䆘䗄
WPSAR Vol 6, No 2, 2015 | doi: 10.5365/wpsar.2015.6.1.019
www.wpro.who.int/wpsar
1
a Ԥ⊏Ѯफ䚼ᄺ䰶ˈJiann-Ping Hsu݀݅ि⫳ᄺ䰶ˈ⌕㸠⮙ᄺ䚼ˈᮃ⋄㣼ԃࢦˈԤ⊏Ѯ30460-8015ˈ㕢DŽ
b Ԥ⊏ѮᄺˈᎹᄺ䰶ˈ䲙ˈԤ⊏Ѯ30602ˈ㕢DŽ
c 佭␃ᄺˈᮄ䯏ঞӴၦⷨおЁᖗˈ佭␃⡍߿㸠ᬓऎˈЁDŽ ᡩ〓᮹ᳳ˖2013ᑈ3᳜3᮹˗থ㸼᮹ᳳ˖2015ᑈ6᳜26᮹ doi: 10.5365/wpsar.2015.6.1.019
⼒ ѸၦԧҢᑓНϞⱘ⧚㾷ᰃᣛѦ㘨㔥㒓 㗙֗䖯Ҏ䰙Ѹ⌕ǃֵᙃ݅ѿǃড়ӫ
ࣙ˄ crowdsourcing ˅ㄝϔ㋏߫㒓⌏
ࡼDŽ 2014 ᑈܼ⧗Ꮖ᳝ϝߚПѠҹϞⱘ៤ҎѦ㘨㔥 Փ⫼㗙䛑⌏䎗⼒Ѹ㔥キˈ⼒ѸၦԧᏆ៤ЎϔϾ
ܼ⧗⦄䈵
[1]DŽ
⼒Ѹၦԧ㹿䍞ᴹ䍞ഄᑨ⫼Ѣ݀݅ि⫳乚ඳDŽ
݊Ў≳䗮Ꮉ⫼Ѣ⮒⮙亢䰽≳䗮ᑆ乘ǃӴ᪁عᒋ
⫳⌏ᮍᓣعᒋᬓㄪDŽ⼒Ѹၦԧ䖬ৃЎ݀݅ि⫳
ⲥ⌟ⱘ┰᭄ᴹ⑤DŽ㱑✊⼒Ѹၦԧৃ㛑∌䖰ϡӮ
᳓ҷӴ㒳⮒⮙ⲥ⌟ⱘ᭄ᴹ⑤ˈԚᅗӀҡ㛑ᦤկ㸹 ܙֵᙃDŽ✊㗠ˈ⼒Ѹၦԧⱘ᭄ᴀ䋼Ϟাᰃ㒓
≳䗮ⱘ㾖ᆳ᭄ˈᑊϡᰃЎ݀݅ि⫳Ⳃⱘ㗠䆒䅵DŽ
⼒Ѹၦԧ᭄ߚᵤϢ㾖ᆳᗻⷨおϔḋˈ䛑᳝ϔᅮⱘ ሔ䰤ᗻˈ՟བᄬ⏋ᴖ㋴ˈϡ㛑خߎᵰ݇㘨߸
ᮁDŽ
ҹϟㅔ㽕ὖᣀњ⼒Ѹၦԧ᭄݀݅ि⫳ⲥ⌟Ё ⱘᑨ⫼ঞ݊Ӭ⚍ሔ䰤ᗻDŽ
⼒Ѹၦԧ݀݅ि⫳ⲥ⌟Ёⱘᑨ⫼
⼒Ѹၦԧ݀݅ि⫳ⲥ⌟Ё᳝ϝ乍Џ㽕ᑨ⫼˖⌕㸠⮙
ᄺⲥⲥ⌟ǃさথџӊᑨᇍⱘᔶⷨ߸㟚ᚙⲥ⌟
˄㸼 1 ˅DŽ
⌕㸠⮙ᄺⲥⲥ⌟
ᇍ⌕㸠⮙ᄺⱘⲥⲥ⌟㗠㿔ˈ⼒Ѹၦԧৃҹ⫼Ѣᠻ 㸠ҹϟϝ乍⡍⅞ࡳ㛑˖
ⲥঞẔ㋶ᅬᮍֵᙃ
⬅Ѣ⼒ѸၦԧⱘֵᙃЎঞᯊˈ㗠䖭ϔ⚍さথџӊ ᑨᇍЁ䴲ᐌ䞡㽕ˈℸ݀݅ि⫳ᅬਬৃҹᑨ⫼⼒Ѹၦ ԧᇍᔧሔথᏗⱘᅬᮍֵᙃҹঞᇍݙᅬᮍ䋺᠋䖯 㸠ⲥ˄㸼1˅
[2,3]DŽ
⼒Ѹၦԧ݀݅ि⫳ⲥ⌟Ёⱘᑨ⫼
Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
aˈZion Tsz Ho Tse
bKing-Wa Fu
