. .
DE I G OF LOAD BEARING BRICKWORK SYSTEMS
WG KAMARUDIN BIN AWG JAP T
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak TA
2000
679 A965 2000
. . .
Pu I KhfdrttJc M. '
. .
~DESIG OF LOAD BEARING BRICKWORK YSTEMS
by
AWG KAMARUDIN AWG JAPOT
A thesis submitted to
Faculty of Engineering. Univcrsiti MalaysIa amwak as a partial fulfillment of the reqUirements for the degree of Bachelor or Engineering (T Ions.
(CIVtl Engmeenng) 2000
Bonmg P.ny....h.n T.. ;s IIDiY,ni\i '101') 5;. Sara",a"
RI3a BORA G P£NYERADAN lUIS
Judul. DESIG'I Of LOAD BEARING BRICKWORK SYS n:.MS
SESI PENGMIAN 199712000
Saya ______________~~~W~G4bK~A~~~1~A~R~J~1!~)~ns~A~vv~G~IA~rQ~T_______________________
(RURlfF BESAR)
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This prOject report cnllllcd "DE IGJIj 01" LOAD BEARI.:'I/G BRICKWORK SY. TEM, " was prepared b} Awg Kamarudin Awg Japot as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with honours ( Civil) IS
hereby read and apprm e bv:
Fn Ahmad Kamal Abd. AL.IZ Dale
( Supervisor)
•
Special dedlcalionla my beloved alld lIruierslllndmg
"a/her lind MOlher
Thanh (or C'verylhmg & may Allah .". W.I hle.\syrlll
II
CKNOWLEGMENT
The author wish to c\:pre~~ sincere appreciation and gralilude to the
supel"\ Isors, Mr. Ahmad KamaI Abdul Azil and Puar\ Al.lda RaSldl for their invaluable guidance, support, encouragement and suggestions throughout the complctlon nfthis thesIs and course of ,rudy.
Lust but not least, the author would like to say thank 10 lecturer . tutor, administration staff, fellow classmates, fnends for their kind assi~tance. corporallon and encouragement
111
ABS RACT
Many low-rise buildings have been constructed using structural steel or reinforced concrete frames combIned wlth bnck in fill wan Although thIs foml of eonstructlOn provid<:s strong, durable walls with many desira ble propertIes, such as
e~cel1ent fire resistance and sound transmIssion characteristics. lise of load-beanng brick has the potential to provide more cost-effective buildings. Besiues that, use of load beanng wall also have more advantages such as faster construction, ,trength.
durabrlity and more fi re resIstance
Purpose of this research to study the desib'Tl of load bearing wall by using the common clay bricks. The deslgIl according to Brrtish Standard IBS) 5628, Part: 1, Unrelnforced masonry
IV
ABSTRAK
Kebanyakkan rumah kos rendah setingkat banyak dibina menggunakkan
"aedah Stru"tU1 bcsi atau rang "-a stuktur "-oohnt bcrtetuJallg, ,oRelnforced concreteO,
yang dlgabungkan dcngan dtnding hata. Walaupun kaedah pcmbinaan ini adalah kukuh dan kual sena dtndtng yang tahan dengan banyak cin-cln lain b::uk kepada nntangan haba dan pemtndahan bunYI, telapi kos pebi naannya adalah terlalu Ii nggl Penggunaan "-aedah " Load Bearing Wall 00 mcmpunyal potellsi lmtuk mcgurangkan kos pembtnaan sesuatu bangunano
Selam ltu pen!,'lJIlaan kaedah .. Load Bearing Wall " mempunyai banyak kelebihan seperti tempoh pel1'lbinann yang cepat, kukuh, tahan dan Sllllgat lahan kepada rintangan haba berbanding kaedah" Reinforced Concrete ",
Tujuan kajlan ini adalah untu,", melllpelaJari kaedah rekaan ,. Load Beanng Wall ., dengan menggunakan bata lanah lIal blasa berp.1ndukan o. Bnttsh Standard 5628 : Pan. 1, Use
r
unreinforced l1'I~onry ..v
TABLE OF CO TE T
( -mllt'fJi\
DEDICA TJO:-i
ACK~OWLF.J)GEMENT
A BSTR.-\CT ABSTRAK
TABLEOFCO TENTS I.IST OF APPEl'mrxs L1ST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGI.1RES
CHAPTER 1 : IYfRODllCfIO'll 1.1 General
I 2 Objectives 13 Metl1odolob'Y
Pag/!
