Zakat Aid Schemes Distribution at Lembaga Zakat Negeri Kedah (LZNK) Based on the Maqasid Shari’ah Framework
Siti Suhaida binti Suhardi1*, Wan Nazjmi bin Mohamed Fisol2
1 Master candidate in Islamic Banking & Finance, Centre for Islamic Finance Education and Research (CIFER), Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah International Islamic University (UniSHAMS)
09300 Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia
2 Centre for Islamic Finance Education and Research (CIFER), Sultan Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah International Islamic University (UniSHAMS)
09300 Kuala Ketil, Kedah, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author: [email protected] Accepted: 15 September 2020 | Published: 30 September 2020
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Abstract: The fundamental objectives of the Shari‘ah or maqasid al-Shari‘ah are to ensure the well-being and welfare of mankind (maslahah; Pl. masalih), both in this world and the hereafter, which lies in preservation of their religion (din), their life (nafs), their intellect (‘aql), their progeny (nasl) and their wealth (mal). Therefore, in order to achieve benefits of society and individuals in this World and in the Hereafter, zakat distribution aid schemes should be in conformity with the five preservations of the Maqasid al-Shari’ah framework.
Therefore, the main objective of this study is to study the zakat aid schemes distribution at Lembaga Zakat Negeri Kedah (LZNK) which based on the Maqasid Shari’ah Framework. As conclusion, the zakat aid schemes distribution should be based on the preservation of five necessities (daruriyyah al-khamsah), namely, the preservation of religion (din), the preservation of life (nafs), the preservation of intellect (’aql), the preservation of progeny (nasl) and the preservation of wealth (mal).
Keywords: zakat distribution, maqasid al-Shari‘ah, well-being and welfare
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1. Introduction
Islamic fiscal policy is a policy which is implemented by government to fulfill economic objectives like economic growth, wealth distribution and price stabilization through its instruments. Besides that, welfare in Islamic fiscal policy is wider than conventional fiscal policy that including welfare in this world and in the Hereafter as stated by Yusoff, Ismail and Ahmad (2017). One of the instruments in Islamic fiscal policy is a zakat in order to increase the economic growth as well as wealth distribution among the public society in a country.
According to Kadri, Ahmad and Mohd Noor (2012), Zakat is one of nature important instruments beside government tax and expenditure that considered as an income distribution tool fairly and encourage activities of country economy. Nowadays, Zakat is used for economic growth for a public interest (maslahah) especially for poor ummah that lead to better direction than before. Other than that, main objective of Zakat is “to give back” to society property among poor group of people (Johari et al., n.d.). After that, Zakat has two aspects that are economic and social aspects. From aspect of economic, Zakat prevents wealth collection among rich people solely like said by Allah SWT in His al-Quran: “It may
not be [a benefit] going around and round among such of you as may [already] be rich” (Al- Quran; 28,7)
According to previous study by Al-Zuhaili (1985), Al-Shirāzi (1995) and Quddāmah (1994), zakat in literal is growth or development, purification, augmentation and abundance. While, zakat meaning technically also has a few different among Islamic scholars that is from opinion of Hanafi school, zakat is considered as ownership of a certain amount of property which is required to paid it from total amount of lawful property in Islamic religion given to the person entitled to receive it like poor person solely for the sake of Allah SWT (Al-Barni, 1989; Ab. Hamid, n.d.). Compared to Maliki school view, zakat means withdrawal of a portion of the property that required paying it from a certain rate of property nisab to the extent of the specialty such as fakir, poor and others if it was in full possession and sufficient haul or period which is not to be made of metal and piracy (’Alish, 1984; Al-Talmasānī, 2011).
2. Literature Review
Zakat is an obligatory in Islam to all Muslims which must be fulfilling it. Abdullah (2017) expressed that zakat collection in Malaysia showed that enhance number of collection from year to year which is very proud to zakat institutions’ working hard. For example, total of zakat collection in every state in Malaysia from year 2011 to 2012 was increasing as much 18 percent that is from RM1.641 billion to RM1.927 billion (Abdullah, 2017). This will lead to zakat collection management was considered as good and transparent which were conducting by all zakat institutions in this country.
