View of Antioxidant Potential of Selected Indigenous Fruits Using In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation Assay

Antioxidant Potential of Selected Indigenous Fruits Using In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation Assay

3BDRVFM5BO$IVB

Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Saint Louis University, Baguio City

KEYWORDS: absorbance value, antioxidant potential, indigenous fruits, In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation Assay, natural antioxidants This study was primarily concerned in determining the antioxidant potential of the edible parts of selected indigenous fruits grown in the Cordillera region namely ayosep (Vaccinium angustifolium), bitungol ()ODFRXUWLDLQGLFD), kalamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa), marble tomato (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium), native lacatan (0XVD paradisiaca), native passion fruit (3DVVLÁRUDHGXOLV), pinit (Rubus copelandii), rattan (Calamus mollis), tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea) and tumok (0XVDWURJORG\WDUXP) as compared to Vitamin E. Antioxidant potential of the extracts was tested and measured using In Vitro Lipid Peroxidation Assay as indicated by absorbance value in mAU and % Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition. Based on this test, all the fruits exhibited greater antioxidant potential than Vitamin E. Native passion fruit and rattan exhibited the greatest antioxidant potential and therefore, ranked 1.

INTRODUCTION

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˜Š¢ǰȱ‘Žȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱ›˜•Žȱ˜ȱ’ŽŠ›¢ȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—œȱ’—ȱ–Š’—Š’—’—ȱ

’—Ž›’¢ȱ˜ȱ•’Ÿ’—ȱ˜›Š—’œ–œȱ’œȱŠ’—’—ȱ›ŽŒ˜—’’˜—ǯȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘Žœȱ

Œ˜—’—žŽȱ˜ȱ›˜ ȱ›ŽŠ›’—ȱ‘Žȱ’–™˜›Š—ŒŽȱ˜ȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—œȱŠœȱ

‘ŽŠ•‘ž•ȱŒ˜–™˜—Ž—œȱ˜ȱ˜˜ǯȱ—’˜¡’Š—œȱŠ›Žȱœž‹œŠ—ŒŽœȱ‘ŠȱŽ•Š¢ȱ

˜›ȱ ’—‘’‹’ȱ ˜¡’Š’ŸŽȱ Š–ŠŽȱ ǻ‘˜¢ǰȱ Ž£’Žǰȱ ǭȱ ‘˜ǰȱ ŘŖŖŖDzȱ Š—œŽ‘ǰȱ ŗşşřǼǯȱŽ ȱŠŠȱŠ›ŽȱŒ˜—œŠ—•¢ȱŠ‘Ž›Žȱ˜ȱœ‘˜ ȱ‘Žȱ›˜•Žȱ˜ȱ˜¡’Š’ŸŽȱ

œ›Žœœȱ Š—ȱ ‘Žȱ ’—Ÿ˜•ŸŽ–Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽŽȱ ›Š’ŒŠ•œȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ™Š‘˜Ž—Žœ’œȱ ˜ȱ

ŽŽ—Ž›Š’ŸŽȱ ’œŽŠœŽœȱ œžŒ‘ȱ Šœȱ ŒŠ—ŒŽ›ȱ Š—ȱ ŒŠ›’˜ŸŠœŒž•Š›ȱ ’œŽŠœŽœȱ ǻŠ¢Šȱ ǭȱ Ÿ’›Š–ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗDzȱ ‘˜›ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ‘Žȱ –˜œȱ •’”Ž•¢ȱ Š—ȱ ™›ŠŒ’ŒŠ•ȱ  Š¢ȱ ˜ȱ ꐑȱ ŽŽ—Ž›Š’ŸŽȱ ’œŽŠœŽœȱ ’œȱ ˜ȱ ’–™›˜ŸŽȱ ‹˜¢ȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—ȱ

œŠžœȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱŒ˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱŠŒ‘’ŽŸŽȱ‹¢ȱ‘’‘Ž›ȱŒ˜—œž–™’˜—ȱ˜ȱŸŽŽŠ‹•Žœȱ

Š—ȱ›ž’œȱǻŠ•Ÿ˜›œŽ—ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŘDzȱ’••Ž›ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŖDzȱžȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ

ž’Žœȱ‘ŠŸŽȱœ‘˜ —ȱ‘Šȱ’—Œ›ŽŠœŽȱŒ˜—œž–™’˜—ȱ˜ȱ›Žœ‘ȱ›ž’œȱŠ—ȱ

ŸŽŽŠ‹•Žœȱ’œȱŠœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ ’‘ȱ•˜ Ž›ȱ’—Œ’Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ’œŽŠœŽǯȱ

ŽŒŽ—ȱœž’Žœȱ‘ŠŸŽȱœ‘˜ —ȱ‘Šȱ™›˜ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ–ŽŒ‘Š—’œ–œȱ˜ȱ›ž’œȱ

Š›Žȱ‘˜ž‘ȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠĴ›’‹žŽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ—Šž›Š•ȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—œȱ ǻ˜–ȱǭȱ’žǰȱŘŖŖŘDzȱŽ••Ž›’—’ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱž’Žœȱ˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ

™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ˜ȱŒ˜––˜—ȱ‘’•’™™’—Žȱ›ž’œȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱ‹’—Š¢ǰȱ”Š•ž–™’ǰȱ’ŽœŠǰȱ

ž›’Š—ǰȱ ‹Š˜ȱ ǻ‘’•’™™’—Žȱ Ž œȱ Ž—Œ¢ǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǰȱ ”Š–˜—ǰȱ ›Š–‹žŠ—ǰȱ

”Š–’Šœǰȱ ™˜–Ž•˜ȱ ǻ‘’•’™™’—Žȱ •Ž›—Š’ŸŽȱ Ž’Œ’—Žǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǰȱ ™Š™Š¢Šȱ ǻȃŠ™Š¢ŠǰȄȱ —ǯǯǼǰȱ žŠŸŠȱ ǻ—’Žȱ ŠŽœȱ Ž™Š›–Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ ›’Œž•ž›Žǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ –Š—˜œŽŽ—ȱ ǻȃŠ—˜œŽŽ—ǰȄȱ —ǯǯǼǰȱ Š—ȱ —˜—’ȱ ǻȃ˜—’ǰȄȱ —ǯǯǼȱ  Ž›Žȱ›Ž™˜›Žǯȱ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ’—˜›–Š’˜—ȱ˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•ȱŒ˜–™˜œ’’˜—ȱ

Š—ȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—ȱ ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ ˜ȱ ’—’Ž—˜žœȱ ›ž’œȱ ‘Šȱ Š›Žȱ —Š’ŸŽȱ Š—ȱ

˜ŒŒž››’—ȱ—Šž›Š••¢ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜›’••Ž›Šȱ›Ž’˜—ȱ‘Šœȱ—˜ȱ¢Žȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱ˜—Žǯȱ

‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ ’Ž—’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ™‘¢œ’˜•˜’ŒŠ••¢ȱ ŠŒ’ŸŽȱ Œ˜—œ’žŽ—œȱ

Š—ȱ ’—ŸŽœ’Š’˜—ȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—ȱ ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜••˜ ’—ȱ

œŽ•ŽŒŽȱ ’—’Ž—˜žœȱ ›ž’œȱ —Š–Ž•¢ȱ Š¢˜œŽ™ȱ ǻVaccinium angustifoliumǼǰȱ

‹’ž—˜•ȱ ǻFlacourtia indicaǼǰȱ ”Š•Š–˜—’—ȱ ǻ’›˜˜›ž—Ž••Šȱ –’Œ›˜ŒŠ›™ŠǼǰȱ

–Š›‹•Žȱ ˜–Š˜ȱ ǻ¢Œ˜™Ž›œ’Œ˜—ȱ ™’–™’—Ž••’˜•’ž–Ǽǰȱ —Š’ŸŽȱ •ŠŒŠŠ—ȱ ǻMusa

™Š›Š’œ’ŠŒŠǼǰȱ —Š’ŸŽȱ ™Šœœ’˜—ȱ ›ž’ȱ ǻŠœœ’Ě˜›Šȱ ȱ Žž•’œǼǰȱ ™’—’ȱ ǻRubus

Œ˜™Ž•Š—’’Ǽǰȱ ›ŠĴŠ—ȱ ǻŠ•Š–žœȱ –˜••’œǼǰȱ Š–Š›’••˜ȱ ǻ¢™‘˜–Š—›Šȱ ‹ŽŠŒŽŠǼȱ

Š—ȱž–˜”ȱǻMusa troglodytarumǼȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŒŠ››’Žȱ˜žǯȱ

MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical Screening of Fruits

‘ŽȱœŽŒ˜—Š›¢ȱ–ŽŠ‹˜•’ŽœȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱŠ•”Š•˜’œǰȱœŽ›˜’œǰȱŠ—‘›Ššž’—˜—Žœǰȱ

œŠ™˜—’—œǰȱ ™˜•¢™‘Ž—˜•œǰȱ ̊Ÿ˜—˜’œǰȱ Š—ȱ Š——’—œȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ

Ž’‹•Žȱ™˜›’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱ Ž›ŽȱŽŽ›–’—Žȱžœ’—ȱ™›Ž•’–’—Š›¢ȱŠ—ȱ

Œ˜—ę›–Š˜›¢ȱŽœœȱǻž’—Š•˜ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱŠ•”Š•˜’œȱ  Šœȱ ŽŽŒŽȱ žœ’—ȱ Š¢Ž›Ȃœȱ Š—ȱ ›ŠŽ—˜›ěȂœȱ Žœœȱ Š—ȱ ˜›ȱ ‘Žȱ

˜‘Ž›œȱ‘Žȱ˜••˜ ’—ȱ Ž›ŽȱžœŽDZȱœŽ›˜’œȱžœ’—ȱŽ••Ž›Ȭ’••’Š—’ȱŽœȱ˜›ȱ

Ž˜¡¢œžŠ›œDzȱ’Ž‹Ž›–Š——Ȭž›Œ‘Š›ȱŽœȱ˜›ȱž—œŠž›ŠŽȱœŽ›˜•œȱŠ—ȱ

ŽŽȱŽœȱ˜›ȱž—œŠž›ŠŽȱ•ŠŒ˜—ŽœDzȱŠ—‘›Ššž’—˜—Žœȱžœ’—ȱ˜›—›ŠŽ›Ȃœȱ

Š—ȱ–˜’ꮍȱ˜›—›ŠŽ›ȂœȱŽœœDzȱ̊Ÿ˜—˜’œȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱ•ŽžŒ˜Š—‘˜Œ¢Š—’—œȱ

žœ’—ȱŠŽȱ–’‘ȱŠ—ȱŽŒŠ•ȱŽœDzȱ̊Ÿ˜—˜’œȱŒ˜—Š’—’—ȱŒ¢Š—’’—Ȭ¢Ȭ

‹Ž—£˜™¢›Ž—Žȱ—žŒ•Žžœȱžœ’—ȱ’•œŠĴŽ›ȱȃŒ¢Š—’’—ȄȱŽœDzȱ›˜‘ȱŽœȱ˜›ȱ

œŠ™˜—’—œȱ  ‘’•Žȱ Š——’—œȱ Š—ȱ ™˜•¢™‘Ž—˜•œȱ žœ’—ȱ Ž•Š’—ȱ Š—ȱ Ž››’Œȱ

Œ‘•˜›’ŽȱŽœœDzȱŠ—ǰȱ ž’—Š›ȱŽœȱ˜›ȱŒ¢Š—˜Ž—’Œȱ•¢Œ˜œ’Žǯȱ

Preparation of Fruit Extracts and Control

™™›˜¡’–ŠŽ•¢ȱŘŖȱȱ˜ȱŽ’‹•Žȱ›ž’ȱ™˜›’˜—ȱ’—Œ•ž’—ȱœŽŽœȱ˜›ȱ™ŽŽ•’—œȱ  Šœȱ ‘˜–˜Ž—’£Žȱ  ’‘ȱ ŞŖȱ –•ȱ ˜ȱ ŗŖŖƖȱ –Ž‘Š—˜•ȱ ǻŽ’ŠǼȱ ’—ȱ Šȱ ‹•Ž—Ž›ȱ ǻ¢˜ ŠȱȱŗŗŖşŜǼȱ˜›ȱŗȱ–’—ȱŠ—ȱ ŠœȱꕝŽ›Žȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱꕝŽ›ȱ™Š™Ž›ȱǻ˜ǯŗǰȱ

‘Š–Š—ȱ—ŒǯǼǯȱ‘Žȱ›Žœ’žŽȱ Šœȱ›ŽȬŽ¡›ŠŒŽȱžœ’—ȱŘŖȱ–ȱ–Ž‘Š—˜•ȱŠ—ȱ

‘Ž—ȱꕝŽ›Žǯȱ‘ŽȱŽ¡›ŠŒœȱ Ž›ŽȱŒ˜–‹’—ŽȱŠ—ȱŒ˜—ŒŽ—›ŠŽȱ˜ȱŠȱŸ˜•ž–Žȱ

˜ȱ ŚŖȱ –•ȱ žœ’—ȱ Šȱ ›˜Š›¢ȱ ŽŸŠ™˜›Š˜›ȱ ǻŽ’˜•™‘Ǽȱ ž—Ž›ȱ ™Š›’Š•ȱ ŸŠŒžž–ȱ

Šȱ ŞŖȱ ǚȱ ǻŠ‘ŠĴŠ—ŠŠ ŽŽǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ ‘Žȱ ›ž’ȱ Ž¡›ŠŒœȱ ˜‹Š’—Žȱ ‘›˜ž‘ȱ

›˜Š›¢ȱŽŸŠ™˜›Š’˜—ȱ Ž›ŽȱžœŽȱ’—ȱIn vitroȱ’™’ȱŽ›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱœœŠ¢ǯȱ’ŸŽ›ȱ

‘˜–˜Ž—ŠŽȱ ’‘ȱŽ››’ŒȱŒ‘•˜›’ŽȱŠ—ȱŒ˜––Ž›Œ’Š••¢ȱŠŸŠ’•Š‹•Žȱ’Š–’—ȱȱ ǻŘŖŖȱž—’œǼȱœŽ›ŸŽȱŠœȱ‘Žȱ™˜œ’’ŸŽȱŒ˜—›˜•ȱ ‘’•Žȱ•’ŸŽ›ȱ‘˜–˜Ž—ŠŽȱ›ŽŠŽȱ  ’‘ȱŽ››’ŒȱŒ‘•˜›’Žȱ Šœȱ‘Žȱ—ŽŠ’ŸŽȱŒ˜—›˜•ǯȱȱ

Preparation of Homogenate

‘Žȱ•’ŸŽ›ȱ˜ȱ—˜›–Š•ȱ’œŠ›ȱ›ŠȱǻŠĴžœȱ—˜›ŸŽ’ŒžœǼǰȱŠ—ȱŠ•‹’—˜ȱ•Š‹˜›Š˜›¢ȱ

›ŠȱŒ˜––˜—•¢ȱžœŽȱ’—ȱ‹’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŠ—ȱ–Ž’ŒŠ•ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ŠœȱžœŽȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ

œž¢ǯȱŽ›ȱ’œœŽŒ’˜—ǰȱ‘Žȱœ™ŽŒ’–Ž—ȱ Šœȱ™Ž›žœŽȱ ’‘ȱ’ŒŽȱŒ˜•ȱŖǯşƖȱ

œ˜’ž–ȱŒ‘•˜›’ŽȱǻŠ•Ǽȱ˜›ȱ˜›–Š•ȱŠ•’—Žȱ˜•ž’˜—ȱǻǼȱ˜ȱ–Š’—Š’—ȱ

—˜›–Š•ȱ ŒŽ••ȱ ž›’’¢ȱ Š—ȱ ˜ȱ ŠŸ˜’ȱ ›Š™’ȱ ˜¡’Š’˜—ǯȱ ‘Žȱ ’œœžŽȱ  Šœȱ

‘˜–˜Ž—’£ŽȱŠȱŠȱŒ˜—ŒŽ—›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱŗŖȱƖȱ ȦŸȱ’—ȱŗǯŗśƖȱ˜ȱ™˜Šœœ’ž–ȱ