11
III
\V
v
VI
1'(
'\
Xl
3 3
VI
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVfEW
2.1 DIfference bct\\een Rei nfort:ccd Concrete
Frames System and Load Bearing system 4
2 2 Masonry Buildmg Systems
2.2.1 , lIlgle->l<Jr{' I' !.ouJ Ht!lIrlllg 8111ldmg 'y,/efl/I'
? '
_.l Masonry buildmg construct ion
2.3.1 l 'nreinjorceJ Masonry 10
2.3.2 {{"III/wc!!d 1Ji)IWI!,)' 10
2.-+ B.:ams and Lintels I I
F oundat ions 12
26 The factors etTecting the thickness of the walls 12
CHAPTER J : DE 'IG1\ PRl1\Cll'L.ES
3, I Introduction 14
3.2 Matenals and specifications 3. 2.1 Clay hrtds
3.2.2 AI"rlol' IS
3.3 Desi!,'Tl Concepts
3.3. 1 80"ic o/design: /,111111 Slute l)e,ligll 16
3.3.2 /lL'~lgtll, oucls 17
3.3.3 l)(, ~ If.!1I S/rt!J/gth 19
VII
]A Consideration (If lendemess of walls
3.';. 1 ~\/(!IUJf!rnt'.\!:i rullt) '}'_.>
3.-1.2 I.a/eral s/lppor/ 24
3.-1.3 t.Jfeulve Irclghl or length 25
3.·U FOeclrl'c IJlIcklle.\.,' 26
3..1.5 Ect'l!l1/rtcily m loudmg 26
3. -1.6 [)e.,ign verlicul re 'is/allce waifs 26
3.5 Wall subjected to lalemlly Load
3.5.1 [ Im"mg dimen'/On.' 17
3.5.2 De~Igll mr)ml!/IIS m "till panel.1 28
CUAPTER4 : DESIGN 31
cnAPTEn
s :
TYPICAL LAYOUT BOll l~ G PLANS FOR DETAn.. 50 CUAPTER 6 : RF.COMMENDA TJONS AI\fD CONCLlI ION 56REf'ERE:'ICES 5R
APPENDICES 59
vm
Ll OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: Original plan for single storey terrace hOLL'ie for RPR Batu Kawa Km, Jalan Batu Kawa, kucblng.
APPENDIX 2: Support condition for laterally loaded panels.
APPENDIX 3 Table 9: Bending moment coefficient
IX
LIST OF TABLES
TuMe PUf;e
TABLE 1 WORKS SIZE OF CLA Y BRICKS 15 TABLE 2 PARTIAL FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR NORAL LOADS 19 TABLE 3 PARTIAL FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR MATERIAL
STRENGTH 20
fABLE-I: CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESS]VE STRENGTH OF
STANDARD fORMAT J3RICK 2\
TABLE S. CHARACTERISTIC FLEXURAL STRENGTH 22
x
LIST OF FIG RES
FIgures Page
1.1 House constructed use load beanng systems
2.1 A comparison of the load transfer between RC frame system and 6 the load bearing walls by the top view
22 Typical load bearing wall and reinforc.ed concrete building 7
element~ by the SIde VICW.
