In the well-watered control in 2017 DS, the leaf roll score was 1 across rice cultivars and fertilizer levels during the 20-day treatment period (Figures 6A, 6B and 6C). Spikelet sterilities across rice cultivars in the well-watered control were significantly lower than in the drought stress treatment.
Discussion
Drought stress reduces panicle strain rate; thus leaving part of the panicle unplaced in the leaf sheath. 2011) described quantitative trait loci (QTL) of IR64 backcross lines identified on chromosomes 1 and 2 (thick root morphology) had increased panicle extension rate and lower needle sterility compared to Parental IR64 in response to reproductive stress.
Conclusions
Literature Cited
Rang ZW, Jagadish SVK, Zhou QM, Craufurd PQ, Heuer S (2011) Effect of high temperature and water stress on pollen germination and fertility in rice. Tiwari HS, Agarwal RM, Bhatt RK (1998) Photosynthesis, stomatal resistance and related traits as affected by potassium under normal water supply and water stress conditions in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Venuprasad R, Lafitte HR, Atlin GN (2007) Response of direct selection on grain yield under drought stress in rice.
Wang JY, Turner NC, Liu YX, Siddique KHM, Xiong YC (2016) Effects of drought stress on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat species differing in ploidy level. 2014) Alleviation of water stress effects on MR220 rice using intermittent water stress and potassium fertilization. Zou TX, Dai TB, Jiang D, Jing Q, Cao WX (2007 ) Effects of nitrogen and potassium application levels on flag leaf photosynthetic properties after anthesis in winter wheat.
SPORE PRODUCTION AND GROWTH RATE OF TEN AZOLLA HYBRIDS
Abstract
Introduction
Previous procedures in determining the sporulation of Azolla involved randomly sampling only 100 plants from the growing trays monthly (Payawal and De Macale, 1994). When setting parameters for the selection of desired traits (with a focus on sporulation), the following are taken into account, among other things: a) the Azolla must produce sufficient spores as an inoculum source for the next growing season; These include weekly monitoring of sporulation throughout the year, categorizing the sporocarp into megasporocarp and microsporocarp, and measurements of growth rates during the linear phase of Azolla growth under normal and high flood water temperatures.
Materials and Methods
Azolla growth was determined by weighing using an analytical balance every eighth day from the initial inoculation (day 0) for 48 days. Evaluation under High Floodwater Temperature Azolla hybrids were placed for ten days in a designed culture bath (Figure 1), where floodwater temperatures were raised to an average of 36°C with + 3.5°C fluctuation. A total of 2 g of each plant was placed in a plastic container with a diameter of 9 cm and filled with soil.
The temperature of the flood water was maintained by submerging plastic containers in a larger container filled with hot water heated by sensor immersion heaters. The temperature of the environment and the flood water in the plastic containers was monitored with an accurate hygrometer every 15 minutes.
Results
Azolla's DT should be <7 days to be recommended for deployment in different parts of the country. To validate this observation, the sporulation of Azolla mexicana 2024 can be evaluated under partial and full sunlight. This implies that the sporulation of Azolla hybrids evaluated in Los Baños coincides with the rice crop cycle in the area.
If the growth of Azolla is rapid, more leaves will be available to produce spores as inoculum in the rice soil. It can be assumed that the growth rates of Azolla hybrids at ambient temperature may be inversely proportional to the growth rates at elevated flood water temperatures. The presence of Azolla cover in rice fields reduces the flood water temperature to 1-2 °C (Villegas and San Valentin, 1989).
Conclusion
In this study, the linear growth model was used, where the slope of the line (biomass accumulation per day) is the growth rate. Increasing flood water temperature can affect the nitrogen (N) fixing ability of the symbiont; thereby affecting the biomass accumulation of the fern due to the strong interaction between photosynthesis and N-fixation by Azolla (Tyagi et al., 1981). The majority of the hybrids survived incubation under high flood water temperature, except for Azolla microphylla 4119 and 4114, which were aged by day eight.
University of the Philippines Los Baños - Department of Agriculture (1988) Azolla Technology Lessons: A Training Manual. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Philippines at Los Baños [NAAP-UPLB-DA] National Azolla Action Program. University of the Philippines Los Baños - Department of Agriculture (1989) Azolla: Its Culture, Management and Utilization in the Philippines.
EXPERTS’ PERSPECTIVE, CONSUMER PERCEPTION ON RICE-BASED PRODUCTS,
The purpose of the expert FGD was to describe participants' perceptions of health and well-being and to gather ideas about rice-based foods to be developed. Participants were asked to rank their top five ideas for rice-based products and write them on colored papers. Similarly, the level of liking for different rice-based product ideas presented during the survey was measured using a 5-point scale (5-strongly like to 1-strongly dislike).
