Traffic light control system

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TRAFFIC LIGH T CONTROL SYSTEM

Z AlTON BT ABDUL M U TALlP

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak 201)0

TE 228 Z2 1

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Dorang Penyerahan Tesis l ' nh'usiri l\1alaysin San,,,,,,k

RIJ.

DORA G P YERAHA TESIS

ludul: TRAffIC LIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM

SE I rF.NGAJIAN: 1999/2000

Saya ZAI10 N B1 ABDUL MUTALI?

(HURllF RESAR)

mcngaku mcrnbcnarkan tCSlS tJU dlsimpan dJ Pus;u Khuil}1al MaJJumat Akadt.'Dllk~ Unh"CfSIU Mala\Sl8 Sanma~ dengan S)aral·~arat h.cgunaan sepc.nl benkut

Hw..mlhk kcrtlls proJc~ Udnl9h dJ ba\\uh no.mn penuhs melmnkan pcnuhsan sebtlK(li proJcJ... bcrsamo dUll d,b",'o, oleh UNIMAS. h"knulikn,a .d.oInb kcpunv..n Ul\'TMAS

2. NasUlah salUl:m di daJam bemuk kcnas alau lUilro banya oolch dibunl dcngan h-cbcnnmn benulis dnrivaOO perllll l~

~. Pus.u KhJdma' M.aldumat Akadcrmk... UNIMAS dibenarkan manbuat 5.rtlman unluk pengaJIM mCTd.a -'. Kel'tA,~ pmJc.... hrun a botuh dttcrbJIJ.an dcngan kebeoarnn penulis. 83\ara.tl ro\alu adalah mcngtkut ~adar

~ ang djpC(~lUJW kelak

"i. • Sa~ a nU:Plbcrlarkanltid.jJk membenarkan PerpustalcQM niembu(]1 sahJliln l.ertas proJck. ini scbagai bahan pcrtukamn di 8nl.Un U1stjtusi pengajinn t.inW

10. .. Silo l/mdoJ..an I. J I

c=J sum

(MenganUunSl lllaktunl ilt '"artg bcrdQJ)nh ~eselrunatan ,uau kcpcnungan Mal"'.... sepcr1J \"IUlg tJ'fIllllktub d, d.lom AKT A RAIISIA RASMT 1972).

c=J

^TE^RIIAD (Mcngandungi luaklumat TtRJ{A.L> yang tc:lah d.ucotukan oJcb organisasil badnll di mnnn lXllyelidlktln wJjllal1knn).

El

^I^Jl)A~¹^ERJiAD

rt{')i mATANGA~ ~ENYElLAI

Alan'at tctap: PT 5069, LRG DA TO ANIjAR MUSA, h.G PINANG SEBERANG. 346011 TAIPING. J'ERAK D R.

NrunD. Pcnn:ha

Tarikh MARCH n, 2000 Torikh

..

CATATAN PO(I)1l1i!, ~.n:~ dll ..Mbtrkt'n• .IUl.

JUl. Kutb PnlJek iIU SlILrT MhllI ITR.HAO. "lila lampirluw lunl d"rip.d" pihllk bc,""u...aJ

a~lmb.si buk~nBK:n tlengan m~n)C!"r1a1um I14!"kali 1C'mpoh Mrtllloj proJ~k. lid ~rlu dlkt'luklln U'bll)!.l!oi SlJLrr .IAU TERtiA.D•

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This project report attached hereto. entitled 'TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL

SYSTEM"

. Prepared and submitted

by

Z . .\ ITON 81' ABDtl, 1\1 t.lTALll' as a partIal fulfillment for the degree

or

Bachelor of Engmeenng \\1th honours (Electronic and Tekcollllllunicanon) i, h~reby read and approved b~ '

·· · ~~ · ~ · 0 · · · · · · · · ···· ·

Dr Lilli

TlOng Hlcng

Date

(Supervisor)

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TRAFFIC Ll GIIT

CONTROL

SYSI bM

ZAIT

ON

BT BDUL MUl ALiP

resis Dtkemukaf..an Kepada

Faf,.ultl Kej

urutl!raan,

l1

nt\ersni Malaysia Saru\\lIk

Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagi

an

Daripada Syarat

Penganugerahan SaTp

na Muda KeJllnlleraan

Dengan Kcpujian (KeJurutcraan Elektromk dan Tele\"omuni\"asl) 1999

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For my be\o\ed parents Abdul Mutalip Bin Yeop It1ri~

and

Kama riab RI. hmllil

II

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, J wuuld like to express my greatest appreciation to Dr. Lim Tiung llieng, my project and thesis supervisor for his gllidance, knowledge and effort completing my project Of course for Mr. Kismet Hong Ping, my ex-supervisor, Ms.