Even though zakat collection in Malaysia was increasing every year, but many issues of zakat distribution were appeared and said by society in this country especially Zakat payer towards zakat institutions. One of zakat distribution issues is confidence level among zakat payer towards zakat institutions is still low which was studied by Wahid, Ahmad, Mohd. Nor and Abd. Rashid (2016) and Md. Hussain., Md. Idris and Saad (2012). They also found that main reason for this issue happen is lack of efficiency for zakat collection and distribution management by zakat institutions. More than that, zakat payer as part of society not satisfy with activities of zakat collection and distributions which is carried out by zakat institutions that will regard as other factor for this low confidence issue and make them don’t want to pay zakat to these institutions (Wahid et. al., 2016; Saad, 2018; Md Hussain et. al, 2012). Then, evidence of this issue which was studied by Arifin (2019) in newspaper of Berita Harian that is society were assuming bad perception to zakat management for collection and distribution by Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (MAIWP) was cause confidence of society become low level. Another evidence for LZNK from opinion of Abu Hassan, Ahmad Rusli, Al-basri and Ahmad (2018) is Kedah society were not satisfying with LZNK about lack of Jayadiri aid scheme fund even if total of zakat collection was rising 23 percent on average per year that can bring to low level of society’s confidence towards sustainability of LZNK management.
Other zakat distribution issue stated by Abdullah (2017) is application of zakat aid was having long time and having many procedures should be done by society that sometimes they did not receive feedback or response from zakat institutions. This can lead to society face difficulty to get their rights on zakat aid. Rosli (2019) can make proven for this issue in newspaper of Sinar Harian with application of zakat aid process in LZNK was having long time and complicated its procedures that will cause Kedah society to have to wait in long
period. Also, Rosli (2019) added about this will bring Kedah society in difficult situation to get zakat aid from slow response of LZNK if they want it immediately.
Finally, there is not having clear or distinct Maqasid Shari’ah model to improve zakat distribution is one of zakat distribution issues derived from zakat payer towards zakat institutions (Haron & Rahman, 2016).
3. Zakat and Distribution in Lembaga Zakat Negeri Kedah (LZNK)
LZNK also is responsible for zakat distribution activities which are giving zakat to any suitable asnaf groups that lead to benefit of society in Kedah state. So, asnaf groups is divided into eight categories that are fuqarā’, poor, ‘amil, muallaf, slave (riqab), debtor (gharimin), spent to Allah’s way (fi sabilillah) and traveler (ibn al-sabil) with its own definitions respectively which may be different with other states’ definitions of these eight groups as following below:
1) Fuqarā’: people who do not have enough wealth income for them and their needs. Don't have a family to make a living on food, clothes and shelter. For example, it requires only RM10 per day but only able RM3 per day.
2) Poor: people who can obtain the necessities of life but not entirely sufficient. For example, a poor person needs RM10 per day but only earns RM8 per day.
3) ‘Āmil: people or organizations who are appointed by the Sultan of state to carry out zakat management tasks including zakat collection and distribution.
4) Muallaf: someone who is new to Islam or someone whose heart is tender among those who are not converts to Islam yet or who need their sympathy towards Islam or hope to defend the Muslims or to secure their crimes against Muslims.
5) Riqāb: slave or someone bound and no freedom of himself as well as to release Muslims imprisoned by non-Islamic people.
6) Ghārimīn: muslims who are indebted to basic needs of themselves and they’re under care or public interest and not capable to pay it. The debt should follow the requirements of the Shari’ah.
7) Fī sabīlillah: struggles, efforts and activities that aim to uphold and defend the religion of Allah SWT.
8) Ibn al-Sabīl: muslims who run out of money when travelling on a journey or on a journey that benefits which was suitable with Islamic law on its conditions that are cut off supplies on the way and unable to use their properties or assets to continue traveling (LZNK, 2019c).
