Example – Electricity Genera(on Jordan Valley Landfill, Hong Kong
Waste in Place: 1.3 Million tonnes Landfill operated from 1986-‐1991 Waste intake: ~400 to 1000 tpd
LFG Recovery: ~50 m3/hr (up to 500 m3/hr)
§ Design electrical power genera9on capacity: 220 kW
§ Produces electrical power for onsite leachate pre-‐treatment works
Purifica(on for Use as Process Heat
§ Technology
§ Gas is purified from 50% to 97-‐ 99% methane
§ Removal of carbon dioxide is primary step
§ Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
§ Pipeline quality gas
§ Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
§ Advantages
§ Inject treated product into pipeline
§ Methane can be used as raw material
§ Reduc(on in use of fossil fuels
§ Disadvantages
§ Must meet strict standards of pipeline/user
§ Economical for large scale only
§ Requires extensive pretreatment to remove all components other than methane
§ Very expensive, massive size, high demand on
Purifica(on
Example – Purifica(on NENT Landfill, Hong Kong
§ 6600 m3/hr of LFG purified to 90%+ CH4 and compressed into 18 km pipeline to provide process heat to industrial facility
§ 4MW On-‐site Power Genera9on
§ On-‐site leachate treatment
Landfill Capacity: 35 Million m3
Landfilling began: 1995 (~30 years design life) Waste Intake: ~3500 tpd
LFG Recovery: >6600 m3/hr
Example – Purifica(on (LFG to CNG) Xiaping Landfill, Shenzhen
§ 500 m3/hr of LFG purified to 90%+ CH4 and compressed into CNG
§ Provides fuel to on-‐site vehicles
Landfill Capacity: 47 Million m3
Landfilling began: 1997 (30 years design life) Waste In place: 13 Million tonnes
Waste Intake: 3000~3500 tpd LFG Recovery: >9000 m3/hr
Example – Purifica(on (LFG to LNG) Altamount Landfill, California, USA
Waste In place: 36.8 Million tonnes LFG to LNG opera9on began in 2009 LFG Recovery: ~3500 m3/hr
§ 85,000 m3 of LFG converted to 49,000 liters of LNG daily
§ Provides fuel to 300 garbage trucks
§ Boilers
§ Kilns
§ Furnaces
§ Process heat
§ Leachate pretreatment and evapora(on
§ Cement manufacturing
§ Lumber drying
§ Co-‐combus(on (e.g., in waste incinerator)
§ Innova(ve applica(ons
§ Greenhouses
§ Infrared heaters
§ Porery kilns
Direct Thermal Applica(ons
§ Gas piped to a nearby customer for use in boiler, kiln or other process
§ 100 projects in the US
§ Pipeline length range from .5 to 18 km
§ Less than 5 kilometers is most feasible
§ LFG can be used on-‐site or off-‐site
§ Best suited when need for fuel is con(nuous
Direct Thermal Applica(ons
Direct Thermal Applica(ons
Example – Process Heat
Shuen Wan Landfill, Hong Kong
§ Delivered 2,000m3/hr LFG (50%+CH4) to Towngas plant as process heat for use in reformers during the produc9on of town gas
Landfill operated from 1973 to 1995 Waste in place: 16 Million tonnes LFGE System in opera9on since 1999 Design Capacity: 2200 m3/hr
LFG Recovery: 300 m3/hr to 2000 m3/hr)
Direct Thermal Applica(ons
Greenhouse
§ Direct heat genera(on or
residual heat from power genera(on
§ Carbon dioxide can be used to grow
greenhouse plants
§ 6 projects in the US
(opera(ng or under
construc(on)
Infrared Heater
§ Provide heat to store room or maintenance workplace
§ A small amount of LFG can heat a large volume
§ Simple installa(on
§ 4 opera(ng projects in
Direct Thermal Applica(ons
LFG as Process Heat for Leachate Evapora9on
§ Evaporate leachate and other contaminants with LFG
§ Reduce leachate volume by 95%+
§ Commercially Available Technology
§ Units Opera(ng in Asia
§ 16 opera(onal units in the U.S.
Direct Thermal Applica(ons
Example – Leachate Evapora(on System Anding Landfill, Beijing
Landfill Capacity: 3.56 Million m3 Landfilling began: 11/1996 (14 years design life)
Waste In place: >4.2 Million tonnes Waste Intake: 800~2000 tpd
LFG Recovery: ~400 m3/hr
§ Design capacity of EVAP: 40 m3 of leachate daily
§ First approved CDM project in China
§ First applica9on of leachate evapora9on in Asia
Advantages:
§ Low pretreatment requirement; mainly dehumidifica(on
§ Conven(onal equipment can be used with minimal modifica(ons
§ Boilers not sensi(ve to trace components
§ Rela(vely low capital and O&M costs
Disadvantages:
§ End user needs to be within reasonably close distance of landfill
§ Care must be taken to avoid contamina(on of products
Direct Thermal Applica(ons
Purifica(on and Direct Thermal Applica(ons
Technology No. of Projects in
USA *
Boiler 54
Direct Hea(ng 42
High BTU Fuel 22
Leachate Evapora(on 16
Greenhouse 6
Alterna(ve Fuel (CNG or LNG) 3
Medium BTU Fuel injected into Natural 1
Combined Heat and Power
§ Large Industrial Applica(ons
§ Microturbine Applica(ons
§ Advantages
§ Greater overall energy recovery efficiency from waste heat recovery -‐ up to 80%
§ Specialized CHP systems available
§ Flexible -‐ hot water or steam genera(on from recovered heat
§ Disadvantages
§ Addi(onal capital and opera(ng costs
§ 9.5 mile pipeline from landfill
§ 4 turbines retrofired to burn LFG
§ 4.8 MW = 25% of plant ’ s electrical needs
§ 72 MMBtu/hr = 80% of plant ’ s thermal needs
(hot water, space hea(ng, cooling)
Combined Heat and Power – South Carolina, USA
§ First School Co-‐
genera(on (CHP) Project On LFG
§ 12 Microturbines With 360 kW Capacity
§ Exhaust Energy
Produces 290,000 Btus/
Hour At 550
o§ School Expects To Save
$100,000/Year
Combined Heat and Power -‐ Illinois, USA
Significant Co-‐benefits of Methane Recovery and Use Projects
BENEFITS OF METHANE PROJECTS
§ Reduced waste of a valuable fuel and important local energy source and
§ Improved industrial safety and produc(vity
§ Improved air quality, water quality and reduced odors
§ Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
§ Progress toward sustainable development goals
§ Economic growth and energy security
BUT BARRIERS EXIST…
§ Lack of awareness of emission levels and value of lost fuel
§ Lack of informa(on on and training in available technologies and management prac(ces
§ Tradi(onal industry prac(ces
§ Regulatory and legal issues
Poten(al Revenue Streams
• Cash from Trash!
§ Energy sales
§ Direct use: $2~8/MMBTU
§ Electricity: $0.05~0.10/kWh
§ Renewable / green incen(ves: varies
§ Grid connec(on subsidy: depends on loca(on
§ Emission reduc(on credits (CER; VER; Gold Standard):
$3~20/tCO2e
For more informa(on, contact:
Bryce Lloyd – bryce.lloyd@owthk.com.hk
Thank You!