Licha Mucd and Mr. Kamarul Amir Mohamed, for all your advi es and ideas.

I would also like to thank the laboratory assistance, Mr. Wan Abu Dakar and Mr.

Zakaria Idris, for their unflagging supports during completing this thesis.

Finally, to anyone whether directly or indirectly, involved in thi, project.

specially all of Ill}' colleagues in Unlversltl Malaysia Sarawak for their support and encouragement.

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ABSTRACT

The objective of employing a (Taffie light control system i ' to lower traHic density on ;\ road, thereby to providing a smooth flow of the traffic.

This thesIs report g1\ es an outllllc of the aim and objective of the project It also includes the scope of v.or~ of the project Besides, It also Introduces the 8051 microcontroller.

The deSign conSideration for the hardware and sof1ware development of Traffic Light Control System for T-JunctlOn also bemg included, All the result of cooducted testing also been mentioned as evidence to thiS project.

IV

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ABSTRAK

Idea asas

terhadap

kawalan lumpu i,yarat adalah dengan luiuan unluk mengatusi masalah

kesesakan

lalulintasjalanraya. Dcn!!.an lerhasilnya projek k.awalan lampu isyarat ini. diharapl.an agar aliran

kende

raan dapat belJalan

de

ngan leblh

lancar.

Laporan

tesis ini mengandungi matlama

t dan

objektlf proJck

101.

Sclaln

JlU .

laporan ini juga memperkenalkan mikTokawalan 8051

Penimbangan

terhadap rckaan

litar dan

se

t arahan Juga turut dimuatkan dalam lapomn ini. Disertakan juga segal a kaputusan yang di

perolchi

hasil

daripada ujian

yang

dijalankan.

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(,O'lTENT '

page

T ITrLE

[)EDICAIION II

ACK OWLEDGEMENl III

LIST OF FIGU RES Ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

ABSTRACT IV

AB. TRAK V

LIST OF lLOWCHART x

1.1 Project Over. lew

1.2 Objective 3

1.3 Scope of Work . 3

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 4

2.0 I ntroduclIon of 805 1 M Icrocontrollcr 4 2 I Archttecture of the 8051 Microcontrolier <I

2.2 Pin Descripllons 6

,

_--'^'

Address Spaces

8

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2.4 8051

r

nstruction St!t 10

2-1. 1 Arilhmcllc Instructions 10

_.4.2 Logical Instructions I 1

24.3 Data Transfer Instructions II

2.4.3.1 Internal RAM 11

2.4 3.2 External RAM 12

2 4.3.3 Look-Up Tables 11

24 4 Boolean Instrucllons 12

24.4.1 BII resting 12

24 .5 Program Branching Instructions 13

2.t 5.1

.r

Wllp Tables 13

24.5.2 Subroutines and Interrupt J3

24.5.3 Conditional Jumps 13

2.5 ConclusIOn 1-1

CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT 15

30 1l11roducllon 15

3.1 CirCUit Design Requm.:ment 15

3.2 CircuIt Block Diagram 17

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3.3 Hardware Components 18

3 -1. 1 87~ I MICrOC()ntroll~r 18

342 Octal Inverter Buffer 18

343 In' ener 19

3.4.4 Resistor 19

3 4.5 Light mining Diode ::'.0

346 Capacitors

:W

3-17 S\\ itch

22

3.4 Circuit Operation ₁₃

3.5 Conclusion

n

CH APTER 4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMC-wf ₁₃

-1 0 Introductiun _.> ^{l '}

4.1 Dataflow Diagram 25

4.1.1 Detail Dataflow Diagram 25

-I. I.' Timing Dataflow Diagram 26

4.2 Program Explanation 27

4.3 Concl w ion _-'^'¹

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CHAPTER 5 TESTING AND SIMUl,ATION ~~J

