1/17/2014
1 CITING SOURCES: A REVIEW
WHEN SHOULD YOU CITE YOUR SOURCES?
1. When you quote two or more words verbatim, or even one word if it is used in a way that is unique to the source.
2. When you copy any illustration, diagram, chart, picture, or any other visual material
3. When you paraphrase or summarize ideas, interpretations, or conclusionsthat you find in a source.
4. When you introduce information that is not common knowledge or that may be considered common knowledge in your field, but the reader may not know it.
5. When you borrow the plan or structure of a larger section of a source’s argument (for example, using a theory from a source and analyzing the same three case studies that the source uses).
Yale College. (2013). Warning: When you must cite. Yale College Writing Center.Retrieved from http://writing.yalecollege.yale.edu/warning-when-you-must-cite
WRITE YES IF THE ITEM NEEDS A SOURCE CITATION. IF NOT, WRITE NO.
1. Catching Fire was the highest-grossing film of 2013.
2. Writer and researcher Rachel Carson is known as the mother of modern ecology.
3. Many students in Zobel do not approve of the new grading system.
4. Teenage years are the most difficult time in the life of a person.
5. Teenagers are peer-pressured into doing things they might not even like doing in the first place.
WRITE YES IF THE ITEM NEEDS A SOURCE CITATION. IF NOT, WRITE NO.
6. This research uses the questionnaire created by a group of psychologists from UP Diliman.
7. Many Filipino tourists believe that everyone should go see El Nido in Palawan.
8. South Koreans topped the number of tourist arrivals in the Philippines in 2013.
9. Foreigners are turned off from visiting the Philippines because of bad infrastructure and accusations of corruption among government officials.
10.DOT stands for the Department of Tourism.
HOW TO WRITE THE RESULTS SECTION
RESULTS
describe the main findingsof your research consider all of your findings and what they mean or suggest
come up with graphics, such as tables or charts, especially if your data is more clearly shown in such
describe results in past tense
make comparisonsbetween your results (e.g. how the answers of male respondents differ from the females’)
1/17/2014
2
A Quantitative Study on the Attitude of Filipino Young Professionals toward Marriage
Figure 1. Respondents’ answer to the question “Do you think that your income is enough to support a family?”
YES NO
10 40
32
18 22
28
working for less than 3 years working for 3-5 years
working for more than 5 years
As seen in Fig. 1, a great majority of respondents who have been working for less than three years believed that their income is enough to support a family (80%). This is in contrast with the belief of a majority of those who have worked for three to five years (64%) and more (56%), who think that their salary is not sufficient, suggesting that the more experienced young professionals have a more negative response to this issue.
A Quantitative Study on the
Attitude of Filipino Young
Professionals toward Marriage
Freshmen Sophomores Juniors Seniors Total
Yes 20 24 28 19 91
No 8 11 10 15 44
Total 28 35 38 34 135
Table 2
Opinions of the high school students on whether group work is related to and directly proportional to better grades
Gecana, C. A. & Obcemea, A.G. (2013). De La Salle ZobelHigh School Students’ Opinions and Preferences Regarding Group Work vs. Individual Work in Relation to Grades.Unpublished manuscript, De La Salle Santiago Zobel School.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Freshmen Sophomores Juniors Seniors Yes No
Figure 2. Opinions of the high school students on whether group work is related to and directly proportional to better grades
Fig. 2 shows the results gathered when the respondents were asked if they thought group work was related to and directly proportional to better grades. 67% of the sample size agreed with the given statement, while the remaining 37% does not. A trend is observed from the freshmen year level to the junior year level that shows they agree that group work is related to and directly proportional to better grades. More than half of the mentioned batches stated yes, specifically 71% from the freshmen, 69% from the sophomores, and 73% from the juniors. However, this trend decreases as the year level reaches the senior students. From 73% of the juniors, only 55% agreed with the statement, marking a 18% drop in percentage.
Gecana, C. A. & Obcemea, A.G. (2013). De La Salle ZobelHigh School Students’ Opinions and Preferences Regarding Group Work vs. Individual Work in Relation to Grades.Unpublished manuscript, De La Salle Santiago Zobel School.
HOW TO WRITE THE DISCUSSION SECTION
DISCUSSION: RESTATING THE STUDY QUESTIONS AND MAIN FINDINGS
restate the study question and any hypotheses presented in the introduction
summarize the major findings of the your study start with the most important or relevant findingand then move to progressively less important ones. These must all be plausible explanations backed by data.
1/17/2014
3 DISCUSSION: RESTATING THE STUDY
QUESTIONS AND MAIN FINDINGS
Avoid making grand statements that are not supported by your data and/or overstating the importance of your findings. Here are some suggestions on how to word your results:
“suggests” is preferable to “shows”
the word “proves” should never be used
Give only brief descriptions of the main findings required before launching into their implications.
use the past tense to describe individual results and the results of previous studies
use the present tense used to describe their implications
DISCUSSION: SHOWING THE RELEVANCE OF YOUR FINDINGS TO THE FIELD
Describe their relevance and significance of your major findings.Put your findings into the context of previously published literature and discuss their implications. This part forms the bulk of the discussion section.
Describe and exclude all possible alternative interpretations of your study(or at least show them to be unlikely) wherever possible. If alternative interpretations remain viable, the study is considered
‘incomplete,’ or at least ongoing.
DISCUSSION: STATING THE LIMITATIONS OF YOUR STUDY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
Recommendations regarding the findings of the paper may include the following:
implementation of suggestions and ways to improve practice; and
implementation of the new research model proposed by the group.
EXAMPLES:
Further evaluation of the performance of the workers of the canteen should be done using the service monitoring type of research.
The canteen management should provide more equipment and a better workplace for the workers.
Sanitation and maintenance should also be given importance.
DISCUSSION: STATING THE LIMITATIONS OF YOUR STUDY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
Recommendations for further or new studiesinclude:
what remains to be learned (directions for further studies); and
a short list of possible research titles or topics.
EXAMPLES:
Given the title “The Relationship of the Level of Educational Attainment of Teachers with the Variety and Effectiveness of Implemented Lessons in the Classroom”,the researchers may suggest:
a study on the same topic but of a different population;
a comparative study between subject areas and levels;
a survey on why non-education graduates enter the teaching profession.
