Many Chinese hoped that the Great Powers would return the Shantung area to China at the end of the First World War. Ch' en Tu-hsiu, who would later play such a prominent role in the early years of the Chinese Communist Party, returned from Japan in 1915. This victory of the new coalition facilitated the expansion of the cultural and intellectual reforms that he defended. "9.
Political organizations, including the Communist Party of China, developed out of the chaotic period of self-examination that the May Fourth Movement among intellectuals stimulated. The revolutionary ideology of Marxism was, before the May Fourth Incident, of little importance to the overwhelming majority of the new intellectuals. So when the May Fourth incident came, Li Ta-chao became one of the logical rallying points of the student movement.
The radicalization of many Chinese intellectuals soon began to break the unity of the movement. In view of the total crisis of Chinese society, Dewey's program was doomed to fail."
PHILIPPINES¥
Certain types of occupations impose restrictions on the relative age of the slum dweller. Only fourteen percent of them had a monthly income above that stipulated by the minimum wage law. Again, these lifestyle patterns seem to be largely rooted in the economically depressed conditions of the shanty town dweller.
These findings are supported by Lacquian's study, which points to the importance of the slums in terms of politics. Only a few of the poor join social groups in the community by joining an organization. Many of the studies that determine and explain the consciousness of slum dwellers do so only in passing.
Many of the studies have focused on i:!-ll. evaluating government solutions to the problem of the urban poor, while others have attempted to come up with recommendations. Most of the studies discussed in this article begin by answering the question "Who are the urban poor?". Many of the surveys end up answering the question, "What should be done about the urban poor?".
The economic life of the urban areas feeds on the cheap labor that migrants provide to the city.
A Study of Anti-Chinese Attitudes in the Philippines
Sampling problems are quite insignificant compared to the cultural appropriateness of the tests used. George Weightman has consistently drawn attention to the culture-bound nature of social instruments, e.g. There was also a lot of contact with Japanese in the cities during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in the world.
Comparing these attitudes with those toward the Chinese would give a relative measure of anti-Chinese sentiment. Two other positive characteristics of the Chinese are also related to their diligence in business: thrift and industry. The cohesiveness of the Chinese business community, which was often cited as a plus, also has its negative dimension.
The middle-class Filipinos were fairly well established as the most anti-Chinese (Weightman 1964). Social situations are already culturally laden with value due to existing social practices in the Philippines. Ilonggo positive and negative stereotypes of the Chinese are very similar to those held by other Filipinos.
But in Iloilo City, residents of the urban street closest to the Chinese business and residential concentrations were actually the most negative. She became just another extra hand to help with the back-breaking chores of the family. However, this practice of seclusion of women varied according to necessity and the social status of the family.
Even the treatment given to the woman during the childbearing period emphasized the difference between the sexes. Gale, Korea in Transition (New York: Educational Department, The Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., 1909), p. This brave image of women is a drastic change, seen in the context of the inequalities and underdevelopment that is inherited from the past.
79 Frederick Engels, The Origin of the FMnily, Private and the State (New York: International Publishers, 1942), s. Dette tema blev gentagne gange uddybet i spalten "Love, Marriage and the Home" i magasinet Korean Women.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES~
Within the last decade or so, the interdisciplinary approach—a move away from specialization toward a more integrated approach in the social sciences—was attempted at three levels in the University of the Philippines. This focus can polarize social science disciplines concerned with the study of labor, industrial conflict, economic stabilization, the growth of organized labor, and the need for rapid advances in productivity. A Report of the Committee on Historiogmphy, Bulletin 64, (New York: Social Science Research Council, 1954) p.
The study of the concept of entrepreneurship was also found to be another focus of multidisciplinary participation. It is this focus of multidisciplinary approach that is used at the University of the Philippines Asian Center. The following year, the coordinator decided to give a more specific focus to the problems touched upon in the series of lectures; that is, a focus on the problems of integration of Philippine society.
As expected from most master's degree programs, a greater portion of the work in seminary is left to the students. It also introduces them to a wide range of social science approaches in the study of Philippine society and culture, hopefully enabling these students to view the Philippine area as a whole, and its issues within this context. The seminar also does not attempt to make students proficient in any of the social sciences.
Instead, it seeks only to expose them to work now being done in the social sciences disciplines most directly relevant to the study of the Philippine area. It is too soon to judge the success or failure of the multidisciplinary approach used in the study of an Asian area at the Asian Center. Now, what are the implications of the area-focused multidisciplinary approach to teacher education in the social sciences.
Again, it is good to remember that whatever the academic validity and practical benefits of the multidisciplinary approach to the study of an area, it cannot survive for long without the persistence of well-developed and constantly evolving disciplines of the social sciences. KARINA CONSTANTINO-DAVID is an assistant professor of sociology at the Institute of Social Work and Community Development, University of the Philippines. SANIEL is Professor of East Asian Studies and Dean of the Institute of Asian Studies, Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, University of the Philippines.
NATIONALISM IN SEARCH OF IDEOLOGY