50 Jntroducllon 33

-. I Te~tJng Componen~ and Project Troubleshooting 34

5.1.0 Digital ICs rault 34

5.11 Internal Fault 34

"12 I:.'temal Fttult

35

5.2 Testing Discrete Component

521 fesl)ng LEOs

37

52.2 Testing apacitor and Capacitance 38

5.2.3 Testing Diodes 39

5.3 Conclusion from the Troubleshooting

40

CHAPTER 6 RECOMMENDATIO AND 0 CLl '510

6 I DiscLL%ions 41

6.2 Conclusion

REFERENCES APPENDIX

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LIST OF 1"lGURES

Figure

Page

2 I

Internal architecture of the 8051 microcontroller 5

22

8051 pin configllrati ons 6

- --

,

'I 8051 address spaces 8

24

Address spac<)s in the I 28-byte Internal data memol} RAM <I

3.1 Trame light layout 16

32

Traffic light control system block diagram 17

4 I Timing diagram 27

5. J A diagram showing hem 10 lest U: D ]7

IX

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LI T OF FLOWClIARTS

Flov-chart Page

1. Diagram for lights changes and request 25

2. Diagram for lights liming

26

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Ctl \PTER I INTROIlliCTIOI'I

1.1 Project O\Cn'ic\\

TIll'; tht'sts has heen "TllIen to prnVllle de~pa IInd~rslanding of lloe structllre and Ihe operat ing tecilllique, of a trallie CCllltn,lIcl as "eli a

'i

^tla^'ie

uJldt'r,tandlllg of an assemblv language progml11nllng. Th" thc~l~ rcpm1 is the hili implClI1cntatiOIl or the ~751 mkloc()lItrolier-ila'cd trilm~ hghl c(Hltrol

» ~lel11 , thut are duvcl()peu tClr Ihe final y~r prl'\jcct

The first chapter gi\es all outline of the Ilil1l alltl nhjecti\c ^(11'the project. It al<o includl!' the scope "f",or" ollh~ proJect. lllC second chapter introduce> of tile 80" I l11icrocontroller, j" 3n:hitectllrc allli the concept of

audlcs~ spaces rillS clhlptel al<;o c~platned the • 0 ~ I II1lClOwntrolt.:r hard\\a!c, \\hich includcs th e pin definitions. Besides. lhe hrief '~plallation of IIb1illU101I sct or Ihe IlllcrocnllIlOlicr also loa, heen stated Chapter three \\1 11 cover Ihl! de>!!!" considerallon for the hard\\IUC development. It IOclmiL'S Ihe deSign leqlll rcrnenrs or a TralTie l i!:ht COlltrol ~yslclll for T-JUlKlion c'\[llanation to single cOITI[loncllts used and ho\\ this circuit operates. The dC<I~'11 C<l11'ldCrallon,

or

^the ^software cJe\elopm~nt nf Ihls prOject ar.:

mentioned in chapter fOIlt. In this chapter, the i1o\\chan and the source codc

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01 the assclllbl\ Irulgua!!C rrogram \\111 b<: mdmkd. In Ihl! liflh charier all Ihe ,esult of rondllcr~d le'lmg has heen mentioned as evidentc to this projel:r.

rhe lasl chapler some ,ccommcndation~ and conch",011' ahoullh,s proJcLI ~rl!

gilcn Inr rhoS<' \\IH' are rnlclested rn expandIng Ih,s proJecl 01 using this Ihe~is as a reference ,n ordel 10 understand Ihe concepr of the nllcroc(nllrnller and

assemhl~ lanb'lJage

Ther~ atc [\\ 0 maUl 3'T'ects of microcllntmllcr 0 f Slgl1l lic;rnt Illler",,1 I practICing nalllel~ hardware and software I'ndcrstandlng these various a,pccts 01 mlcrocolilmller does not require an" greal n,athclnilllcal ability nor ducs It reqlllrc a deep \"nn\\ ledge "f Ihe fi.llldamcma l pI "Icirks or ekctronics clIgrneenng, \11 Ihat IS rC(luired is a good dCHI of cOl11mon ,ense Jnd an allilit) tn deal \\1,h prohlems

"I

^{a logica}l ordell) f1lslnon.