Œ‘•˜›’Žȱǻ•Ǽȱ’œœ˜•ŸŽȱ’—ȱ’œ’••Žȱ ŠŽ›ȱžœ’—ȱŠȱ–˜›Š›ȱŠ—ȱ™Žœ•Žȱ

Š—ȱ ŠœȱŒŽ—›’žŽȱŠȱřǰȱŖŖŖȱ›™–ȱ˜›ȱŗŖȱ–’—žŽœȱ˜ȱ˜‹Š’—ȱ‘Žȱ›Šȱ•’ŸŽ›ȱ

‘˜–˜Ž—ŠŽǯ

In Vitro Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation

’™’ȱ™Ž›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱ’œȱŠȱ Ž••ȱŽœŠ‹•’œ‘Žȱ–ŽŒ‘Š—’œ–ȱ˜ȱŒŽ••ž•Š›ȱ’—“ž›¢ȱ

’—ȱ‹˜‘ȱ™•Š—œȱŠ—ȱŠ—’–Š•œǯȱȱ’œȱžœŽȱŠœȱ’—’ŒŠ˜›ȱ˜ȱ˜¡’Š’ŸŽȱœ›Žœœȱ’—ȱ

ŒŽ••œȱŠ—ȱ’œœžŽœȱǻ¡˜›ȱ’˜–Ž’ŒŠ•ȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǰȱŘŖŗŖDzȱ¡’œȱŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǰȱ ŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ‘Žȱ˜••˜ ’—ȱœŽ™œȱ Ž›Žȱ˜—Žȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱœž¢DZȱ ˜ȱ›˜™œȱǻŗŖŖȱ

žǼȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›Žœ‘ȱŽ¡›ŠŒȱ›˜–ȱ‘ŽȱœŽ•ŽŒŽȱ›ž’ȱ Ž›Žȱ–’¡Žȱ ’‘ȱŖǯśȱ–•ȱ

˜ȱ‘Žȱ‘˜–˜Ž—ŠŽǯȱ’™’ȱ™Ž›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱ Šœȱ’—žŒŽȱ‹¢ȱŠ’—ȱ ˜ȱ

›˜™œȱǻŗŖŖȱžǼȱ˜ȱŗŖƖȱŽ››’ŒȱŒ‘•˜›’ŽȱǻŽ•řǼǯȱ ˜ȱ›˜™œȱǻŗŖŖȱžǼȱ˜ȱ

‘ŽȱŒ˜––Ž›Œ’Š••¢ȱŠŸŠ’•Š‹•ŽȱŘŖŖȱȱ΅ȱ˜Œ˜™‘Ž›˜•ȱ’Š–’—ȱȱǻšž’‹‹Ǽȱ

ŒŠ™œž•ŽǰȱŖǯśȱ–•ȱ‘˜–˜Ž—ŠŽȱŠ—ȱŘȱ›˜™œȱŽ•řȱœ˜•ž’˜—ȱ Ž›ŽȱžœŽȱŠœȱ

ŠȱœŠ—Š›ȱǻ™˜œ’’ŸŽȱŒ˜—›˜•Ǽȱ ‘’•Žȱ‘Žȱ—ŽŠ’ŸŽȱŒ˜—›˜•ȱ ŠœȱŒ˜–™˜œŽȱ

˜ȱŖǯśȱ–ȱ•’ŸŽ›ȱ‘˜–˜Ž—ŠŽȱŠ—ȱŘȱ›˜™œȱǻŗŖŖȱžǼȱŗŖƖȱŽ››’ŒȱŒ‘•˜›’Žȱ

˜—•¢ǯȱ‘Žȱ–’¡ž›Žœȱ Ž›Žȱ’—Œž‹ŠŽȱŠȱřŝȱŽǯȱȱ˜›ȱŘŖȱ–’—žŽœȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱ

›ŽŠŒ’˜—ȱ Šœȱœ˜™™Žȱ‹¢ȱŠ’—ȱŘȱ–•ȱ˜ȱ’ŒŽȱŒ˜•ȱŖǯŘśȱ‘¢›˜Œ‘•˜›’Œȱ

ŠŒ’ȱǻ•ǼȱŒ˜—Š’—’—ȱŗśƖȱ›’Œ‘˜•˜›˜ŠŒŽ’ŒȱŠŒ’ǰȱŖǯřŞȱƖȱ‘’˜‹Š›‹’ž›’Œȱ

ŠŒ’ȱ Š—ȱ ŖǯŖśȱ Ɩȱ ‹ž¢•ŠŽȱ ‘¢›˜¡¢ȱ ˜•žŽ—Žǯȱ••ȱ ž‹Žœȱ  Ž›Žȱ ‘ŽŠŽȱ

ŠȱŞŖȱŽǯȱȱ˜›ȱŗśȱ–’—žŽœǯȱ’¡ž›Žœȱ Ž›ŽȱŒŽ—›’žŽȱŠȱŚǰŖŖŖȱ›™–ȱ

˜›ȱśȱ–’—žŽœǯȱŽŠœž›Ž–Ž—ȱ˜ȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱ’—ȱ–’••’ȬŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱž—’ȱ ǻ–Ǽȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱœž™Ž›—ŠŠ—ȱ Šœȱ˜—Žȱžœ’—ȱȱ’œȱœ™ŽŒ›˜™‘˜˜–ŽŽ›ȱ

žŠ•ȱŽŠ–ȱśśŖȱǻŠ‹˜–ŽǼȱŠȱśřŘȱ—–ǯȱŠ•Œž•Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱƖȱ—‘’‹’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ

’™’ȱ Ž›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱ žœ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ˜›–ž•ŠDZȱ Ɩȱ —‘’‹’’˜—ȱ ƽȱ ǽǻȱ Ȯȱȱ ǼȦȱ ȱǾȱ¡ȱŗŖŖȱ ‘Ž›ŽDZȱȬȱŠ‹œ˜›™’˜—ȱ˜ȱ—ŽŠ’ŸŽȱŒ˜—›˜•ȱœŠ–™•ŽDzȱȱȮȱ

Š‹œ˜›™’˜—ȱ˜ȱŽœŽȱŽ¡›ŠŒȱœ˜•ž’˜—ȱǻŠ‘ŽŽȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŜDzȱ˜ž›’ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŞDzȱž—Š›Š›Š“Š—ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯ

Statistical Analysis

žŠ—’Š’ŸŽȱ ŠŠȱ ˜—ȱ Š‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱ ŸŠ•žŽœȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›ž’œȱ Š—ȱ Œ˜—›˜•œȱ

–ŽŠœž›Žȱžœ’—ȱIn vitroȱ’™’ȱŽ›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱŠœœŠ¢ȱ’—ȱ꟎ȱ›Ž™•’ŒŠŽœȱ Ž›Žȱ

›ŽŠŽȱœŠ’œ’ŒŠ••¢ȱžœ’—ȱ˜—Žȱ Š¢ȱ—Š•¢œ’œȱ˜ȱŠ›’Š—ŒŽȱǻǼǯȱ‘Žȱ ŖǯŖśȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ˜ȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ŒŽȱ ŠœȱžœŽȱ’—ȱŽœ’—ȱ‘Žȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ŒŽȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ

 ˜ȱ–ŽŠ—œǯȱ˜ȱ•˜ŒŠŽȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Žȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽȱ•’ŽœǰȱŠȱ˜••˜ ȱž™ȱŽœǰȱž”Ž¢ȱ

–Ž‘˜ȱ  Šœȱ žœŽǯȱ ’—Š••¢ǰȱ ›Š—”’—ȱ  Šœȱ ˜—Žȱ ˜ȱ ŽŽ›–’—Žȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ

Š–˜—ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱ‘’‘ŽœȱŠ—ȱ•˜ ŽœȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ǯȱ

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Phytochemical Constituents of the Fruits

Žœž•œȱ ǻŠ‹•Žȱ ŗǼȱ œ‘˜ ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ ˜ȱ Š•”Š•˜’œȱ ’—ȱ Š¢˜œŽ™ǰȱ —Š’ŸŽȱ

