UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
DEVELOPMENT OF IN VIVO MEASUREMENT VIBRATION
TECHNIQUE TO PREDICT BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF HUMAN TIBIA
HYDAR SAADI HASAN AL-WASTI
Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Science
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
April 2014
AUTHOR'S DECLARATION
I declare that the work of this thesis was carried out in accordance with the regulation of University Teknologi MARA. It is original and is the result of my own work, unless otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced work. This thesis had not been submitted to any other academic institution or non-academic institution for any other degree or qualification.
I hereby acknowledge that I have been supplied with the academic rules and regulation of post graduate, University Teknologi MARA, regulating the conduct of my study and research.
Name of student : Hydar Saadi Hasan Al-wasti Student ID No : 2010605988
Programme : EM780
Faculty : Mechanical Engineering
Thesis Title : Development of In Vivo Measurement Technique Vibration Analyses Method to Predict Biomedical Properties of Human Tibia
Signature of student :
Date: April 2014
ABSTRACT
Health of human skeleton is a major concern issue attributed to its effect on the overall human health and performance. Human bone develops gradually and reaches to its optimum level during the second and third decades of human life. Monitoring and measuring of the bone states are necessary step to determine the bone health.
Bone mineral density is the reference indicator to measure the bone health states.
Several methods, in-vivo, are clinically available to measure bone mineral density such as dual x-ray absorption (DXA), quantitative computed tomography (QCT), ultrasonography, single-energy x-ray absorptiometry (SXA), and radiographic absorptiometry. DXA is the most accurate and widely available technique clinically.
However, all the available techniques have major radiation activities side effects and are also limited in availability in certain clinics due to their total costs. In this study, an experimental vibration technique is developed to measure the vibration parameters and, consequently, to estimate the bone mineral density in-vivo for human tibia. A vibration spectrum analyzer is employed to measure the vibration parameters and a Vibration Response Function (FRF) technique is utilized to estimate the natural frequency and damping ratio. Moreover, DXA clinical measurements for BMD, T - score and Z-score are taken. Bio-statistical analysis has been performed to correlate the readings from both measurement techniques. All the parameters that would affect the analysis are also included such as volunteer’s gender, skin thickness, age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and diameter where the readings occurred. Additional measurements of fundamental and in-vitro vibration and stiffness have been contacted to establish the necessary initial preparation for the in-vivo measurement. A Total of 12 healthy volunteer adults ages between 25 -58 had volunteer to perform the tests.
For each volunteer ,an examination by orthopedic specialist is conducted before the DXA and the vibration test. The results from bio-statistical analysis have shown a great correlation between the proposed method and the standard clinical DXA method.
Thus, the successful development of the in-vivo vibration testing technique for human tibia would be beneficial due to its free side effect, small size device and low cost.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF EQUATIONS xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Aim And Objectives Of The Study 4
1.4 Scope Of Study 4
CHAPTERTWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 The Skeletal System Of The Human Body 5
2.1.1 Types Of Bone 6 2.1.2 Mechanical Properties Of Bone 7
2.1.3 Physiological Age Related Changes In Bone Mass 9
2.2 Bone Radiographic Changes 9 2.3 Bone Mass Density (Bmd) Measurement Techniques 10
2.3.1 Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (Dxa). 11
2.3.4 Single-Photon X-Ray Absorpttometry 15 2.3.5 Dual - Photon Absorpttometry 15
2.3.6 Ullrasonography 15 2.4 Vibration Measurement 16 2.5 FRF Analysing For Vibration 19 2.6 Vibration Application On Biomechanics 26
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 36
3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Structure Of The Study 36
3.2.1 Previous Work Review 36 3.2.2 Identifying The Important Parameters 38
3.2.3 Measuring Vibration Parameters 38 3.2.4 Measuring Bmd By Using Dual X-Ray 38
3.2.5 Statistical Analysis 38 3.2.6 Diagnosing The Bone Health 39
3.2.7 Data Analysis, Validation And Discussion The Results 39
3.3 Experimental Design 39 3.3.1 Fundamental Measurement 40
3.3.2 In-Vitro Measurement 42 3.3.3 In-Vivo Measurement 43
3.4 Measuring Tools 44 3.5 BMD Measurement 49
3.5.1 T-Score And Z-Score 50 3.6 Bio-Statistical Analysis 51
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 52
4.1 Results of Fundamental Measurement 52