Trame "'111101 sy.h:rtIS have gone Ihrough I arinu'i ,Iages 01

del~loJlmenl, from th~ dmer\ ,nlliati 'e to control by tramc \\ardcliS rhe very 1ir~t automatic Iranic cont,ollcfs uo;ec! analogue machine' IlIlh IcctrOlllcchallicul s\\ltches ami cams anached to rC1tllling "hulls ^Inolher to nhtarn 11 timed <;CQUCI1CC of contro l silln;ilsllic ekctronic relolutiol1 ho\\clcr hroughl about electronic and d',,"lal cOnllol S) 'ilerns. Complltcn/iliion of Iraffic control lcrs hegan wilh lHr~e celltml cOIll!>ul.:rs hein!! uwd 10 control nllmeH'lIS junctions Slmllitaneously in urhan en VIf",unenIS 'I ,croprocc,snrs, especially microcolltrnllcrs arc ho\\ e,er, no" used to cunlrol indi I idual tmffic imcf'iectiolb ^IIilhollt nccc"arrly cOrllmullIcal,ng \\ ,[h other JunctIOns.

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This \\011.. d.:scrihc> ho\\ II ml~locontmller can h\! us.:d to control tfaflie IIcn;,l!y on the f'lad . rillS project i' aboll t d~"l!.ning ~ traffic Ii!!ht control S)St...·lll fur T-junction Ii ", a:~lImed th~ Ca~I-\\csl \\~y I~ a ma jor 'IngJe l"rnagc road and the adJ'linmg south road is a mmor road. A pedcstrian l:wssing i, also situated .Ieros;, nOlh H'ads. The proJ,,(;t llltl,/es a cOII\enllOnal ItIlCHlcolllH,\lIer with hanh,are and soth\f.rc lill' control appllCalions.

J.2 Objecth e

The 111,1111 ohJcu ,w of lills pr~lJect is 10 deSign alld implement a traffic light control filr

r

-junction road »ith a pcdestriall cn'''lng u""g

t n"

87"

1I11CrOCOnlroliCI rillS ",11'11\'01",: the lllldcrslandmg of the hasle function and how the microculIllolicr \\orl..s, speda lly the ~75' miCH1C<lntrollcl and developmenl ,) i" u phlgnlll1u~mg an i1ssemhl~ language.

I.J ~COI}(' of\\ orl..~

For tins pr~tect full conCt:lltl8tion i, foc", on impkmentlll)! Ihe hardwar..: and

~llth,are of tile trallie h~ht 1111':11. the Ie rmg on the hard", arc and software IS required beforc the imCI,.'ralion and ,crification on both parts I3c~idc,. test)!)!!

alld trnuhlcshonltng 1m Ihe finished project has beell done IISIIl!! 'iCwra l Iypes of rest ill!,! eqllipment The tahle III the appcndi~ . \ dc~uibcs all the works that lla' " he<:n d(lllC cJunng )mplemcntlllg Ihe proJect.

3

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( II \PTI'R 2 II I ERHLIU: RF. \ IF\\,

2.0 Introdurtion of .'lOS I l\Iicrocolllrnllcr

80'\ I were illlrodu~cd ill 19R(I and ar" $Ilccially designed

e,)r

^conlrol

application. 805 1 I11ICrnCI)I1trniler I' made lip of ·PI'. RA \I, RO\I Inner COllllll'l and parallel flild serial I 0 pons fabricated into a "jnglc IC'.

2, I ·\rrhilecrurc of Ihe 80S I "Iic.-nconlroller

The gOSl microconlroller I~ a -10 pill IC'. T llIn\,-I\\O pili' arc a\slgTlcd

II) pcrfonn I () pun,. ~lost oflhcse pillS 113\(: alterna!e fUl1clion" in order 10

ptO\ ide the other microCQllIrnlicr ~ib'l1.I' figure:'.. I IIIIL_lrate, llie IIl1cmal arcilllecillre ot'the HOSI Illlcrocolltmiler.

(19)

•

••

•• 'M! '" C ..

•

.:- t t. ~ ..,.

,

•

J"i!!urc 2 I: Inlcmal arcllll~Clllrt! ofrhe SO.; I Illicrocimrrnlkr

For "\lenlal mCl11ory. II ha' ~K , ~ KQl>. I and 12S , g I<A" 1. Ii has Iwo 16-bil IlI1ler$'C\lunt~1 alld inrcmJ)1ts COl1ltlll for flV<' ml.mlrt \ources, ~enal

I 'U poM "rrolld<!d by I \.D and R\([1 (tlall>lnir and rccci\c) and it abo ha, f,'UI M-blt paralld 1':0 ]lOll> (PO, I' I. p~ p,)

hgurc 2' illusltute the ptn conllgUl11t1on for fhe S()~ I microcontroller and a briet dcscriplton of each rin fllllctilllh, lite detatl "planfltlollllil the rin dc,cnpllOIl IS ,tared 10 the appendIx B,

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••

PI Q

PI 1

P12 PI j

PI.

