RASCO, JR Managing Director This "Simplified Keys to Soil Series" guidebook has been developed for easier field identification of soil. It has the different colors, textures, pH and other observable characteristics of the most common soils in Negros Occidental and includes four simple steps to identify the soil series right in the field. In the Philippines, the "Simplification of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn" project started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management recommendations for soils identified in the field.
We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists and municipal and provincial agricultural experts who helped us validate the soil series. The "Simplified Keys to Soil Range" is a tool for identifying soil ranges in the field by following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technologists, researchers and other stakeholders. Selection of knowledge and technology can also be easy and efficient in identifying soil ranges.
Using only five basic soil characteristics (colour, texture, pH, coarse fragments and stains) at 30-50cm soil depth and the simple steps provided, the soil series could be identified in the field. Using the Simplified Keys to Soil Series guide, compare all soil properties from the color until the soil name is identified.
Texture: Clay/Clay loam
Texture: Heavy clay
Texture: Clay
Texture: Clay/Silty clay / Silty clay loam
Texture: Silt loam/ Clay loam/Loam
Texture: Clay loam/Loam/Sandy loam
Brick red stripes; brown and gray spot spots; gray glossy surfaces (clay skins); somewhat compact. Grassy quartz; red and gray spot spots; dark red stripes; smooth and shiny surfaces (slickensides) Texture: Clay loam.
Olive Brown/Gray
Soil Fertility Indicators Inherent fertility Moderate to high
Bago
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Flat to rolling
Bantay
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Gently sloping to
Soil Fertility Indicators Inherent fertility Low to moderate
Batuan
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Undulating to rolling
Soil fertility indicators Inherent fertility Moderate to high Inherent fertility Moderate to high Soil pH Slightly acidic.
Bolinao
Soil Fertility Indicators Inherent Fertility Moderate to High Inherent Fertility Moderate to High Soil pH Slightly acidic. 5.0-6.5) Organic matter Moderate content of phosphorus (P) High content of potassium (K) Low content of nutrients.
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Undulating to
Soil fertility indicators Inherent fertility Low to moderate Inherent fertility Low to moderate Soil pH Slightly acidic to.
Cadiz
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Flat to undulating
Soil Fertility Indicators Inherent fertility High
Faraon
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Rolling to hilly
Soil Fertility Indicators Inherent fertility Low
Guimbalaon
Isabela
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Level
La Castellana
Soil fertility indicators Inherent fertility Low to moderate Inherent fertility Low to moderate Soil pH Acidic (4.0-5.5) Organic matter Moderate Phosphorus (P) Moderate Potassium (K) Low Nutrient retention.
Luisiana
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Rolling to mountainous
Soil fertility indicators Inherent fertility Low to moderate Inherent fertility Low to moderate soil pH Acid (4.5-5.5) Organic matter Moderate Phosphorus (P) Low Potassium (K) Low Nutrient retention.
Manapla
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Rolling
Soil pH Slightly acidic to slightly alkaline (5.5-8.0) Organic matter Very low phosphorus (P) Low potassium (K) Low nutrient retention.
Obando
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Coastal plain
Pulupandan
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Beach ridges
Soil Fertility Indicators Inherent fertility Low to medium
Silay
Physical Soil Qualities
San Manuel
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Level to slightly
Tupi
Soil Fertility Indicators Inherent fertility Moderate
Umingan
It is a fine-textured soil with less than 65% clay, composed of shrink-swell clays (montmorillonite). It is an old soil (-ult, Ultisol) that has undergone extensive soil leaching, but its profile shows minimal complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). It is found in areas with well-distributed rainfall (-ud, Udic), so they have enough moisture for plant growth.
Physical Soil Qualities Relief Flat to gently rolling
Victorias 00 cm
Soil productivity is a quality that summarizes the soil's potential to produce plants or plant sequences under certain sets of management practices. It is also a synthesis of soil fertility conditions, water control, plant species, tillage, pest control and physical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of the amount of inputs of factors of production required to correct soil constraints in order to achieve a given level of production.
The soil productivity index is used to make comparisons between soils; divided into inherent and potential. Inherent productivity is the natural ability of the soil to produce a given yield, while potential refers to the ability to produce yield after correctable soil limitations are overcome. In economics, the predicted inherent yield is calculated by multiplying the inherent index by the maximum potential yield (MPY) of rice; The predicted maximum possible return is calculated by multiplying the potential index by the MPY.
The predicted inherent and potential yields of rice in Bago soils are then 5.20 and 7.60 tonnes/ha.
