UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
HOT TEAR RESISTANCE OF VULCANIZED RUBBER
NOR ATIQAH BINTI KAMARUDIN
Thesis submitted in fulfillment o f the requirements for the degree o f
Master of Science
Faculty of Applied Sciences
September 2015
AURTHOR’S DECLARATION
I d ec lare th e w o rk o n th is th esis w as carried o ut in accordan ce w ith the re g u la tio n s o f U n iv ersiti T ek n ologi M A R A . It is origin al an d is the re su lt o f m y o w n w o rk, u n less o th erw ise in d icate d o r ackn o w led g e as referen ce d w ork. T his th esis has n o t b een su bm itted to any o th er ac ad e m ic in stitu tion o r n on-acad em ic in stitu tio n fo r an y d egree o r qu alification.
I h ereb y ac k n o w led ge th at I h av e bee n supplied w ith th e A c ad em ic R ules and R eg u latio n s fo r P o st G rad uate, U n iversiti T ek no log i M A R A , re gulating the co n d u c t o f m y stud y an d research.
N a m e o f S tud ent :
S tu dent I.D . N o. :
P ro g ra m m e :
F acu lty
T h esis T itle :
S ig n ature o f S tu d en t :
D ate :
N o r A tiq ah K a m arudin
M aster o f S cience
F aculty o f A p p lied S ciences
H ot T ear R esista n ce o f V ulca n ized R u bb er
S eptem ber 2015
ABSTRACT
M o ld in g is a pro c ess to fab ricate th e com p o u n d e d ru b b e r to th e d esired shap e and dim en sio n s o f th e in ten d ed pro du ct. R ejects attrib u ted to p o o r h o t tea r re sistance o f vu lca n iz ed ru b b e r at h ig h tem p eratu re vulca n iz atio n are o f p rim e concern ed , in partic u la r th in an d co m p lica te d m o u ld ed ru b b e r profiles. T he p u rp o se o f th is stu d y is to in v estigate th e effec t o f h ig h tem p eratu re o n tea rin g en e rg y o f vu lca n iz ed rubber, th e effect o f ty p es o f filler o n tea rin g en ergy and th e effec t o f ty p es o f cro sslin k on h ot tea r resistant. T ea ring m ea su rem en ts w ere d o ne at v ariou s d ifferen t tem p eratu res pra cticed by the ru b b e r industry. T rouser test-p iec es w ere p laced in sid e an electrically heated o ven at the desire d test tem p eratu re fo r 15 m inute s before ap p lyin g dead load to d ete rm in e its critical tea rin g energy . It w as fo un d th at strain -crystallizing ru bb ers show ed critical tea rin g en ergy , T c. A b o v e T c catastrop h ic tea rin g occurs. N o n -strain- cry sta lliz in g ru b b e r sh o w s tim e d ep e nden t tea rin g w here th e crack in creases in length as a fu nc tio n o f tim e. T h e m ag n itu d e o f tea rin g en ergy is affec ted by th e ex ten d o f s train-cry stallizatio n . In th e ab se n ce o f strain -crystallization , th e tea rin g en erg y is affec ted b y th e glass-tra n sitio n tem perature, T g. T he h ig h er the T g, th e h ig h er is the tearin g energy.
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
C O N F IR M A T IO N B Y P A N E L O F E X A M IN E R S
Pag e ii
A U T H O R ’S D E C L A R A T IO N iii
A B S T R A C T iv
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T V
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S vi
L IS T O F T A B L E S ix
L IS T O F F IG U R E S X
L IS T O F A B B R E V IA T IO N S xii
C H A P T E R O N E : IN T R O D U C T IO N
1.1 B ack g ro u n d o f S tudy 1
1.2 P ro blem S tatem en ts 2
1.3 O b jec tive s o f S tudy 2
1.4 S ig n ificant o f S tud y 2
1.5 S co pe o f In v e stig a tio n 2
C H A P T E R T W O : L IT E R A T U R E R E V IE W
2.1 R u b b er T ech n o lo g y 3
2.2 T y p es o f R u b b ers 4
2.2.1 N a tu ral R u b b er 4
2.2.1.1 S tan d ard M alay sia R u b b er (S M R 10) 4
2 .2.1 .2 E p o x id ized N atu ral R ubber 4
2.2.2 S ynthetic R u b b er 5
2.2.2.1 S ty ren e B u ta d ien e R u b b er 5
2.2 .2 .2 N itrile B u tad ien e R ub ber 6
2.3 T yp es o f C ro sslin k 7
vi
2.4 R ein fo rc in g F iller 9
2.5 F racture M ec h an ics 12
2 .6 T ea ring en e rg y th eo ry o f R iv lin and T h o m as 13
2 .7 T ro u se r T est P ieces 13
2 .8 T ypes o f F ailure 14
2.9 C o n sta n t Load T ea r M ea su rem en t 15
2.10 C o n sta n t R ate M ea su rem en t 16
C H A P T E R T H R E E : M E T H O D O L O G Y
3.1 M aterials 17
3.2 C o m p o u n d in g In g redien ts 17
3.3 M eth o ds 18
3.3.1 P rep a ratio n o f G u m M ix -C o n v en tio n al V u lca n izatio n 19 3.3.2 P rep a ratio n o f G u m M ix -E ffic ien t V ulca n izatio n 20 3.3.3 P rep a ratio n fo r filled vu lca n iz ed ru b b e r 21
3.3 .4 M o ld in g an d v ulca n iz atio n 23
3.4 T estin g 23
3.4.1 T en sile S tren g th 23
3.4.2 H ard n ess 25
3.4.3 R esilie n ce 25
3.4 .4 B o u n d R u b b er C o n te n t (B R C ) test 26
3.4.5 H y steresis 26
3.4 .6 C o n sta n t L o ad M ea su rem en t 27
3.4 .7 T ea r M ea su rem en t 27
C H A P T E R FO U R : R E S U L T S & D IS C U S S IO N S
4.1 C ure C h ara cteristics an d P h y sical P rop erties o f u n filled vu lca n iz ed 30 ru bb er
4.2 P h y sical P ro p ertie s o f G u m M ix C o n ventional V ulca n izatio n (C V ) 33
4.2.1 T ensile S treng th 33
4.3 T he effec t o f h ig h tem p eratu re o n C ritical T earing E nergy , T c o f
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