Therefore, Table 1 has been explained the yearly zakat distribution by the asnaf category as follows:
Table 1: List of zakat aid schemes for every asnaf category
Asnaf Category Zakat aid schemes
1) Fuqarā’ o Monthly Fakir Financial Aid
o Monthly Fakir Food Aid
o Food of Elderly Citizens Placement Centre Aid o Building of Elderly Citizens Placement Centre Aid 2) Masākin (Poor) o Monthly Poor Financial Aid
o Monthly Poor Food Aid
o Redistribute PPK, UITM and Other Agencies o Nidzomi Islamic School of Poor Student Aid o Monthly of Schooling for Poor Student Aid o Uniform Clothes for Poor Student Aid o Full Fees to Local IPT for Poor Student Aid o Individual Building of Houses Aid
o Repair Houses Aid o Jayadiri Aid
o Lump Sum Life Support Aid o Other Type of Aids (Term Outside) o Monthly Medical Treatment Aid o Lump Sum Medical Treatment Aid o Houses of Poor Orphanage Aid o Poor Student of Maktab Mahmud Aid o Asnaf Development Program (Sewing Centre) o Fidyah Distribution
o Haemodialysis Centre
o Medical Treatment at Panel Clinic Aid
o Asnaf Development Program (Agriculture Project) o Schooling Completeness Aid
o Hostel of Poor Student 3) ‘Āmil (Zakat manager) o ‘Āmil Gift
4) Muallaf (Convert to Islam) o New Brotherhood Aid for Beginner o Other Aids
o Guidance and Training of New Brotherhood Centre o Expenses of PUSBA Development
o Marriage of New Brotherhood Aid 5) Al-Riqāb (Slave) o Aid to Al-riqāb
6) Al-Gharimīn (Debt person) o Aid to Debt Person
7) Fī Sabīlillah (Spent to Allah’s Way) o Nizomi Islamic School
o Building of Mosque, Surau and Islamic School o Preaching under RIAYAD KDYMM Tuanku Sultan o Lembaga Tabung Pegawai-Pegawai Masjid Negeri Kedah o Explanation and Preaching
o Islamic Teachers of Umumi and Village
o Student Donation for Further Study to Local IPT o Student Donation for Further Study to KUIN o Student Donation for Further Study to Mesir o Student Donation for Further Study to Jordan o Student Donation for Further Study to Syiria
o Student Donation for Further Study to Indonesia(IAIN) o Other Aids which Not Specific Type
o Exam Fees Aid for Student of Nidzomi Islamic School o Hostel Food Fees of Nidzomi Islamic School Aid o Lembaga Tabung Haji
o Maahad Tahfiz Study Aid o Maahad Tahfiz Student Aid o Beginning of Schooling Aid o Mosque Management Aid o Excellent Student Donation o Education Development Program
o Beginning of Student Donation IPT Overseas o Student Donation for Further Study to Yaman o Student Scholarship inside Country (IPTA) o Medical Student Scholarship Overseas (Mesir) o Maahad Tahfiz Food Fees Aid
o Natural Disaster Aid 8) Ibn al-Sabīl (Traveler) o Traveler Aid
o Fare Aid to Student who Completed and Passed Study (Source: LZNK, 2019d)
3. Maqasid Shariah and Zakat Aid Schemes Distribution in Lembaga Zakat Negeri Kedah (LZNK)
The fundamental objectives of the Shari‘ah or maqasid al-Shari‘ah are to ensure the well- being and welfare of mankind (maslahah; Pl. masalih), both in this world and the hereafter.
Maqasid are the key to better understand the Shari‘ah in its true perspective. Imam al- Ghazali (d. 505 AH/1111 AC) defined maqasid by stressing that the Shari‘ah concerns with preservation of five objectives: “The main objective of the Shari‘ah is to promote the public interest and the well-being of the people, which lies in preservation of their religion (din), their life (nafs), their intellect (‘aql), their progeny (nasl) and their wealth (mal). Whatever ensures and covers the safeguarding of these five origions, and it is a public interest, and whatever leaves these five’s, it is a harm and against public interest”. Therefore, the maqasid al-Shari‘ah are the law’s meanings and objectives as manifested in most or all of its rulings, or they may be said to be the objectives of the shari‘ah and the hidden wisdom which the lawgiver has placed within each of its rulings (al-Zuhaili, 1996).
Therefore, in order to achieve benefits of society and individuals in this World and in the Hereafter, zakat distribution schemes should be in conformity with the five preservations of the Maqasid al-Shari’ah framework.