c䗮䆃㗙˖Isaac Chun-Hai Fung (email: [email protected]) DŽ
⮒⮙থ⦄
⼒Ѹၦԧঞ݊ҪҹҎ㕸Ў⸔ⱘ᭄ᄫ࣪ᑇৄৃЎ݀݅
ि⫳ⲥ⌟ᦤկ乱ⱘ᭄ᴹ⑤ˈ⫼Ѣ⌟⮒⮙ᲈথঞ Ԅ䅵থ⮙⥛DŽ⮛⢊ⲥ⌟ৃ䗮䖛ҎᎹ䯙䇏㓪䕥䅵ㅫᴎ
ᑣᇍϾԧ⼒Ѹၦԧҹ䴲݀݅ि⫳ⳂⱘথᏗⱘ⮛⢊
䖯㸠պᶹ
[4]ˈ䗮䖛ܕ䆌খࡴ㗙⡍ᅮⱘ᭄ᄫ࣪⮒⮙
ⲥ⌟㋏㒳䖯㸠⮛⢊㞾៥ਞⱘখϢᓣ⌕㸠⮙ᄺᮍ⊩䖯
㸠ᶹ
[5,6]DŽ⬅Ѣ݇Ѣϔ⾡ᮄ⮒⮙ⱘ䴲ᅬᮍֵᙃӴ䯏
ৃҹ⼒Ѹၦԧ䖯㸠Ӵ᪁ˈℸ䖬ৃҹ䗮䖛ҹџӊЎ
⸔ⱘⲥ⌟䖯㸠⮒⮙պᶹˈབ2013ᑈ㹿ϞӴ㟇ᖂमⱘ
1՟H7N9ᛳᶧ⮙՟ⱘए⭫䆄ᔩेᰃϔ乍ᑨ⫼⼎՟
[7]DŽ
ᑇ䴶ၦԧǃᑓ᪁⬉㾚ৃҹᇚ䖭ѯֵᙃপߎᴹˈᑊ
⫳៤ᮄⱘᬙџˈ䖭ѯᮄᬙџгৃҹ⼒ѸၦԧӴ᪁ˈ ᑊ䗮䖛ҹџӊЎ⸔ⱘⲥ⌟㋏㒳պᶹࠄˈҹџӊЎ
⸔ ⱘ ⲥ ⌟ ㋏ 㒳 ᰃ Ў থ ⦄ ⮒ ⮙ ᮄ 䯏 ˄ བ ع ᒋ ഄ HealthMap˅㗠ᇍ᭄ᄫࡼᗕᮄ䯏䖯㸠ⲥ
[8]DŽ᭄ᄫ࣪ⱘ
᭄ᴹ⑤䖬ᇍ⌕㸠⮙ᄺᆊᦤկњথ⦄ǃ䇗ᶹঞ䆕ᅲᲈ থⱘϔ⾡乱ⱘᮍᓣDŽ
ঞᯊԄ䅵ঞ乘⌟থ⮙⥛
⌕㸠⮙ᄺᆊℷᇍབԩᑨ⫼⼒Ѹၦԧঞ݊Ҫ᭄ᄫ᭄
ᇍথ⮙⥛䖯㸠ঞᯊԄ䅵ঞ乘⌟ⱘᮍᓣ䖯㸠㋶DŽ
՟བˈ㕢ˈ⬅ѢϢ⌕ᛳ᳝݇ⱘᖂम᭄㹿থ⦄Ϣ ᄷ㡖ᗻ⌕ᛳⳌ݇ˈℸৃҹ⫼ᴹᇍথ⮙⥛䖯㸠ঞᯊ Ԅ䅵
[4]DŽ㓈ⱒ⾥ⱘẔ㋶䆄ᔩг㹿থ⦄ᶤѯᆊˈ
᳝ৃᇍᶤѯӴᶧᗻ⮒⮙䖯㸠乘⌟ⱘ┰ࡳ㛑
[9]DŽ✊
㗠ˈ䈋℠⌕ᛳ䍟ⱘ乘⌟ᬜᵰˈϢ㕢⌕ᛳḋ⮙՟ⱘ
઼⚍ⲥ⌟㋏㒳 ILI-Net 㒑㑺ජ⮛⢊ⲥ⌟㋏㒳Ⳍ↨ᬜ ᵰՇ
[10]DŽԈ䱣ⴔᶤѯҹ᭄ᄫ᭄Ўᅲ偠ᗻ䕧ܹⱘ ᑨ⫼ˈܜ䖯ⱘ乘⌟ᮍ⊩гথሩⱘ䖛Ё
[11]DŽ
さথџӊᑨᇍЁⱘᔶⷨ߸
㞾✊ঞҎЎ♒ᆇথ⫳ৢˈৃҹᑨ⫼⼒Ѹၦԧᴹࡴ
ᇍҎ䘧ЏНॅᴎⱘᔶⷨ߸DŽ໘Ѣೄ๗ЁⱘϾԧৃҹ
߽⫼⼒Ѹၦԧᇏ∖ᐂࡽҹঞϢᆊҎǃ᳟টさথџӊ
WPSAR Vol 6, No 2, 2015 | doi: 10.5365/wpsar.2015.6.1.019 www.wpro.who.int/wpsar
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Fungㄝ