2.3 Slructural action of a slogle storey structure 9
3 1 Effective height for typical sections 25
xi
Chapter 1
INTROD eTlON
FIgure 1.1 House constructed use load bearing system
1 I GE ERAL
Load-beanng wall system is one of the type of construction of the strUctures rhis method is the Idest Conn of construction. The old bridges, th..: pyramids are just same of the examples. Almost all the pre war buildmg m Mala)sia uses this method like
the Sultan Ahmad Samad building. With the Introduction of concrete and st.:el burs 10 Malaysia. the reinforced concrete frame system with brick. inl111 walls become more
Chapler I
popular. I\s time goes by, many of the Englneers became very used to designing R.C frames and lend to eltller forget or feel less confident about load heanng wall conslrucllon. However, IOtemallonally. load beanng walls conslJUctions arc \\;dely used
In U ' A-. Canada, France, Gemlany and Ne\\ Zealand and durablt: uou I loda~.
In Malaysia, there has always been a need to construct houses cheaper and fasler
10 meel Ihe growing demand for them. In the mstances, blllldlOg matenals especially steel and concrete are becoming ore expensive and quite often Ihere IS shonagc of these
material~ In the elTon to overcome this national problem, Load Dearing Brick\\ork construction method are used to change the RC frames system, especially for single storey low-cost housmg. Load bearing brickwork system, wl1lch has proven 10 be not only cost and lime elTec\l\c, but also easily Implemented and well supJXHled hy our bwlding industry's infraslJUcture. Figure 1.1 shown the example the house constructed use of load hearing wall system.
hapter I 2
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I.2 OBJECTIVES.
The alms orlhl~ lhe~ls:
a) to reintroduce an old building construction method called "Load Rearing Brickwork"
as a
more SUitable alternallve to the conyentiollal melhodoJ to study how to design single storey load bearing building according to BS 5628' Code. of practice for use Qf masonry, Pan: I. l1nremrorced ma,onry
1.3 METHODOLOGY.
A case study was redesign a single store~ terrace house for Raneangan Perwnahan Raf.yat (RPR) Batu Kawa Kin, lalan Batu Kawa, Kuehing. Dc!>ign, arc u~c Qf load bearing briekworl- method according to BS 5628, Pan: I. The architectural drawings get from Jabatan SuruhaTlJaya Pt:rurnahan dan Pembangunan Sarawak (SPPS) Besides that the study also involves a rt:seareh about the single load bearing bUilding
Chaple, I 3
Chapter 2
LlTER CT JR REVIEW
2.1 Difference between Reinforced Concrete Frame System and Load- bearing . ~stem.
Reinforced concrete frame sysh:m and load-bearing system is two-difTerence method of construcllOn. The method of design for reinforced coner.:te structun:' are generally according t BS 8110 (Stn/(;l1Ira/1I.Ie (If CII/ltn'll!, /'ur" 1.2 and 3). The method of 'onstructlon where the load transfer from the roof to the OCam. Then the load from the beam will support by the colLUnn to the fowldation The brid.work in R.C frame structures merely acts as nonstructural partitions.
Chapter ~ 4
MeanwhIle, the load-bearing system \~hcre the brick walis are used to support all structural loads Imposed by the roof, upp.:r wall and noor slaps and lateral load such as wind and SO) I pressure. The method of desIgn for load-bearmg sy 'tem is g..:nerally according to BS 5628, Part I and 2.
In th..: I.oad Beanng system, the masonry-walls are designed taking into account the strength and t~ pc of masonry to be used \\ hlC h em. be concrete block or clay hrick The factor safety adopted m the design has to exceed the mInImum factor of safety stipulated in the BritI sh Standard 5628.
Raft foundation IS usually used to support the loads from the walls and in some .:ase, wh..:re Ihe sOils lIl1ra\onlble. pileS Illay stIli be r..:qUlred. That is differ to the R.C frames systems where Ihe pad footing (squire /iJII/lIlg) are usually used to support overall building (lIIc/udinr.l'liill}!). Figure 2.1 and 2.:2 sho\~s the differentiate between the RC frame systems and load beanng systems.
Chaplel : 5
RC beam RC column
beanng wall b) the top veiw.
Chapter ~ 6
'. ' •...
" ~.. ,
.... ",
(a) RC frame systems - load from slab I roof 10 beam 10 column 10 foundation
Wal ls
...