Preservation of religion (al-din) came from theory of Imam al-Shatibi and Ibn Mas’ūd al- Yūbī is considered as religion which is acknowledged by Allah SWT through Shari’ah law to His slaves that is Islamic precious religion which need to protect it from any harm like
Shari’ah law commands belief, not assistance Allah SWT with anything and perform Islamic pillars among Muslims to protect Islam as their precious religion (al-Raysūnī, 1995 & al- Yūbī, 1998).
Based on theory of Imam al-Shatibi and Ibn Mas’ūd al-Yūbī, preservation of life (al-nafs) can be known as perfect (al-ma’sūm) life with Islam as one part of lives that were concerned by Shari’ah law should be protected from any harm to it as Shari’ah commands diyah, qisas and others as many actions which were permitted and given rights to kill lives of human in Islamic law to protect their lives (al-Raysūnī, 1995 & al-Yūbī, 1998).
Preservation of intellect (al-‘aql) derived from theory of Imam al-Shatibi and Ibn Mas’ūd al- Yūbī is protect person’s intellect from any action that cause to damage his intellect like prohibition of fun (lahw) and intoxicants (muskarāt) and also take lessons from several verses of al-Quran as one way to use their intellect properly due to protect their intellect from bring any kind of damage or injuries to their intellect (al-Raysūnī, 1995 & al-Yūbī, 1998).
According to theory of Imam al-Shatibi and Ibn Mas’ūd al-Yūbī, preservation of progeny (al- nasl) can be deemed as progeny which was recognized by Shari’ah law that must be protect from any matter that lead to damage that progeny like permissible of marriage and prohibition of committing adultery between two different of genders for Muslim’s society can guarantee to protect and maintain their progeny from any harm to their lineage of family (al- Raysūnī, 1995 & al-Yūbī, 1998).
Preservation of property or wealth (al-māl) came from theory of Imam al-Shatibi and Ibn Mas’ūd al-Yūbī is goods or money or others which used to give fund to human that can avoid them from involved in difficult life such as Shari’ah gives permitted to society of Muslim to implement their business transaction (muamalat) between them and they does not allowed to take interest (ribā’) from that transaction in order to protect their wealth from bring any damage to other people’s property (al-Raysūnī, 1995 & al-Yūbī, 1998). All 79 of zakat aid schemes implemented by LZNK based on Maqasid Shari’ah will be shown in Table 2 below:
Table 2: Zakat aid schemes to all category of asnaf groups in Kedah based on Maqāsid Shari’ah
Preservation Aspects Asnaf Category
Religion
PMZK &
PUSBA
Life PHZK
Intellect
Education Program &
Training &
Skills for Children of Asnaf
Progeny
Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR) Program
Property
Sewing Skills Centre.
Entreprenuers of Kedah State &
FreeMarket@Zak atKedah
Fuqarā’
(4 schemes)
1.Monthly Fakir (pl.
Fuqarā’) Food Aid 2.Food of Elderly Citizens Placement Centre Aid 3. Building of Elderly Citizens
4.Monthly Fakir Financial Aid
Placement Centre Aid Poor (23 schemes) 1.Nidzomi
Islamic School of Poor Student Aid
2.Monthly Poor Food Aid
3.Individual Buidling of Houses Aid 4.Repair Houses Aid 5.Lump Sum Life Support Aid
6.Monthly Medical Treatment Aid
7.Lump Sum Medical Treatment Aid 8.Haemodial ysis Centre 9.Medical Treatment at Panel Clinic Aid
10.Monthly of Schooling for Poor Student Aid 11.Uniform Clothes for Poor Student Aid 12. Full Fees to Local IPT for Poor Student Aid 13.Poor Student
of Maktab
Mahmud Aid 14.Schooling Completeness Aid
15.Hostel of Poor Student
16.Houses of Poor
Orphanage Aid
17.Monthly Poor Financial Aid 18 Redistribute PPK, UITM and Other Agencies 19.Jayadiri Aid 20. Other Type of
Aids (Term
Outside)
21. Asnaf
Development Program (Sewing Centre)
22. Fidyah Distribution
23. Asnaf
Development Program (Agriculture Project)
‘Āmil (1 scheme) 1.Āmil Gift
Muallaf (5 schemes)
1.New Brotherhood Aid for Beginner 2.Guidance and Training
