conservation and enhancement of selected feed properties

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CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF SELECTED FEED PROPERTIES **OF Jatropha curcas L. PRESS CAKE USING SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION**

ALEXANDRA LINCHANGCO NOVA

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY,

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LOS BAÑOS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

APRIL 2009

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|ii ACCEPTANCE SHEET

The thesis attached hereto, entitled “CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF **SELECTED FEED PROPERTIES OF Jatropha curcas L. PRESS CAKE USING**

SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION”, prepared and submitted by ALEXANDRA LINCHANCO NOVA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering, is hereby accepted.

_________________________________

Dr. Jovita L. Movillion Panel Member ______________________

Date Signed

_________________________________

Dr. Bayani M. Espiritu Co-adviser

______________________

Date Signed

_________________________________

Engr. Marilyn C. Del Barrio Panel Member

______________________

Date Signed

_________________________________

Engr. Rex B. Demafelis Adviser

______________________

Date Signed

_________________________________

Dr. Jovita L. Movillion Chair

Department of Chemical Engineering ______________________

Date Signed

_________________________________

Dr. Arsenio N. Resurreccion Dean

College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology University of the Philippines

___________________

Date Signed

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ABSTRACT

ALEXANDRA LINCHANGCO NOVA, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-industrial Technology, University of the Philippines, College, Laguna, April 2009. CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF CRUDE PROTEIN IN Jatropha curcas L. PRESS CAKE FOR FEED PRODUCTION.

Adviser: Engr. Rex B. Demafelis Co-adviser: Dr. Bayani M. Espiritu

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using Jatropha

curcas L. press cake that has undergone anaerobic fermentation. Anaerobic

fermentation of feed is known to improve feed properties such as pH, crude protein content and total sugar content. Three separate experiments were conducted, each consisting of various treatments, and each treatment spanning a total of 21 days. The first experiment, or the enrichment study, was done to evaluate the effects of using selected nutritional additives such as rice washings, sugar, salt and skim milk prior to fermenting Jatropha curcas L. press cake. These additives were used separately and in combination with Jatropha press cake to up to 3 percent by weight. No significant improvement (in terms of pH and sugar content reduction) was observed when using the additives separately yet using all additives in one sample resulted in lower pH, higher decrease in sugar content and higher increase in crude protein content. Adding enrichment to Jatropha press cake prior to fermentation can improve crude protein content and other fermented feed properties.

A mixed bacterial inoculant was developed based on the enrichment studies and on pH and product smell. Using enrichment and mixed lactic acid bacterial inoculants together produced a feed with lower pH and greatly improved initial sugar content resulting in better sugar consumption. Adding the mixed inoculant and enrichment to Jatropha press cake prior to fermentation significantly improved the fermented feed properties.

The effects of addition of non-protein nitrogen or urea (NPN) with mixed lactic acid bacterial inoculants were also evaluated. The samples with urea resulted in higher pH and less pleasant smelling feeds.

Overall, the treatment that produced the best results in terms of pH, decrease in sugar content, crude protein increase and smell was Jatropha press cake wetted with 3

% rice washings and 3 % mixed lactic acid bacterial inoculants.

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List of Tables

Table 2-1 Jatropha press cake properties ... 1

Table 2-2 Six phases of silage fermentation and storage ... 6

Table 4-1 Final feed properties of all treatments ... 20

List of Figures

Figure 2-1 Process diagram of biodiesel production ... 6

Figure 2-2 Biofuel yields of selected ethanol and biodiesel feedstock... 7

Figure 2-3 The plant, leaf, and fruit of Jatropha curcas L.... 8

Figure 2-4 Parts of the Jatropha plant and its corresponding uses... 9

Figure 2-5 Jatropha press cake ... 10

Figure 3-1 Jatropha press cake ... 20

Figure 3-2 Cole-Parmer U.S. standard sieves... 21

Figure 3-3 Oven for drying (UM400 Memmert) ... 22

Figure 3-4 UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (UV-1601 SHIMADZU)... 22

Figure 3-5 Schematic diagram of overall procedure in used in the study ... 23

Figure 3-6 Schematic diagram for determination of press cake properties ... 24

Figure 3-7 Schematic diagram for effects of different types of fermentation media... 26

Figure 3-8 Schematic diagram for inoculant development... 27

Figure 3-9 Schematic diagram for effects of NPN and inoculum addition ... 28

Figure 3-10 Schematic diagram for measurement of final feed properties after treatment ... 29

Figure 4-1 Final pH of fermented Jatropha press cake with different types of additives ... 30

Figure 4-2 Sugar content decrease (mg/mL) of fermented Jatropha press cake with different types of additives ... 31

Figure 4-3 Crude protein content (% based on total mass protein) of fermented Jatropha press cake with different types of additives ... 32

Figure 4-4 Final pH of fermented Jatropha press cake which underwent Treatment 2 (Inoculum Addition)... 33

Figure 4-5 Sugar content decrease (mg/mL) of fermented Jatropha press cake which underwent Treatment 2 (Inoculum Addition)... 34

Figure 4-6 Crude protein content (% based on total mass protein) of fermented Jatropha press cake which underwent Treatment 2 (Inoculum Addition) ... 35

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Figure 4-7 Final pH of fermented Jatropha press cake with different types of inoculant and with increasing amounts of non-protein nitrogen ... 36 Figure 4-8 Sugar content decrease (mg/mL) of fermented Jatropha press cake with different types of

inoculant and with increasing amounts of non-protein nitrogen... 37 Figure 4-9 Crude protein increase (% based on total mass) of fermented Jatropha press cake with

different types of inoculant and with increasing amounts of non-protein nitrogen ... 38

conservation and enhancement of selected feed properties