⼒ѸၦԧϢ݀݅ि⫳ⲥ⌟
⼒Ѹၦԧ᭄ⱘӬঞሔ䰤ᗻ
⼒Ѹၦԧ催ᑺ⏫ܹⱘ⼒Ӯˈᇍ⼒Ѹၦԧ᭄䖯㸠ⱘ ߚᵤৃҹϢҹҎ㕸Ў⸔ⱘǃ㾘㾖ᆳᗻ⌕㸠⮙ᄺ
ⷨおⳌ↨䕗DŽ݀݅ि⫳ⷨお㗙ৃҹܼ⧗㣗ೈݙ㾺 ࠄ⬅ᴹ㞾᭄ⱒϛՓ⫼㗙㞾៥⫳៤ⱘݙᆍDŽ✊㗠ˈ㗗㰥 ࠄ⼒Ѹၦԧ᭄ݙⱘ㾖ᆳᗻⷨおⱘᗻ䋼ˈᇍ䖭ѯ᭄
ⱘߚᵤ᳝ᕜሔ䰤ᗻDŽ՟བˈ⬅Ѣ⼒ѸၦԧⱘՓ⫼
㗙ঞ䴲Փ⫼㗙ৃ㛑ᄬϡৠˈ⬅ℸӮᄬ䗝ᢽأDŽ ᇍ⼒Ѹၦԧⱘ䱤⾕䆒ᅮӮ䰤ࠊᇍᶤѯϾԧⱘ᭄߽
⫼DŽ⼒ѸၦԧⱘϾԧֵᙃ䗮ᐌ䛑ᰃ㞾៥থᏗᑊ䲒ѢḌ ᅲDŽ⬅ѢᇍѦ㘨㔥ⲥⱘᛣ䆚ҹঞᇍֵᙃ㹿Ẕ㋶ⱘᘤ ᚻৃ㛑Ӯᇐ㟈⼒ѸၦԧՓ⫼㗙ϡᜓᛣߚѿ⌕㸠⮙ᄺֵ
ᙃ㗠Ӯᄬ㾖ᆳ㗙ᬜᑨˈ䖭ϔ⚍᳝ѯ㽕∖⼒Ѹၦԧ ᅲৡⱏ䆄ⱘᆊᰃབℸ
[17]DŽ
བԩߚѿ݀݅ि⫳ֵᙃঞֱᡸ݀⇥䱤⾕П䯈
ֱᣕᑇ㸵ҡᰃᇍ݀݅ि⫳ᴎᵘⱘϔϾӺ⧚ᄺᮍ䴶ⱘᣥ
DŽ㗗㰥ࠄ䖭ѯ㋴ˈ䆌Ϣ݀݅ि⫳Ⳍ݇ⱘ⼒Ѹၦ ԧⷨおাᰃᑨ⫼ৃҹ݀ᓔ㦋পⱘ᭄DŽ✊㗠ˈ⬅ѢҎ ᑨᇍ㗙㘨㋏DŽᔧሔৃҹ߽⫼⼒Ѹၦԧᴹ䆚߿໘Ѣೄ๗
ЁⱘϾԧᑊخߎⳌᑨᑨᇍDŽ䴲ᬓᑰ㒘㒛ৃҹ߽⫼⼒
Ѹၦԧᴹᇍ⌕⾏༅᠔ⱘҎⱘ䳔㽕䖯㸠䗑䏾ঞ䅵ߦˈ 2011 ᑈ᮹ᴀথ⫳ⱘഄ䳛⍋ୌ
[12]ҹঞ 2010 ᑈ⍋ഄഄ
䳛Ёे᳝ℸ⾡ᑨ⫼
[13]DŽ 㟚ᚙⲥ⌟
ܼ⧗࣪ᛣ䆚
⼒Ѹၦԧৃҹᇍ⮒⮙ᲈথⱘܼ⧗࣪ᛣ䆚ᦤկ⌟䞣DŽ
ЎᇍӴ㒳ᮍ⊩ⱘ㸹ܙˈ⼒Ѹၦԧֵᙃⱘࡼᗕব࣪
᳝ࡽѢᇍ⮒⮙ᛣ䆚
[14]ǃҹঞ䩜ᇍ⊏⭫ঞ乘䰆ᑆ乘ᮑ ⱘ㾖⚍ᬍব䖯㸠䞣࣪
[15]DŽ
ᇍ݀݅ि⫳䖤ࡼঞֵᙃⱘডᑨ
ᇍϢ⡍⅞عᒋ֗䖯џӊⳌ݇ⱘ⼒Ѹၦԧ᭄䖯㸠ߚᵤ
ৃҹ݀݅ि⫳Ҏਬᓔሩि⫳䖤ࡼ䆘Ӌᯊᦤկ᳝Ⲟⱘ ᦤ⼎
[16]DŽ
㸼1. ⼒Ѹၦԧ݀݅ि⫳ⲥ⌟Ёⱘᑨ⫼ὖ䗄
ᑨ⫼ Ⳃⱘঞᚙ๗ ⫼ѢẔ㋶ǃথ⦄
乘⌟݀݅ि⫳ֵᙃ Ⳃ᭄ᷛ ⼒Ѹၦԧⱘ⫼ ᅲ՟
1. ⌕㸠⮙ᄺⲥⲥ⌟
(a) ⲥᅬᮍֵᙃ Ўⲥᅬᮍֵᙃ থ⮙⥛ঞ⮙՟ⱘ݊
Ҫֵᙃ
Ϣᅬᮍ᭄ⱘ߱ྟ
ᴹ⑤䖯㸠䫒
ࡼᗕᮄ䯏 2013ᑈH7N9ᲈথᳳ䯈䗮䖛ᖂम
ᇍᅬᮍֵᙃ䖯㸠Ẕ㋶[2,3]
(b)⮒⮙থ⦄ü⮛
⢊ⲥ⌟
Ўথ⦄ᲈথᑊԄ䅵 থ⮙⥛
থ⮙⥛⮙՟ⱘ݊
Ҫֵᙃ