of New
Brotherhood Centre 3.Expenses of PUSBA Development
4.Marriage of New
Brotherhood Aid
5.Other Aids
Al-riqāb (1 scheme) 1.Aid to Al- riqab Al-gharimīn
(1 scheme)
1.Aid to Debt Person Fī sabīlillah
(28 schemes)
1 Nizomi Islamic School 2.Building of Mosque, Surau and Islamic School 3.Preaching under RIAYAD KDYMM Tuanku Sultan 4.Lembaga Tabung
10.Hostel Food Fees of Nidzomi Islamic School Aid 11.Maahad Tahfiz Food Fees Aid
12. Student Donation for Further Study to Local IPT 13. Student Donation for Further Study to KUIN
14. Student Donation for Further Study to Mesir
15. Student Donation for Further Study to Jordan
26.Natural Disaster Aid
27.Other Aids which Not Specific Type
28.Lembaga Tabung Haji
Pegawai- Pegawai Masjid Negeri Kedah 5.Explanation and
Preaching 6.Islamic Teachers of Umumi and Village 7.Maahad Tahfiz Study Aid
8.Maahad Tahfiz Student Aid 9.Mosque Management Aid
16. Student Donation for Further Study to Syiria
17. Student Donation for Further Study to Indonesia(IAIN) 18.Exam Fees Aid for Student of Nidzomi Islamic School 19.Beginning of Schooling Aid 20. Excellent Student Donation 21.Education Development Program
22.Beginning of Student Donation IPT Overseas 23.Student Donation for Further Study to Yaman
24.Student Scholarship inside Country (IPTA)
25.Medical Student Scholarship Overseas (Mesir) Ibn al-sabīl
(2 schemes)
1.Traveler Aid 2.Fare Aid to Student who Completed and Passed Study Total of zakat aid
schemes for each aspect
14 14 20 3 14
(Source: writer, 2020)
Regarding to Table 2, LZNK had already held many zakat aid schemes as well as 14 of total zakat aid schemes to asnaf groups in protection of religion aspect and the LZNK had already ran many zakat aid schemes with its total of 14 schemes to asnaf groups in protection of life aspect. Besides that, LZNK had already implemented many zakat aid schemes as well as 20 of total zakat aid schemes to asnaf groups in protection of intellect aspect and the LZNK also had already carried out a few of zakat aid schemes with its total of three schemes to asnaf groups in protection of progeny aspect. While, LZNK had already conducted several zakat aid schemes as well as 14 of total zakat aid schemes to asnaf groups in protection of wealth aspect.
4. Conclusion
As conclusion, all distribution zakat aid schemes which are carried out by LZNK to all asnaf groups have been complied with Maqasid Shari’ah Framework. However, LZNK had prioritized preservation of intellect aspect rather than other preservations such as preservations of religion, life, intellect, progeny and wealth for achieving their benefits and welfares. With this study, LZNK can make planning more systematically forms of distribution in order to balance can be implemented following to five preservations based on Maqasid Shari’ah Framework.
For distribution purposes to the needy and poor society in order to reduce the poverty gap in the community system for the public interest (maslahah). Therefore, one of the main objectives (maqasid) is upon public welfare (maslahah), which is in line with one of the principles of legal maxims (qawa‘id al-fiqhiyyah) which states “management of citizen’s affairs is depended upon public welfare” (al-tasarruf ‘ala al-ra‘iyyati manutu bi al- maslahah) (Al-Nadwi, A. A. 1999). The objective of all those legal rulings is for the preservation of religion that is to avoid poverty and ingratitude in society. Hence, the preservation of the wealth is to ensure the circulation of wealth among members of the society level could be equally distributed. This coincides with the Qur’anic verse, which Allah (swt) says: “so that it may not be [a benefit] going round and round among such of you as may [already] be rich” (Al-Hasyr 59: 7). Hence, it can be demonstrated through the following framework figure 1.
Figure 1: Zakat Aid Schemes Distribution Through the Maqasid al-Shariah Framework
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