015

"I.

PI FIST

7O . , a

TXC _P31

INTO PJ 2

mr; P1 J

TO P') 4

T, ^D3~

Wi> F16

RD ^P.!⁷

XTAL2

n

'0/.<;.

Fl!!Urc 22: MUS I pill configurllll,'I1'

2.2 Pin tle~crirtion

2.2.1 \U./PROG : ,\ddn~<;~ Latch 1 nabk output pul'l!

r Ol

IUlll1ill!! the Im\

also the rrogralll pulse Input (pRO<J) durin!! l:PRO. 1 p(o!!famlllill)l 2.2.2 PS E:\: Program lnrc Fnahl~ is the read 'Iroh~ III <!\Icmal l>rogram

2 3

·1

,

.,

T

"

9 10

"

_1~

14 .5 16

"

'8 '9

>0 p 0 R T

p 0

"

T 0

0 R T J

8751

F

0 R

..

I 40 :oj.:J

37 36

'5 .!.

3'3 32 31 30 JO 28 27 26

2' 24 23 22 21

V :

PO 0 ADO

PD 1 An i PO ~ AD2

PO l AD3 O. ^~Q.I Po 5 ADS

P06 AlJ6

PO T fl07

EAr:."

ALEI~

PSEr-t p'

- ,

^. ^Al~

F~ 8

A,.

P2S ' 'J

P24 A12 P':- 1

""

il2 ~ '0

A9 P20 A8

P21

(21)

2.2.3 I; \/\ pp: \\ hell I' \ " held high. the CPI. execute' out or illl~mal Program \lemOl)'. Holding L\ 10\\ rnrcc, Ihe CPlJ I ~\CUII~ nUl of c\t~rnal ^mClllPryI~gardk"s "I Ihe I"mWOIII ('minter. III lhe [PRO.\!

d~\"es, IhlS [lill also rec,m e, lhe prQ!!rall1l1l1l1g ,"pplv \Clha!l~ (\ [II' I dill ing CPRO,", I Jlfl'grilllll11lllg.

2.ZA .,

r

\l..1: Inpul to the im<!r1mg oscillator "l1Iphn~1

2.2.5 XT.\L2: eJlllpulli'nm th~ IInellillgo'C1l1aror

2.2 .6 Port II: Pon ^(Jis an 8-bil oJlCn ulain hi-dilcctional Ilort anu al'll Ihe tnllhiple\cd lOll-order addres, and daw hll~ uUrlng access In ex(ernal m<!II111ry

2.2.7 Port I: Pon I i, all 8-hlt ill-directional I 0 pon II IIh IIIlernal pull-ups 2.2.8 Port 2: f'on::! "all 8-bit bi-dlrcclIooall '() pOll lIith lIltellial JlIlIl-lIp'

Port 1 emilS the 11Igh-ordcr add res, h\ Ie dUl'l n!! acc,,,,cs to exlernal memory that uscs I (i·b,t addresse,.

2.2.9 Port 3 Port 3 i, an 8·hll bl-dlrccti<1nal

r

U Jlon I>lIh IIItemal Jlull -U I1S and al,,) '<!rws the Il"I~'110n 01 various ,pee,"1 reat"r~s.

7

(22)

2.J\dtlre,,, Splices

The nddlcss spnccs 01 80S I l1l icrocolIlTolier CUll oe hroken 11110 fOI di,linCI area L", inlernal dala e'l~rnal JUla memory Imemal code memory

'r

he 8051 can Jddr~,> lip 10 6~"

or

cXI~mal thlla melllllr" (R \\I) and

""Iernul dala memory I~ Ihm P(lI1 nand p0l12 can gel lied III' for Ihe address and dala IlIl.'

805 '

,....

C'71'

, =

;::,,~

" f' ':: _r:.I.U". ^I

"

" I,IElAoP . _"_~r_l~\ £-:TEPl .. ~TER~."_

,'::e '" " ^7FH Mel.'~' _•

•

^~'I::I,IU"f

."