㞾៥ਞⱘ⮛⢊ ⮛⢊ⲥ⌟ 㞾៥থᏗ⌕ᛳ⮛⢊ⱘᖂमᏪᄤ˗ 䗮䖛⡍⅞ⱘᑨ⫼ᑣ䖯㸠⮛⢊ⱘ
㞾៥ਞ[5,6]
(c)⮒⮙থ⦄üҹ џӊЎ⸔ⱘ ⲥ⌟
Ўথ⦄ᲈথᑊԄ䅵 থ⮙⥛
থ⮙⥛⮙՟ⱘ݊
Ҫֵᙃ
ᇚၦԧਞǃ䴲ᅬ ᮍֵᙃӴ䯏᳓ҷ
ৃ⌟䞣ⱘ㒧ᵰ
ҹџӊЎ⸔ⱘ ⲥ⌟˄⌕㸠⮙ᄺ ᚙ˅
ᖂमϞথᏗⱘ݇Ѣ1՟H7N9ᛳᶧ
⮙՟ⱘ䴲ᅬᮍֵᙃ[7] ˗পϢع ᒋџӊⳌ݇ᮄ䯏ⱘ㋏㒳˄བعᒋ
ഄ˅[8]
(d)ঞᯊԄ䅵ঞ乘
⌟থ⮙⥛
ЎঞᯊԄ䅵Ⳃࠡⱘ থ⮙⥛乘⌟ᴹ ⱘথ⮙⥛
থ⮙⥛˖ᓔྟǃ催 ዄᔎᑺ
Ϣথ⮙⥛᳝݇ǃᑊ 䰘᳝݇䬂䆡˄⮒⮙
⮛⢊˅ⱘ⼒Ѹၦ ԧ᭛ᴀ
Ў᭄ᴹ⑤ᇍ থ⮙⥛䖯㸠ঞᯊ Ԅ䅵乘⌟
ᑨ⫼ᖂम᭄ᇍ㕢ⱘᄷ㡖ᗻ⌕
ᛳ䖯㸠Ԅ䅵[4]˗ᑨ⫼㓈ⱒ⾥ⱘ Ẕ㋶䆄ᔩᇍ⮒⮙䖯㸠Ԅ䅵ঞ乘⌟
[9]˗ᑨ⫼䈋℠⌕ᛳ䍟ᇍ㕢ᄷ 㡖ᗻ⌕ᛳ䖯㸠乘⌟[11]
2. ᔶⷨ߸
(a)Ўᔶⷨ߸㗠 ᓔሩⲥ⌟
Ҏ䘧ЏНॅᴎˈ䗮 ᐌᰃ㞾✊♒ᆇˈབ
ৄ亢ഄ䳛
ਞ䳔∖˄བ∈կ ᑨঞ䙓䲒᠔˅
㞾៥ਞⱘҎ䘧Џ Н䳔∖
݇ѢҎ䘧ЏН䳔
∖ⱘֵᙃ䌘᭭
᮹ᴀϰ䚼ⱘഄ䳛⍋ୌ[12]ҹঞ⍋
ഄⱘഄ䳛[13]
3. 㟚ᚙⲥ⌟
(a)ܼ⧗࣪ᛣ䆚 Ў⌟䞣⼒ѸၦԧՓ
⫼㗙ᇍᲈথⱘডᑨ
ၦԧᮄ䯏ਞǃӴ 䯏ǃ㾖⚍ǃⶹᰧᑺ
Փ⫼㗙⫳៤ⱘ᭄
ডҪӀᇍ݀݅ि
⫳џӊⱘⶹ䆚ǃᗕ ᑺ㾖ᗉ
ᇍ᱂䗮⇥ӫⱘⶹ
ᰧᑺ㾖⚍䖯㸠 ⲥ
ᇍमᢝⱘⶹᰧᑺ[14]˗ᇍ⌕ᛳ⭿
㢫ⱘ㾖⚍[15]
(b)⡍ᓖᗻডᑨ Ў⌟䞣⼒ѸၦԧՓ
⫼㗙ᇍعᒋ֗䖯ֵ
ᙃџӊⱘডᑨ
ᇍ⡍߿݀݅ि⫳ֵ
ᙃⱘডᑨ
⬅Փ⫼㗙⫳៤ⱘᇍ
⡍߿݀݅ि⫳ֵᙃ ডᑨⱘ᭄
ⲥ᱂䗮݀ӫᇍ
⡍߿݀݅ि⫳ֵ
ᙃⱘডᑨ
ч㝎ⰠᅷӴ᳜[16]
WPSAR Vol 6, No 2, 2015 | doi: 10.5365/wpsar.2015.6.1.019
www.wpro.who.int/wpsar
3
⼒ѸၦԧϢ݀݅ि⫳ⲥ⌟
Fungㄝ
4. Broniatowski DA, Paul MJ, Dredze M. National and local influenza surveillance through Twitter: an analysis of the 2012–2013 influenza epidemic. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8:e83672. doi:10.1371/
journal.pone.0083672 pmid:24349542
5. Freifeld CC et al. Participatory epidemiology: use of mobile phones for community-based health reporting. PLoS Medicine, 2010, 7:e1000376. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.
1000376 pmid:21151888
6. Chunara R et al. Estimating influenza attack rates in the United States using a participatory cohort. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5:9540. doi:10.1038/srep09540 pmid:25835538
7. Salathé M et al. Influenza A (H7N9) and the importance of digital epidemiology. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2013, 369:401–404. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1307752 pmid:23822655
8. Brownstein JS, Freifeld CC. HealthMap: the development of automated real-time internet surveillance for epidemic intelligence.