.... .' ,
: ;
(b) Load beanng walb - load from slab I roof to wall to fo undation
Figure _.1 A companson of load transfer between RC frame system and the load
-- - - --- - - - - -
-- - -
-
Roof beam l lpper blOck
Wall reinforced concrete
Floor upper column reinfnfced concrete
Floor
Lower hrock wall lower column uppe. Aoor beam
Reinforced mnere'!e tloor AClin!,t as Raft foundation
Reinforced concrele noor
Ground heam
Pact fOOling SIIITnc" beam
a) Load Bearing wall (b) conventional reinforced concrete
Figure 2.2 Typical load beanng wall and rt:inforccd concrete huildmg elements hy side view.
Chapter 2 7
- - - -
2.2 Masonry Building Systems
22 1 Smgle-stort)} Load R<!anng Buildtng s)~[ems
lOgIe-storey buildings make up the majority of load heanng masonry construcllon Typical example, art) warehou 'es. mdustnal buddJngs, bank and commercial stores. Singles fam ily detached hOUSing also emplllYS Single-storey load beanng walls. In these applications, load bearing masonry walls the exterior en,elope walls Figure 2.3 shows the main features of a one-story masonry building,
Thin \\alls are used for economic reasons and SlnCC unrelnforced free-standing thin walls have negligible s\abili~', they must be laterallv support in some way Stability is achieved b\' using end walls. intemlediate cross \\alh. support along the top edge ufthe \\311, or 3 combmation of these. A lateral support along the top edge of the \\all is usuallv prO\lded b} the roof or ceiling system.
Wind pressure acting on the exterior walls arc transf'rred hy them to support proVided by th~ /1oor, roof, end walls, and cross walls. The portion load of load tran,terred to the rooflevel is in tum transferred by the roof or cl!liJng system. actmg a stilT diaphragm in i~ 0\\11 plane. to cros~ walls and end walls. The comf1onenl~ of load distnbuted to the end walls and cross wall' are then tran~millcd through these walls by sheanng aCllon to the foundation
Chapter 2 8
-
.---~----
Wall A ( Figure 2.3 ) is likely to be a CrItical clement In resisting wind pre sure because It IS only supponcd along Ihe top and boltom With Itghtwelghl rO{I[
construction and reduced weight of thin \\alls, out-of-plant: venlcal bending in tall walls may produce ten~i le . tres~e that require the \\all to be reinforced Axial comprt:sslve loads and horizontal shear are usually small in single-story buildings and can eaSily be r~,i;led e\~n lhough thin walls are lL~ed
Figure 2.3 Structural action of a single storey structure
Chapter 2 9
-.. --- - - - - - - -
--~-
2.3 Types of masonry construction
Each of the ma. onn building ystem~ described. until recent lime, been constructed of unreinforced masonry. As wall thickness have been reduced and distances between support increased, reinforced and prestressed masonry have been introduced.
1 '.1 Unreinforced Ma~onry
UrWlnfon.:ed masonry IS the good method can be used in low and medium-rise bulidln!!s In areas of 10\\ seismic activity. Plain ma onry element· ('()m ref( hlrl<k IIr clav hrick) are the simple t to construct as they contain no reinforcement other than possible inclusion of light joint reinforcemelll to control <hnnkagc cracking.
Therefore, they rely on thc strength or the masonry alone to resist load. Because ma onry IS strong In compression but weak In tensIOn, unrcalnrorced masonry has
",'Teat resistance tll load cousing tenSile stresscs. Therefor.:. ten de stresses in unn:mforccd mason!) must be designed to \alue below the tenSile ~trenglh or the section i~ assumed to crack.
'l ' 1
_ .J ._ Reinforced Masonry
Reinforcement is mainly incorporated in masonry to resist tensile and shear stresses and to prOvide adequate ductility. Initially, bending stres~es due to the lateral load are less than the ~tTesses due to axial compressIon Tensile stresses develop in the masonry with increased lateral load and as laternl load 1Jlcrca'c, funher, the
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