Specifically, rice crackers ranked highest among all rice-based product ideas in terms of degree of flavor. Consumers' degree of taste (1-5) and likelihood of purchase (yes-no) against the different rice-based product ideas, 2016. They suggested rice-based product ideas that were ready-to-eat (packaged), easy-to-prepare, and ready-to-drink.
Conclusions and Recommendation
These products are highly regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the Philippines. These implied that when creating rice-based food products, developers had to seriously consider the fact that good taste must go hand in hand with being healthy and nutritious. Consumer preferences for rice-based products Of the 21 rice-based products presented to respondents during the survey, rice-based bakery product ideas were highly preferred.
The results suggested that rice-based products with added value for health and convenience were likely to be attractive to Filipino consumers. Healthy and nutritious rice-based bakery products are a clear consumer demand in the Philippine local market in the future. This indicates that product developers should pay special attention to this when producing rice-based foods.
Acknowledgment
Despite all this, the local vitamin and supplement industry in the Philippines still presents a very promising market opportunity with a potential annual sales of Php 150 billion and a compound annual growth of 3% (PhilStar Global, 2011). Based on another report, products in high demand in the Philippine market included snacks/grains (eg, cookies, chips), individually packaged desserts (eg, cakes, cookies, and cupcakes), soups, juices, sauces, cheese, canned goods, ready-to-eat packages, and food products (eg, nutritional supplements and slimming products) (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2016). DOST-FNRI] Department of Science and Technology-Food and Nutrition Research Institute (2015) Nutrition Facts and Figures in the Philippines 2013: 8th National Nutrition Survey-Anthropometric.
DOST-FNRI] Department of Science and Technology - Food and Nutrition Research Institute (2015) Philippine nutrition facts and figures 2013: Overview of the 8th National Nutrition Survey. DOST-FNRI] Department of Science and Technology - Food and Nutrition Research Institute (2014) Do you really need vitamin and mineral supplements for good health. Miraflor MB (2017) Health conscious food and beverage brands drive sales in PH market. https://www.pressreader.com/.
COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF CHICKEN MANURE AND EM-BASED BOKASHI AS INOCULANT
TO RICE STRAW DECOMPOSITION
Therefore, it is imperative to accelerate the decomposition of rice straw in the field by using ameliorating materials such as high N fertilizers, mixtures of microorganisms as inoculants, and the use of organic manures with lower C:N ratios. EMBI applied with fresh rice straw in situ had reduced mineralization days to 14 days after their incorporation (Javier and Tabien 2003). Chicken manure (CM), on the other hand, has been effectively used as a fertilizer due to its high N-P-K and micronutrient content (Magat and Recel, 1999).
As farmers are encouraged to decompose rice straw naturally in-situ, this study was conducted to compare the effect of chicken manure and Bokashi as inoculant with rice straw decomposition and to determine the release rate of N, P, K, Zn, Fe and Mn. of different treatments. So the rate was not necessarily based on the actual harvested rice straw in the field. Then, each EMB and air-dried and milled CM were weighed and separately mixed with the rice straw at the ratio of 10:1 and 3:1 respectively.
Results and Discussion
Available nitrogen released in flatland soil treated with rice straw in combination with chicken manure and Bokashi as inoculant. Available phosphorus released in flatland soil treated with rice straw in combination with chicken manure and Bokashi as inoculant. Exchangeable potassium released in upland soil treated with rice straw in combination with chicken manure and Bokashi as inoculant.
Available iron released on upland soil treated with rice straw in combination with chicken manure and Bokash as inoculant. Available zinc released in flatland soil treated with rice straw in combination with chicken manure and Bokashi as inoculant. Available manganese released in flat land treated with rice straw in combination with chicken manure and Bokashi as inoculant.
ENHANCED VIABILITY AND VIGOR IN RICE SEEDS THROUGH TREATMENTS WITH WATER
All seeds treated with water hyacinth decoction were at acceptable percentage of germination (>85%) (Figure 1). Germination rate of rice seeds treated with different levels of water hyacinth concentrations across varieties. The germination rate of NSIC Rc 222 seeds was improved when treated with 75% water hyacinth decoction from 84.5% (control) in decoction concentration).
Germination rate of different varieties of rice seeds treated with different concentrations of water hyacinth. Correlation analysis showed that only germination rate had a positive correlation with increasing concentration of water hyacinth decoction. Treating seeds with water hyacinth decoction will increase the germination rate of rice seeds.
SCOPE
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