Euro Surveillance: European Communicable Disease Bulletin, 2007, 12(11):E071129.5. pmid:18053570
9. Generous N et al. Global disease monitoring and forecasting with Wikipedia. PLoS Computational Biology, 2014, 10:e1003892.
doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003892 pmid:25392913
10. Olson DR et al. Reassessing Google Flu Trends data for detection of seasonal and pandemic influenza: a comparative epidemiological study at three geographic scales. PLoS Computational Biology, 2013, 9:e1003256. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003256 pmid:24146603
11. Shaman J et al. Real-time influenza forecasts during the 2012–2013 season. Nature Communications, 2013, 4:2387.
doi:10.1038/ncomms3837 pmid:23982432
12. Peary BDM, Shaw R, Takeuchi Y. Utilization of social media in the east Japan earthquake and tsunami and its effectiveness. Journal of Natural Disaster Science, 2012, 34:3–18. doi:10.2328/
jnds.34.3
13. Zook M et al. Volunteered geographic information and crowdsourcing disaster relief: a case study of the Haitian earthquake. World Medical & Health Policy, 2010, 2:7–33. doi:10.2202/1948- 4682.1069
14. Fung IC-H et al. Ebola and the social media. Lancet, 2014, 384:2207. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62418-1 pmid:25625391
15. Salathé M, Khandelwal S. Assessing vaccination sentiments with online social media: implications for infectious disease dynamics and control. PLoS Computational Biology, 2011, 7:e1002199.
doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002199 pmid:22022249
16. Thackeray R et al. Using Twitter for breast cancer prevention:
an analysis of breast cancer awareness month. BMC Cancer, 2013, 13:508. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-508 pmid:24168075
17. Fu K-W, Chan CH, Chau M. Assessing censorship on microblogs in China: discriminatory keyword analysis and the real-name registration policy. Internet Computing, IEEE, 2013, 17:42– 50.
doi:10.1109/MIC.2013.28
Ӏ䗮ᐌ䗝ᢽᇍϢعᒋⳌ݇ⱘ䆂乬䖯㸠⾕ϟ≳䗮ˈℸ
ⷨおⱘᗻ䖬ᰃϔϾ䯂乬DŽ
㒧䆎
⼒Ѹၦԧᇍ݀݅ि⫳Ҏਬ᮶ᦤկњᴎӮˈгᦤߎњᣥ
DŽ⼒ѸၦԧՓ݀݅ि⫳ᅬਬϡҙৃҹⲥֵᙃˈ
⌟┰ⱘᲈথˈ乘⌟⮒⮙䍟ˈⲥさথџӊᗕˈ 㗠Ϩৃҹᇍ⮒⮙䅸䆚ঞᇍᅬᮍعᒋ≳䗮ⱘডᑨ䖯㸠⌟
䞣DŽ䯂乬ᰃབԩᇚ⼒Ѹၦԧ᭄ᑨ⫼Ѣ݀݅ि⫳ⲥ
⌟ᮍ䴶خ᳔ՇߚᵤDŽ݀݅ि⫳ᴎᵘ䳔㽕ᇍⲥ⌟㋏㒳ⱘ Ⳃⱘˈᑨ⫼⼒Ѹၦԧ᭄ⱘ㣗ೈҹঞབԩᇍ᭄ᓔሩ ߚᵤㄝᮍ䴶䖯㸠ᯢ⹂ⱘ⬠ᅮDŽ
߽Ⲟކさ
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㒣䌍䌘ࡽ
᮴ 㟈䇶
ᛳ䇶Dr Scott Santibañez䆎᭛᪄ݭᮽᳳ㒭ќⱘ⚍䆘DŽ ᓩ⫼ᴀ᭛ഄഔ˖
Fung CHI et al. The use of social media in public health surveillance. Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal, 2015, 6(2):3–6. doi:10.5365/
wpsar.2015.6.1.019 খ㗗᭛⤂
1. Mander J. GWI Social: GlobalWebIndex’s quarterly report on the latest trends in social networking (Q4 2014). London, GlobalWebIndex, 2015.
2. Fung IC-H, Wong KK. Efficient use of social media during the avian influenza A(H7N9) emergency response. Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal, 2013, 4(4):1–3.
doi:10.5365/wpsar.2013.4.3.005 pmid:24478916
3. Zhang EX et al. Leveraging social networking sites for disease surveillance and public sensing: the case of the 2013 avian influenza A(H7N9) outbreak in China. Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal, 2015, 6(2). doi:10.5365/
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