™Šœœ’˜—ȱ›ž’ǰȱ”Š•Š–˜—’—ǰȱ–Š›‹•Žȱ˜–Š˜ǰȱŠ—ȱŠ–Š›’••˜ǯȱŒŒ˜›’—ȱ

˜ȱŽ››Š’£ȱŠ—ȱ Š•’œŽ˜ȱǻŘŖŖřǼǰȱŠ•”Š•˜’œȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱŠ›˜–Š’ŒȱΆȱŒŠ›‹˜•’—Žȱ

Š•”Š•˜’œȱŠ›Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ’—ȱ›ž’œȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱ’—ȱ›Š’œ’—œǰȱ›Š™Žǰȱ›Š™Žȱ“ž’ŒŽȱŠ—ȱ  ’—Žǯȱ—ȱ‘Žȱœž¢ȱ‘Ž¢ȱŒ˜—žŒŽȱžœ’—ȱŘȂŘȂȬȱŠ£’—˜Ȭ‹’œȱ˜›ȱȱŠœœŠ¢ǰȱ

Š•”Š•˜’œȱ ŠŒŽȱ Šœȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—œȱ Š—ȱ ›ŽŽȱ ›Š’ŒŠ•ȱ œŒŠŸŽ—Ž›œȱ  ‘Ž—ȱ

Š‹œ˜›‹ŽȱŠ—ȱŠŒŒž–ž•ŠŽȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ‹˜¢ǯȱŽ›˜’œȱŠ›Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ’—ȱŠ••ȱ‘Žȱ

›ž’œȱœž’ŽȱŽ¡ŒŽ™ȱ•ŠŒŠŠ—ȱŠ—ȱž–˜”ǯȱŽ›˜’œȱ™˜œœŽœœȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ

™›˜™Ž›’Žœǯȱ•Š—ȱ™‘¢˜œŽ›˜•œǰȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱΆȱœ’˜œŽ›˜•ȱ˜ž—ȱ’—ȱ™ŽŠ—žœǰȱ

‘ŠŸŽȱŠ—’ȬŒŠ—ŒŽ›ȱ‘ŽŠ•‘ȱŽěŽŒœȱ’—ȱœŽŸŽ›Š•ȱŒŠœŽœȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱœ˜–ŠŒ‘ǰȱŒ˜•˜—ǰȱ

‹›ŽŠœȱŠ—ȱ™›˜œŠŽȱŒŠ—ŒŽ›ǰȱŠ—ȱ‘Ž•™ȱ•˜ Ž›ȱȱŒ‘˜•ŽœŽ›˜•ȱ•ŽŸŽ•ȱ‹¢ȱ

‹•˜Œ”’—ȱ’œȱŠ‹œ˜›™’˜—ȱǻ Šȱǭȱ’—”ǰȱŘŖŖŖDzȱ˜›’žœ’ǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ

Š™˜—’—œȱ Š›Žȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ ’—ȱ Š••ȱ ‘Žȱ ›ž’œȱ Ž¡ŒŽ™ȱ Š¢˜œŽ™ǰȱ ‹’ž—˜•ȱ Š—ȱ

ž–˜”ǯȱ Š™˜—’—œȱ  ˜›”ȱ Šœȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—œȱ ‹¢ȱ ’—‘’‹’’—ȱ ˜›–Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽŽȱ

Table 1. 3K\WRFKHPLFDO$QDO\VLV'DWDRIWKH)UXLW([WUDFWV FamilyFruit SpeciesASNPOTFC ›ŽŒŠŒŽŠŽȱŠĴŠ—ȱǻǯȱ–˜••’œǼȱȱȱȱȬȱƸȱȬȱƸȱƸȱƸȱȬȱȬ ›’ŒŠŒŽŠŽȱ¢˜œŽ™ȱǻǯȱŠ—žœ’˜•’ž–ǼȱȱȱƸȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬȱȬȱƸȱȬ •ŠŒ˜ž›’ŠŒŽŠŽȱ’ž—˜•ȱǻǯȱ’—’ŒŠǼȱȱȱȬȱƸȱȬȱȬȱƸȱƸȱƸȱȬ žœŠŒŽŠŽȱŠ’ŸŽȱ•ŠŒŠŠ—ȱǻǯȱ™Š›Š’œ’ŠŒŠǼȱȱȬȱȬȱȬȱƸȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬ žœŠŒŽŠŽȱž–˜”ȱǻǯȱ›˜•˜¢Š›ž–ǼȱȱȱȬȱȬȱȬȱȬȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬ Šœœ’Ě˜›ŠŒŽŠŽȱŠ’ŸŽȱ™Šœœ’˜—ȱǻǯŽž•’œǼȱȱȱƸȱƸȱȬȱƸȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬ ˜œŠŒŽŠŽȱ’—’ȱǻǯȱŒ˜™Ž•Š—’’ǼȱȱȱȬȱƸȱȬȱƸȱƸȱȬȱƸȱȬ žŠŒŽŠŽȱŠ•Š–˜—’—ȱǻǯȱ–’Œ›˜ŒŠ›™ŠǼȱȱƸȱƸȱȬȱƸȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬ ˜•Š—ŠŒŽŠŽȱŠ›‹•Žȱ˜–Š˜ȱǻǯȱ™’–™’—Ž••’˜••’ž–ǼȱȱƸȱƸȱȬȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬȱȬ ˜•Š—ŠŒŽŠŽȱŠ–Š›’••˜ȱǻǯȱ‹ŽŠŒŽŠǼȱȱȱƸȱƸȱȬȱƸȱȬȱȬȱƸȱȬ ›ŽŒŠŒŽŠŽȱŠĴŠ—ȱǻǯȱ–˜••’œǼȱȱȱȱȬȱƸȱȬȱƸȱƸȱƸȱȬȱȬ ›’ŒŠŒŽŠŽȱ¢˜œŽ™ȱǻǯȱŠ—žœ’˜•’ž–ǼȱȱȱƸȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬȱȬȱƸȱȬ •ŠŒ˜ž›’ŠŒŽŠŽȱ’ž—˜•ȱǻǯȱ’—’ŒŠǼȱȱȱȬȱƸȱȬȱȬȱƸȱƸȱƸȱȬ žœŠŒŽŠŽȱŠ’ŸŽȱ•ŠŒŠŠ—ȱǻǯȱ™Š›Š’œ’ŠŒŠǼȱȱȬȱȬȱȬȱƸȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬ žœŠŒŽŠŽȱž–˜”ȱǻǯȱ›˜•˜¢Š›ž–ǼȱȱȱȬȱȬȱȬȱȬȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬ Šœœ’Ě˜›ŠŒŽŠŽȱŠ’ŸŽȱ™Šœœ’˜—ȱǻǯȱŽž•’œǼȱȱȱƸȱƸȱȬȱƸȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬ ˜œŠŒŽŠŽȱ’—’ȱǻǯȱŒ˜™Ž•Š—’’ǼȱȱȱȬȱƸȱȬȱƸȱƸȱȬȱƸȱȬ žŠŒŽŠŽȱŠ•Š–˜—’—ȱǻǯȱ–’Œ›˜ŒŠ›™ŠǼȱȱƸȱƸȱȬȱƸȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬ ˜•Š—ŠŒŽŠŽȱŠ›‹•Žȱ˜–Š˜ȱǻǯȱ™’–™’—Ž••’˜••’ž–ǼȱȱƸȱƸȱȬȱƸȱȬȱȬȱȬȱȬ ˜•Š—ŠŒŽŠŽȱŠ–Š›’••˜ȱǻǯȱ‹ŽŠŒŽŠǼȱȱȱƸȱƸȱȬȱƸȱȬȱȬȱƸȱȬ LEGEND:ȱȮȱ•”Š•˜’œDzȱȮȱŽ›˜’œDzȱȮȱ—‘›Ššž’—˜—ŽœDzȱȮȱŠ™˜—’—œDzȱȬȱ˜•¢™‘Ž—˜•œDzȱȮȱŠ——’—œDzȱȮȱ•ŠŸ˜—˜’œDzȱŠ—ȱȮȱ¢Š—˜Ȭ Ž—’Œȱ•¢Œ˜œ’ŽœȱǻƸȱ™˜œ’’ŸŽǰȱȬȱ—ŽŠ’ŸŽǼ