Soil Series Inherent Productivity
Potential Productivity
CROP
Soil Series Rice Irrigated Lowland Rice Rai n f d Upland Rice Rai n f d Lowland Banana M aiz e M an go O onion P apaya BagoS3sfS3wsfN1swfS3wsfS3wfS3wsfN2wfN2wf BantayS3twsfS3swfS3wsfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sfN2 fsw BolinaoN2tsfS3stfS2stfS3sftS3stfS3sftS3fstS2sft CadizN2sfS3wsfN2swfN2wsfN2wsfS3wsfN2wsfS3wsf FaraonN2stwfS3 stS3swtfS3stfS3stfS3stfS3swt. continued ) Soil Series Rice Irrigated Lowland Rice Rainfed Upland Rice Rainf e Lowland Banana M Maiz e Mang o Onion P apaya GuimbalaonN2stwfS3stN1swtfS3sftS3sftS3sftS3sftS3sftw IsabelaS2sfS3wsfS2ws fS3swfS3wsN1wfN1wf La CastellanaN2tswfS3twsfS3twsfS3tsf S3tsfS3tsfS3twsfS3tsf LuisianaN2twsfS3tfwS3ftwN1tfS3ftS3ftS3ftwN1ft ManaplaN2twsfS3fwsN1sfwS3fstS3fsS3fstS 3fwtN1fst ObandoN2sfwS3wsfN1sfwS3fwS3fwS3fwS3fwS3fwS3fwS3fwS3fwS3fwS3fwS3fwS3fwS3 Soil series Irrigated Rice Lowland Rice Rain n f d Upland Rice Rai n f d Lowland Banan a Maiz e Mang o n ion P apaya PulupandanN2wsfS2sfwS3wsfS3sfN1wsfS2sfS3fswS2sf SilayS2fsS2fsN1swfS3f S3fsS3fsS3fS3fwS3wsS3wsN1 wfN1wf TupiN1sftS3sfwtS3fswtS3fstS3fstS3fstS3fstS3fswt UminganN2wsS3wsfS3wsfS3fwsS3wsfS3wsfN1wfN1wsf VictoriasS3ftS3fS3fwsS3fsS3fsS3fsS3fN1fswt. Soil Series P anut Sorgh um Sugar Canna e Sweet Potat o T obacco T o Tomato W er mel on BagoN2wS3wS3wfS3wfN2wfS3wfS3wf BantayS3wsS2wsS3wsfS3sfS3sfN1swfN2swf BatuanS3sfS2sS3sf BolinaoS3sfS3sfN1sfS3sfS3sfS3sfS3sf wtfN2sfwt CadizN2wsS3sN2wsfN2wsfN2wsfN1swfN2wsf PharaohS3swtS3tsS3swtS3stfS3stN1stN2st.
Soil Series P ea nu t Care h u m Sug arcan e S w ee t P ot at o T ob a co T omato W at er mel on GuimbalaonS3sfwtS3stS3sfwtS3sftS2sftS3sftS3sft IsabelaN1wS2wS3wsfS3SwSfNs3sfws3sfws3sfws3sfws3sfws manapla 3fswS2wfS3ftwsS3ftwsS3fsNws1fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fs3fw wsfN1wfS3wfS3wfs. con tinu at ion ) Soil Ser ies P ea nu t Care h u m Sug arcan e S w ee t P ot at o T ob ac co T omato W water er mel on PulupandanS3swfS2sfwS3fswS3fswS2sfS3swfS3sf SilayS3fwS1S3fS3fswS3fsN1fs San ManuelN1wS2wsS3wfS3wfS3wfS3wfS3wfS3wf S3fswtS3fswtS3fswtS3fstS3fsN1sftN2sft UminganN1wsfS2wS3fswS3wfsN1wsfS3wsfS3wsf. Land management aims to protect the land and improve its performance to increase farm profitability and preserve environmental quality. It is the combination of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while maintaining the soil's productive condition.
It involves maintaining the soil in good physical condition and fertility status and influencing the biological aspect of the soil to achieve maximum benefits (Harpstead, et al. 1997). These decisions can alter soil structure, biological activity, and chemical content, and subsequently affect erosion rates, pest populations, and nutrient availability and crop production.
Soil Management Recommendations RiceDiversified cropsRoot cropsTree/Forest/Plantation crops Bago
Soil Management Recommendations RiceDiversified cropsRoot cropsTree/Forest/Plantation crops Batuan
Soil Management Recommendations RiceDiversified cropsRoot cropsTree/Forest/Plantation crops Cadiz
Soil Management Recommendations RiceDiversified cropsRoot cropsTree/Forest/Plantation crops Guimbalaon
Soil Management Recommendations RiceDiversified cropsRoot cropsTree/Forest/Plantation crops La CastellanaN
Soil Management Recommendations RiceDiversified cropsRoot cropsTree/Forest/Plantation crops Manapla
Soil Management Recommendations RiceDiversified cropsRoot cropsTree/Forest/Plantation crops Pulupandan
Soil Management Recommendations RiceDiversified cropsRoot cropsTree/Forest/ Plantation crops San Manuel
Soil Management Recommendations RiceDiversified cropsRoot cropsTree/Forest/Plantation crops Umingan
APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES
1 Soil sampling
2 Soil color determination
APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK ® SYSTEM
- Used high-quality seeds of a recommended
- No high and low soil spots after final level-
- Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow
- Sufficient number of healthy seedlings
- Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early panicle
- Avoided excessive water or drought stress
- No significant yield loss due to pests
- Cut and threshed the crop at the right time
Glossary
Salinity - The salinity or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chloride, magnesium and calcium sulfate, and bicarbonates) in the soil. Soil drainage – refers to the frequency and duration of periods of soil saturation. Soil Family - A group of soils within a subgroup with similar physical and chemical properties that affect their response to management and manipulation for use.
Soil profile – includes the collection of all the genetic horizons, the natural organic layers on the surface, and the parent material or other layers below the solum that influence the origin and behavior of the soil. Soil series – a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent material under comparable climatic and vegetation conditions. Soil taxonomy – hierarchies of classes that allow one to understand the relationships between soils and also between soils and the factors responsible for their character.
Soil texture- refers to the relative sizes of groups of different sizes of individual soil grains in a soil mass. Specifically, it refers to clay, silt, and sand sizes below 2 millimeters in diameter. Soil water retention - the ability of the soil to hold water to provide a continuous supply of water to plants between periods of recharge (infiltration) to allow their continued growth and survival.
The width (average or average width and maximum width) of cracks on the surface is given in centimeters. Tuff - A rock composed of finer types of volcanic detritus, usually fused together by heat. Workability/workability – ease of working the soil in terms of its structure, texture, presence of coarse fragments and relief.
Soil textural classes
