observation and data collection related to the topic studied and interviews or discussions need to be added / carried out to be the basis for conducting and sharpening the analysis. The results of the sharp analysis can then be visualized in the form of a conceptual model that illustrates how the influence of technology on the integrity of students and provides an overview of how strong these influence factors are. The model can be a new theory that can provide a clear picture of the relationship that occurs between the variables studied and the variables affected.
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