›Š’ŒŠ•œȱǻŠ•Š—›’—ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱ˜•¢™‘Ž—˜•œȱŠ›Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ’—ȱŠ••ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱŽ¡ŒŽ™ȱ

–Š›‹•Žȱ˜–Š˜ǯȱŠ——’—œȱŠ›Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ˜—•¢ȱ’—ȱ›ŠĴŠ—ȱŠ—ȱ‹’ž—˜•ǯȱŠ——’—œȱ

Š—ȱ™˜•¢™‘Ž—˜•œȱŠ›Žȱ™˜ Ž›ž•ȱ›ŽŽȱ›Š’ŒŠ•ȱœŒŠŸŽ—Ž›œȱŠ—ȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—œȱ ǻŠ¢Ž›ǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ‘ŽȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱ˜ȱ™˜•¢™‘Ž—˜•œȱŠ›Žȱ–Š’—•¢ȱžŽȱ

˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ›Ž˜¡ȱ™›˜™Ž›’Žœȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ™•Š¢ȱŠ—ȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱ›˜•Žȱ’—ȱŠœ˜›‹’—ȱŠ—ȱ

—Žž›Š•’£’—ȱ›ŽŽȱ›Š’ŒŠ•œǰȱšžŽ—Œ‘’—ȱ˜¡¢Ž—ȱ˜›ȱŽŒ˜–™˜œ’—ȱ™Ž›˜¡’Žœȱ ǻŠ›˜žȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ‘Ž—˜•’ŒȱŒ˜–™˜ž—œȱȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱŒŠěŽ’ŒǰȱŽ›ž•’ŒȱŠ—ȱŠ••’Œȱ

ŠŒ’ȱ Ž¡‘’‹’ȱ ‘’‘ȱ ›ŽŽȱ ›Š’ŒŠ•ȱ œŒŠŸŽ—’—ȱ ŠŒ’Ÿ’’Žœȱ ǻ‘Ž—ȱ ǭȱ Ž—ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝDzȱ

Š—ŠŒ‘ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱŠŒ£”ȱǭȱ‘Š‘’’ǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ

•ŠŸ˜—˜’œȱ Š›Žȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ ˜—•¢ȱ ’—ȱ Š¢˜œŽ™ǰȱ ‹’ž—˜•ǰȱ ™’—’ǰȱ Š—ȱ

Š–Š›’••˜ǯȱ•ŠŸ˜—˜’œȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱšžŽ›ŒŽ’—ȱŠ—ȱ”ŠŽ–™Ž›˜•ȱ’—ȱŽŠǰȱŠ™™•Žœȱ

Š—ȱ ‹Ž››’Žœȱ ™˜œœŽœœȱ Š—’˜¡’Š’ŸŽȱ Š—ȱ ›Š’ŒŠ•ȱ œŒŠŸŽ—’—ȱ ŠŒ’Ÿ’’Žœȱ ǻ˜›ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŜDzȱ’ŽĴŠǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ•ŠŸ˜—˜’œȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱšžŽ›ŒŽ’—ȱ’—ȱŒ’›žœȱ

›ž’œȱŠ—ȱŽ›ž•’ŒȱŠŒ’œȱ’—ȱ›Š’—œȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŽ–˜—œ›ŠŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱŠ—’Ȭ

’—ĚŠ––Š˜›¢ǰȱŠ—’ȬŠ••Ž›Ž—’ŒǰȱŠ—’ȬŠ’—ȱŠ—ȱŠ—’ŒŠ›Œ’—˜Ž—’ŒȱŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱ ǻ˜¢ǰȱŗşŞŜDzȱŠŸœŽŽ—ǰȱŗşŞřDzȱ˜–ȱǭȱ’žǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ—‘›Ššž’—˜—ŽœȱŠ—ȱ

Œ¢Š—˜Ž—’Œȱ•¢Œ˜œ’ŽœȱŠ›ŽȱŠ‹œŽ—ȱ’—ȱŠ••ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œǯȱ‘žœǰȱ‘ŽȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ

™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱ’œȱ—˜ȱŒ˜—›’‹žŽȱ‹¢ȱ‘ŽȱœŠ’ȱŒ˜–™˜ž—œǯȱ Antioxidant Potential of the Fruits

‘Žȱ–ŽŠ—ȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱŸŠ•žŽœȱŠ—ȱƖȱ•’™’ȱ™Ž›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱ’—‘’‹’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ

ŸŠ›’˜žœȱ›ž’ȱŽ¡›ŠŒœȱŠ—ȱŒ˜—›˜•œȱ’—ȱ꟎ȱ›Ž™•’ŒŠŽœȱǻŠ‹•ŽȱŘǼȱœ‘˜ œȱ‘Šȱ

Š••ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱœž¢ȱ™˜œœŽœœȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱŠœȱ’—’ŒŠŽȱ‹¢ȱ

‘Ž’›ȱ•˜ Ž›ȱ–ŽŠ—ȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱŠœȱŒ˜–™Š›Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ™˜œ’’ŸŽȱŒ˜—›˜•ǯȱȱ•˜ Ž›ȱ

Š‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱŸŠ•žŽȱ’—’ŒŠŽœȱ•ŽœœŽ›ȱŠ–˜ž—ȱ˜ȱ–Š•˜—’Š•Ž‘¢Žȱ˜›–ŽȱŠœȱŠȱ

‹¢™›˜žŒȱ˜ȱ•’™’ȱ™Ž›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱǻŒ›’Žȱǭȱ›ŠŽ–Ž›ǰȱŗşşşǼǯȱȱŠ•œ˜ȱ’–™•’Žœȱ

‘’‘Ž›ȱ Ɩȱ •’™’ȱ ™Ž›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱ ’—‘’‹’’˜—ǯȱ ’Š–’—ȱ ȱ Š—ȱ Ž››’Œȱ Œ‘•˜›’Žȱ

‘ŠȱŠ—ȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱŸŠ•žŽȱ˜ȱŖǯŞřşŜȱŠ—ȱŖǯşŜşȱ–ǯȱŠ’ŸŽȱ™Šœœ’˜—ȱ›ž’ȱ

‘Šœȱ‘Žȱ•˜ ŽœȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱŸŠ•žŽȱ’—ȱ–ȱǻŖǯŖşŚŘǼǰȱŠ—ȱ‘’‘ŽœȱƖȱ•’™’ȱ

™Ž›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱ ’—‘’‹’’˜—ȱ ǻşŖǯřƖǼȱ ˜••˜ Žȱ ‹¢ȱ ›ŠĴŠ—ȱ ǻŖǯŗśŖǼȱ Š—ȱ Š¢˜œŽ™ȱ ǻŖǯŘŘśǼǯȱ‘Žȱ›ž’ȱ ’‘ȱ‘Žȱ‘’‘ŽœȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱŸŠ•žŽȱǻŖǯŜřşŜǼȱŠ—ȱ•˜ ŽœȱƖȱ

•’™’ȱ™Ž›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱ’—‘’‹’’˜—ȱǻřŚƖǼȱ’œȱ–Š›‹•Žȱ˜–Š˜ǰȱ˜••˜ Žȱ‹¢ȱ‘Žȱ ˜ȱ

‹Š—Š—Šȱœ™ŽŒ’Žœǰȱ•ŠŒŠŠ—ȱǻŖǯśŚŝŚǼȱŠ—ȱž–˜”ȱǻŖǯŚŜŜŝǼǯȱȱ

0HDQ$EVRUEDQFH9DOXHVP$8DQGRI/LSLG3HUR[LGDWLRQ,QKLELWLRQ /3,RIWKH)UXLW([WUDFWVDQG&RQWUROV

˜ȱž›‘Ž›ȱŠ—Š•¢£ŽȱŠ—ȱ’—Ž›™›Žȱ‘ŽȱŠŠȱŠ‘Ž›Žǰȱ‘ŽȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱ

ŸŠ•žŽœȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ’쎛Ž—ȱ›ž’ȱŽ¡›ŠŒœȱŠ—ȱŒ˜—›˜•œȱ Ž›Žȱœž‹“ŽŒŽȱ˜ȱ

œŠ’œ’ŒŠ•ȱ›ŽŠ–Ž—ǰȱ—Š•¢œ’œȱ˜ȱŠ›’Š—ŒŽȱǻǼǯȱ Table 3.

$129$IRUWKH7HVWRI6LJQLÀFDQFHRI$EVRUEDQFH9DOXHV%HWZHHQ )UXLWVDQG&RQWURO

Sources of Sum of DF Mean Square F-value Tabular Interpretation

Variations Squares Value

Ž ŽŽ—ȱ ›˜ž™œȱ ŚǯŖŞŚşȱ ȱȱȱŗŗȱ ȱȱȱŖǯřŝŗŚȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱśŘŖǯŜŞŚȱȱȱȱȱȱŗǯşşŚŜȱȱȱȱȱȱ’—’ęŒŠ—

’‘’—ȱ ›˜ž™œȱ ŖǯŖřŚŘřȱ ȱȱȱŚŞȱ ȱŖǯŖŖŖŝŗřȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ

Total 4.1191

‘ŽȱŠŠȱǻŠ‹•ŽȱřǼȱœ‘˜ ȱ‘Šȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜–™žŽȱȬŸŠ•žŽȱ˜ȱśŘŖǯŜŞŚȱ’œȱ

›ŽŠŽ›ȱ‘Š—ȱ‘ŽȱŠ‹ž•Š›ȱŸŠ•žŽȱ˜ȱŗǯşşŚŜȱ’–™•¢’—ȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽǯȱ

‘’œȱ –ŽŠ—œȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—ȱ ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ Š—ȱ Š–˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ

›ž’œȱŠ•œ˜ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ›ž’œȱŠ—ȱŒ˜—›˜•œȱ›ŽŠ•¢ȱ’쎛ȱ›˜–ȱŽŠŒ‘ȱ˜‘Ž›ǯȱ

˜ȱŽŽ›–’—Žȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ‘Žȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ŒŽȱ•’ŽœǰȱŠȱ˜••˜ Ȭž™ȱŽœǰȱ‘Žȱž”Ž¢ȱ

–Ž‘˜ǰȱ ŠœȱŽ–™•˜¢Žǯȱ Table 4.

0XOWLSOH &RPSDULVRQ 7HVW RI WKH$EVRUEDQFH 9DOXHV RI )UXLWV DQG

&RQWUROV8VLQJ7XNH\PHWKRG

NOTE:+RQHVWO\6LJQLÀFDQW'LͿHUHQFH+6'

>0HDQGLͿHUHQFH0'!+6'YDOXHVLJQLÀFDQW0'”+6'YDOXHQRWVLJQLÀFDQW@

LEGEND: Rattan (R), Tamarillo (T), Pinit (I), Passion (P), Ayosep (A), Bitungol (B), Tumok (U), Lacatan (L), Kalamondin (K), Marble Tomato (M), Ferric chloride (F), and Vitamin E (E)

Mean difference is significant Controls

Mean difference is not significant Fruit samples

˜‘Ž›ȱ›ž’œȱžœ’—ȱž”Ž¢ȱ–Ž‘˜ȱǻŠ‹•ŽȱŚǼǰȱ’ȱ‘Žȱ–ŽŠ—ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽȱ’—ȱ

‘ŽȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱŸŠ•žŽȱ’œȱ‘’‘Ž›ȱ‘Š—ȱ‘ŽȱȱŸŠ•žŽȱ˜ȱŖǯŖśŞŘǰȱ’ȱ’–™•’Žœȱ

‘Šȱ‘Žȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽȱ’œȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ǯȱ‘žœǰȱ’ȱ’—’ŒŠŽœȱ‘Šȱ‘ŽȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ

™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’ȱ’œȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—•¢ȱ’쎛Ž—ȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’ȱ˜ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ

’ȱ ’œȱ Œ˜–™Š›Žǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ ’ȱ ‘Žȱ –ŽŠ—ȱ ’쎛Ž—ŒŽȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Š‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱ

ŸŠ•žŽȱ ’œȱ •˜ Ž›ȱ ‘Š—ȱ ˜›ȱ ŽšžŠ•ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ȱ ŸŠ•žŽǰȱ ’ȱ ’–™•’Žœȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Žȱ

’쎛Ž—ŒŽȱ ’œȱ —˜ȱ œ’—’ęŒŠ—ǯȱ ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ ‘Žȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—ȱ ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ ˜ȱ

‘Žȱ ›ž’ȱ ’œȱ ‘Žȱ œŠ–Žȱ  ’‘ȱ ‘Žȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—ȱ ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›ž’ȱ ˜ȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ’ȱ’œȱŒ˜–™Š›Žǯȱ‘Žȱ–ŽŠ—ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱŸŠ•žŽœȱ

˜ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱŠœȱŒ˜–™Š›Žȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ—ŽŠ’ŸŽȱŠ—ȱ™˜œ’’ŸŽȱŒ˜—›˜•ȱŠ›ŽȱŠ••ȱ

‘’‘Ž›ȱ‘Š—ȱ‘ŽȱȱŸŠ•žŽȱ’–™•¢’—ȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽȱ’œȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ǯȱ

‘’œȱ’—Ž›œȱ‘ŠȱŠ••ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱ™˜œœŽœœȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ‘’‘Ž›ȱ‘Š—ȱ

‘ŽȱŒ˜—›˜•œǯȱ•˜—ȱ ’‘ȱ‘ŽœŽǰȱ‘Žȱꗊ•ȱ›Š—”’—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱǻŠ‹•ŽȱśǼȱ

‹ŠœŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱŸŠ•žŽȱ’—’ŒŠ’—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ

žœ’—ȱž”Ž¢ȱ–Ž‘˜ȱœ‘˜ œȱœ˜–Žȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱ›Žœž•œǯ

Table 5.

$QWLR[LGDQW3RWHQWLDO5DQNLQJRIWKH)UXLWV

LEGEND: A—Alkaloids; S—Steroids; P—Saponins; O—Polyphenols; T—Tannins; and F—Flavonoids (+

positive, - negative)

Š’ŸŽȱ™Šœœ’˜—ȱ›ž’ȱŠ—ȱ›ŠĴŠ—ȱŠ›Žȱ‹˜‘ȱ›Š—”ŽȱŗǯȱŠœŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ

™‘¢˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•ȱ ›Žœž•œǰȱ ‹˜‘ȱ Œ˜—Š’—ȱ ˜ž›ȱ ’쎛Ž—ȱ ™‘¢˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•œǯȱ

Ž›˜’œǰȱœŠ™˜—’—œȱŠ—ȱ™˜•¢™‘Ž—˜•œȱŠ›Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ’—ȱ‹˜‘ȱ›ž’œȱ ‘’•Žȱ

Š•”Š•˜’œȱŠ›Žȱ˜—•¢ȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ’—ȱ™Šœœ’˜—ȱ›ž’ȱŠ—ȱŠ——’—œȱ˜—•¢ȱ’—ȱ›ŠĴŠ—ǯȱ

ŠŒ‘ȱŒ˜—œ’žŽ—ȱŽ¡‘’‹’œȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ǯȱ‘Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŽœŽȱ

Œ˜—œ’žŽ—œȱ –Š¢ȱ œ’—’¢ȱ ‘Šȱ ‹˜‘ȱ ›ž’œȱ Œ˜—Š’—ȱ ™‘¢˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•œȱ

‘Šȱ  ˜›”ȱ ˜Ž‘Ž›ȱ ’—ȱ Šȱ œ¢—Ž›’œ’Œȱ ŠŒ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ’—‘’‹’ȱin vitroȱ •’™’ȱ

™Ž›˜¡’Š’˜—ǯȱ

‘Šž’Ž›ŽȱŠ—ȱŽ››Š›’Ȭ••’žȱǻŗşşşǼȱœŠŽȱ‘Šȱ’쎛Ž—ȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ

–ŽŠ‹˜•’Žœȱ–Š¢ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱœ¢—Ž›’œ’ŒȱŠ—ȱ’—Ž›Ž™Ž—Ž—ȱŽěŽŒœȱ˜—ȱ˜—Žȱ

Š—˜‘Ž›ǯȱ —ȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ œž¢ǰȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—œȱ Ž›ŠŽȱ ™Ž›˜¡’Žœȱ Š—ȱ ›ŽŽȱ

›Š’ŒŠ•œȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱŒ˜Ȭ˜™Ž›Š’ŸŽȱ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—œǯȱ—›ŠŒŽ••ž•Š›ȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—œȱ

œžŒ‘ȱŠœȱŠœŒ˜›‹ŠŽǰȱ•žŠ‘’˜—ŽǰȱŠ—ȱŒŠ›˜Ž—˜’œȱŠ–˜—ȱ˜‘Ž›œȱ ˜›”Žȱ

˜Ž‘Ž›ȱ˜ȱŽ›ŠŽȱœž™Ž›˜¡’ŽȱŠ—ȱ‘¢›˜™Ž›˜¡’ŽœǯȱœŒ˜›‹ŠŽȱŠ—ȱ

•žŠ‘’˜—ŽȱœŒŠŸŽ—Žȱ˜¡’’£’—ȱ›ŽŽȱ›Š’ŒŠ•œȱ‹¢ȱ–ŽŠ—œȱ˜ȱ‘¢›˜Ž—ȱ

Š˜–ȱ ›Š—œŽ›ȱ  ‘’•Žȱ ŒŠ›˜Ž—˜’œȱ Š›Žȱ œŽŒ˜—Š›¢ȱ œŒŠŸŽ—Ž›œȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽŽȱ

›Š’ŒŠ•œȱ ‹žȱ ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ•ȱ šžŽ—Œ‘Ž›œȱ ˜ȱ œ’—•Žȱ ˜¡¢Ž—ǯȱ ŒŒ˜›’—ȱ ˜ȱ

˜–ȱ Š—ȱ ’žȱ ǻŘŖŖŘǼȱ Š—ȱ Ÿ’•ŠŠœȱ Žȱ Š•ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŚǼǰȱ ›ŽŒŽ—ȱ ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ ‘Šœȱ

œ‘˜ —ȱ‘Šȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜–™•Ž¡ȱ–’¡ž›Žȱ˜ȱ™‘¢˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•œȱ’—ȱ˜˜ȱ™›˜Ÿ’Žœȱ

‹ŽĴŽ›ȱ™›˜ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ‘ŽŠ•‘ȱ‹Ž—Žęœȱ‘Š—ȱœ’—•Žȱ™‘¢˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•œȱ‘›˜ž‘ȱ

ŠȱŒ˜–‹’—Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱŠ’’ŸŽȱŠ—ȱ˜›ȱœ¢—Ž›’œ’ŒȱŽěŽŒœǯȱ’‘Žœȱ•ŽŸŽ•œȱ˜ȱ

Š—’˜¡’Š—œȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜›–ȱ˜ȱœ™ŽŒ’Š•ȱ™‘¢˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•œȱŒŠ••Žȱ™˜•¢™‘Ž—˜•œȱ

Š—ȱ ‘’˜•œȱ ǻ̊Ÿ˜—Žœǰȱ Š—‘˜Œ¢Š—’—œǰȱ Ž••Š’Œȱ ŠŒ’ǰȱ ’œ˜ĚŠŸ˜—Žœǰȱ

œ’•‹Ž—˜’œǰȱ ŽŒǯǼȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ ’—ȱ ›ž’œȱ œžŒ‘ȱ Šœȱ ‹Ž››’Žœȱ  ˜›”ȱ ˜Ž‘Ž›ȱ ’—ȱ

œ¢—Ž›’œ’Œȱ  Š¢œȱ ǻŽ›žŠ—’ǰȱ —žœ’ǰȱ ǭȱ Š—›Ž’—’ǰȱ ŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ —ȱ ‘’œȱ

œž¢ǰȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜–‹’—Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ˜ž›ȱ™‘¢˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•œȱ’—ȱ‹˜‘ȱ™Šœœ’˜—ȱ›ž’ȱ

Š—ȱ›ŠĴŠ—ȱ›Žœž•Žȱ’—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ‘’‘ŽœȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ǯȱ•‘˜ž‘ȱ

Š•”Š•˜’œȱŠ›ŽȱŠ‹œŽ—ȱ’—ȱ›ŠĴŠ—ǰȱŠ——’—œȱŠ›Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ–Š¢ȱŽšžŠ•ȱ

‘Žȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱ˜ȱŠ•”Š•˜’œȱ’—ȱ—Š’ŸŽȱ™Šœœ’˜—ȱ›ž’ȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ

Š——’—œȱŠ—ȱŠ•”Š•˜’œȱ™˜œœŽœœȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™›˜™Ž›¢ǯȱ˜‘ȱŠ›ŽȱŠŒ’ŸŽȱ

™›’—Œ’™•Žœȱ’—ȱœŒŠŸŽ—’—ȱ—’›’Œȱ˜¡’ŽȱǻǼȱǻ˜›ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ

–˜—ȱŠ••ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œǰȱ–Š›‹•Žȱ˜–Š˜ȱ‘Šȱ‘Žȱ•˜ ŽœȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ

™˜Ž—’Š•ȱŠœȱ’—’ŒŠŽȱ‹¢ȱ’œȱ‘’‘ŽœȱŠ‹œ˜›‹Š—ŒŽȱŸŠ•žŽǯȱ‘’œȱ–Š¢ȱ‹Žȱ

žŽȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠ‹œŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ™˜•¢™‘Ž—˜•’ŒȱŒ˜–™˜ž—œȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱ̊Ÿ˜—˜’œȱ

‘ŠȱŒ˜—›’‹žŽȱœ›˜—ȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ǯȱ•ŠŸ˜—˜’œȱŠŒȱŠœȱœ›˜—ȱ

œž™Ž›˜¡’Žȱ Š—ȱ ‘¢›˜¡¢•ȱ œŒŠŸŽ—Ž›ȱ ž›’—ȱ •’™’ȱ ™Ž›˜¡’Š’˜—ȱ ǻ’•Ž˜—ǰȱ Š—Šœ Š–’ǰȱ ǭȱ ‘Ž˜‘Š›’Žœǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ‘Ž•Š’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽŽȱ

’›˜—ȱ’œȱŠ—˜‘Ž›ȱ™›˜™Ž›¢ȱ˜ȱ̊Ÿ˜—˜’œȱ‘ŠȱŒ˜—›’‹žŽœȱ˜ȱ™›ŽŸŽ—’—ȱ

˜¡’Š’ŸŽȱ ›ŽŠŒ’˜—œȱ ǻŠ££Šȱ ǭȱ ˜–Š‘ǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ ‹ŠœŽȱ ˜—ȱ

‘Žȱ ™‘¢˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•ȱ ›Žœž•œǰȱ –Š›‹•Žȱ ˜–Š˜Žœȱ Œ˜—Š’—ȱ Š•”Š•˜’œǰȱ

™‘¢˜œŽ›˜•œȱŠ—ȱœŠ™˜—’—œȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ™˜œœŽœœȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™›˜™Ž›’Žœǯȱ‘Žȱ

œ’—ŒŽȱŠŒŒ˜›’—ȱ˜ȱŽ›žŠ—’ȱŽȱŠ•ǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǰȱœ˜–Žȱ™‘¢˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•œȱ ‘Ž—ȱ

™›ŽœŽ—ȱ ’—ȱ ›ž’œȱ ˜Ž‘Ž›ȱ  ’‘ȱ ˜‘Ž›ȱ Œ˜–™˜ž—œȱ –Š¢ȱ Ž¡‘’‹’ȱ ™˜˜›ȱ

›ŽŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱŠ—ȱ ŽŠ”ȱ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—ȱ ’‘ȱŽŠŒ‘ȱ˜‘Ž›ǯȱŽŠ’ŸŽȱ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—œȱ ǻ’—Ž›Ž›Ž—ŒŽœǼȱ˜ŒŒž›ȱ ‘Ž—ȱŒŽ›Š’—ȱŒ˜–™˜—Ž—œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ–’¡ž›Žȱ’—‘’‹’ȱ

‘Žȱ ‹’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ ŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱ ˜ȱ ™‘Š›–ŠŒ˜•˜’ŒŠ••¢ȱ ŠŒ’ŸŽȱ Œ˜–™˜ž—œȱ ‹¢ȱ

›ŽžŒ’—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱœŠ‹’•’¢ȱ˜›ȱ‹’˜ŠŸŠ’•Š‹’•’¢ǯȱ—ȱŽŠœǰȱ™›˜Š—‘˜Œ¢Š—’’—œȱ

’—Ž›Ž›Žȱ  ’‘ȱ ŒŠěŽ’—Žǯȱ ’¡ž›Žȱ ˜ȱ ™•Š—ȱ ̊Ÿ˜—˜’œȱ ‘Šœȱ œ‘˜ —ȱ

’—‘’‹’˜›¢ȱ ’—ĚžŽ—ŒŽȱ ˜—ȱ ŠœŽȱ Ž—£¢–Žœȱ ǻ’•Šȱ ǭȱ Šœ”’—ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼǯȱ —ȱ

Š’’˜—ǰȱ –Š›‹•Žȱ ˜–Š˜Žœȱ Œ˜—Š’—ȱ •¢Œ˜™Ž—Žǯȱ ŽŸŽ›Š•ȱ œž’Žœȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ

’—’ŒŠŽȱ ‘Šȱ •¢Œ˜™Ž—Žȱ ’œȱ Š—ȱ ŽěŽŒ’ŸŽȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—ȱ Š—ȱ ›ŽŽȱ ›Š’ŒŠ•ȱ

œŒŠŸŽ—Ž›ȱǻ‘Ž—ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŗDzȱŠ˜ȱǭȱŠ› ŠǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱžȱ‘Ž›Žȱ Ž›Žȱ

›Ž™˜›œȱ‘Šȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—›’‹ž’˜—ȱ˜ȱ™‘Ž—˜•’ŒȱŒ˜–™˜ž—œȱ˜ȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ

ŠŒ’Ÿ’¢ȱ  Šœȱ –žŒ‘ȱ ›ŽŠŽ›ȱ ‘Š—ȱ ’Š–’—ȱ ȱ Š—ȱ ŒŠ›˜Ž—˜’œȱ œžŒ‘ȱ

Šœȱ •¢Œ˜™Ž—Žȱ ǻŠ‘ŠĴŠ—ŠŠ ŽŽǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǼǯ‘žœǰȱ ŒŠ›˜Ž—˜’œȱ Š›Žȱ —˜ȱ

™Š›’Œž•Š›•¢ȱ˜˜ȱšžŽ—Œ‘Ž›œȱ˜ȱ™Ž›˜¡¢•ȱ›Š’ŒŠ•œȱ›Ž•Š’ŸŽȱ˜ȱ™‘Ž—˜•’Œœȱ ǻ›’˜›ǰȱžǰȱǭȱŒ‘Š’Œ‘ǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱ

CONCLUSION

‘Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ‹’˜ŠŒ’ŸŽȱ™‘¢˜Œ‘Ž–’ŒŠ•œȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱŠ•”Š•˜’œǰȱœŽ›˜’œǰȱ

œŠ™˜—’—œǰȱ ™˜•¢™‘Ž—˜•œǰȱ ̊Ÿ˜—˜’œȱ Š—ȱ Š——’—œȱ Š›Žȱ ›Žœ™˜—œ’‹•Žȱ ˜›ȱ

‘ŽȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œǯȱ••ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱ™˜œœŽœœȱ›ŽŠŽ›ȱ

Š—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ‘Š—ȱ’Š–’—ȱȱǻŘŖŖȱǼǯȱ‘ŽȱŠ’•¢ȱ›Žšž’›Ž–Ž—ȱ

˜›ȱ’Š–’—ȱȱ’œȱŘŖŖȱ˜ȱŚŖŖȱǯȱ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱŽœŽȱ’—ȱ‘’œȱœž¢ȱ

Š›Žȱ ›ŽŒ˜––Ž—Žȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ ŽŠŽ—ȱ Š’•¢ȱ ‘Š—ȱ ’—Š”Žȱ ˜ȱ Œ˜––Ž›Œ’Š••¢ȱ

ŠŸŠ’•Š‹•ŽȱŸ’Š–’—ȱǯȱ–˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŽ—ȱ›ž’œȱŽœŽǰȱ—Š’ŸŽȱ™Šœœ’˜—ȱ›ž’ȱ ǻŠœœ’Ě˜›ŠŒŽŠŽǼȱ™˜œœŽœœŽœȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŠŽœȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ǯȱŠ›‹•Žȱ

˜–Š˜ȱǻ˜•Š—ŠŒŽŠŽǼǰȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ‘Š—ǰȱ™˜œœŽœœŽœȱ‘Žȱ•˜ ŽœȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ

™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ ˜••˜ Žȱ ‹¢ȱ —Š’ŸŽȱ •ŠŒŠŠ—ȱ Š—ȱ ž–˜”ȱ ǻžœŠŒŽŠŽǼǯȱ ›ž’œȱ

‹Ž•˜—’—ȱ ˜ȱ ›ŽŒŠŒŽŠŽȱ ǻ›ŠĴŠ—Ǽǰȱ ›’ŒŠŒŽŠŽȱ ǻŠ¢˜œŽ™Ǽǰȱ •ŠŒ˜ž›’ŠŒŽŠŽȱ ǻ‹’ž—˜•ǼǰȱŠœœ’Ě˜›ŠŒŽŠŽȱǻ—Š’ŸŽȱ™Šœœ’˜—ȱ›ž’Ǽǰȱ˜œŠŒŽŠŽȱǻ™’—’ǼǰȱŠ—ȱ

žŠŒŽŠŽȱǻ”Š•Š–˜—’—ǼȱŽ¡‘’‹’ȱ‘’‘ȱŠ—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱin vitro. The

Š—’˜¡’Š—ȱ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŠ—ȱŠ–˜—ȱ‘Žȱ›ž’œȱŠ›Žȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—•¢ȱ

’쎛Ž—ȱŽ¡ŒŽ™ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ›ŠĴŠ—ȱŠ—ȱ—Š’ŸŽȱ™Šœœ’˜—ȱ›ž’ȱŠ—ȱŠ–˜—ȱ

Š¢˜œŽ™ǰȱ ”Š•Š–˜—’—ȱ Š—ȱ ™’—’ȱ  ‘Ž›Žȱ ‘Žȱ Š—’˜¡’Š—ȱ ™˜Ž—’Š•ȱ ’œȱ

ŽšžŠ•ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŠ—ȱŠ–˜—ȱ‘Ž–ȱ›Žœ™ŽŒ’ŸŽ•¢ǯ

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

‘Žȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘Ž›ȱ ˜ž•ȱ•’”Žȱ˜ȱŽ¡Ž—ȱ‘Ž›ȱœ’—ŒŽ›Žœȱ›Š’žŽȱŠ—ȱŠ™™›ŽŒ’Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ

˜••˜ ’—DZȱ’›œȱŠ—ȱŠ‹˜ŸŽȱŠ••ǰȱ˜ȱ•–’‘¢ȱ ˜ǰȱ‘Ž›ȱŠ–’•¢ǰȱŠŸ’œŽ›ȱ›œǯȱǯȱŠœŒžŠ•ǰȱ ȱŒŠǰȱ›ǯȱǯȱŽȱŽ˜—ǰȱ›ǯȱ ǯȱŽ¢Žœǰȱ›ǯȱǯȱŠ‹ž›’Š—ǰȱ›ǯȱǯȱŠ ’—Š—ǰȱ™Š—Ž•’œœȱ

›ǯȱǯȱ˜œž–Š—ǰȱ›ǯȱǯȱŠ¡’–˜ǰȱŠ—ȱœǯȱǯȱ’™Š¢—˜ǰȱ›œǯȱǯȱ ž–—Šȱ˜ȱž›ŽŠžȱ˜ȱ

•Š—ȱǭȱ—žœ›¢ǰȱ•’—ȱŽŠ—ȱ˜ȱǯȱ›˜Ÿ’—ŒŽǰȱ›ǯȱǯȱŽŸ’••ŠǰȱŒ˜ȬȱŠŒž•¢ȱ–Ž–‹Ž›œȱŠ—ȱ

›’Ž—œǯȱ

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