~

. roc.,

^~,

~.:jI,1'F.PJf'C'1II r...., '~ POI.4.(;lq'i';'.

t!'"'EP!I&L n

".

^,

. , .

[);" I _!.r~),I,_~.

. .

.• :~ 6),T( ....^~ ". p

r ;:;oo 1'110 PO ^{1' ';'~} :JE

"

" "

r--::'

"

. .

^'f

(23)

If I '8 hyles of R.\, I ,'orage arc cnough II ^{I '}hellc'r to use 111~ mlem,ll daw 1ll~III"'y hecause II ha~ much laslcr r~.,;ponsc tUIIC and a broad ,PCdfUITl

ot IIhll1lCtion 10 access il. ,\IIII1C adrlresscs arc I l1)t~ wide, 1\llIell allo\l~ li.n 111<)1<' emci~1It uSC nfcodc 'pac~ ;lnU faSier access lime. 1he use of the audrc~s space In Ihe 128 hyles R I is d~ldilcd in figure 2. I

!t l .... nl-,~• .;

,'.<:b ulr

Al·,.. ....IIi~'-lI,UI<;:

"'1,.,-r"J

oIrt.! ...t r'!~' ,~ _ r

!l"'Mt

..,~ ' c

II ~ , T ? ) / ' ...

. . "' . . ." ort>

1~ " 12 " .. IS ,~ >i

'.

J;J~O~· ... ,,(: .... ~ FU.I.' !,.'LHBA#"jK ... &f· "l

ii' k"CI~rc.h"" J 11£ hl~ I Q \,oIA'.~ 1

?FH

3> III

.:\..~ , ./

"',

"

.. , . "

,;-. .... l to'!""H ""'01 UP

~"'~tlill Q

I-igure 21 ,\ddrt!'s ,pacc In lhe I 2R·hY1C "'temal (lilla mcmof) R \\1

Th(' liN 3' IneMBOlls 01 Ihe 128 hyle 1I1lem"1dAta memory R, \ \I are ,<.:1 tor fOUl banb ofdata legistcrs. gil illg the Lbe on.:! ^,cp,ualcregister,. The rC!!IICrs or cadI han~ ,ItC labl'lcd R() through R7 , 'llie currenl ly IISC hank"

clelined b) sellin!! oj' Ihe [;\0 ban" select hilS" in the 'I'rugfalll Sl(tlllS \\ord' IPS\\ I

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R \~f addres~", ~Oll thrnugh 2nl arc designated as hlt.addrC'!>lIhfe m«lIloT) ItlC3tl011S 10 meet Ihe necd, (I f conln,l aPI.hcaI1011S lor a larl-\e 1111mhCl of 0" OFF hit flag' , b~ prC1\ ld11l1! 128 1Ill1quel\ addre~sahlc hit locmlll11'

rh~ lasl HI> locations arc set for general-purpm.: <I"la ~IOr.l!le and ' lad.

opclation,

The SpeCial rWlctioll RCI-'"rc" t SI Rs) ale ma11llamed 111 lhe lint 121<

dddr~,ses i Ihe mlcmal data I1lemol} of the' gOS I, at address BOil 10 ITII /I COIH~lIn"i rcgi<;ters Ihat ar(' requin.,-d for soft"arc 1n"'lrUc(Hlll ~'CCl1l1{ln ^1)0;;\\cJl as those 11.Cllll1 Sen Ice Ihe special Iliud"are teature, bui ll il1lo Ihe 805 1,

2A 8U51 In~l.... lion <ie!

The 8051 il1'(ruction Sci is "plillli/cd rOl -hit cllnlrol "JlphCal1<111S rhb in'lnleli"" sel oller; ':"<:11>1'<: lIpport 1(" I-Ill! ,ariable>, alilming dircu hlll11ll111pulatlon 111 conlrnl and logic ",tem

11•.: 805 1 ilNmelinll ~Cl are d1\'lded inl" nvc ti l1 lcl1011al L!IOl1P', 'iuch as,

• rili11l1eliC

• LogICal

• Data lIansfer

• l3ul,lcan variable

• pf()~r;lIn hrnnlhl1lg

2.~.1 Arithmetic rn~tructi(ln'

\11 ^arit^hmetic illstructinn, ar~ e\eCUh: In I l1lacilll1C c}cle exccJll lhe Ii\C I»,R

r

II1,t1'lIUIlIl1, 11 hlch ''III be eweute in ~ ma,hin.: