Fish marketing in Thailand is competitive and largely in the hands of the private sector. If most of the water is still in the hole the next morning, the soil permeability is suitable for.
INTRODUCTION
Water on Earth: The water cycle (known scientifically as the hydrologic cycle) refers to the continuous exchange of water within the hydrosphere, between the atmosphere, soil water, surface
The middle bar shows the distribution of that three percent of all the Earth's water that is fresh water. Of all the fresh water on Earth, only about 0.3 percent is contained in rivers and lakes - yet rivers and lakes are not only the water we are most familiar with, it is also where most of the water we use in our everyday lives use life, exist.
AQUACULTURE
Intensity of Farming Systems (Selected from Edwards, 1993)
FISH POND DYNAMICS
Light energy
Wind and air quality
Although acid rain gases can originate in urban areas, atmospheric winds often carry them hundreds of kilometers away to rural areas. Therefore, forests and lakes in the countryside can be damaged by acid rain originating from cities.
Water supply
- Pond side and substrate
- Water depth
- Water quality
The pH is one of the most common water tests - is a measure of hydrogen ions in the water. Hydrogen sulfide occurs in ponds as a result of the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter by bacteria in mud.
Food intake
Fry and fingerling rearing is the raising of 3- or 4-day-old postlarvae, which begin to eat food, to fingerlings for stocking in grow-out ponds. Therefore, careful handling should be carried out to increase the survival rate of fry and catch and to produce healthy young of desirable size.
Growth rate
Based on the measurement, within 10 days of being stocked in ponds, the body weight of fry would double 6 times for Silver Carp and 5 times for Bighead. After stocking for 1-- 4 days the growth of Grass Carp is the fastest; Silver carp and Bighead the second.
Distribution and environmental requirements
The longest intestines are therefore found in herbivores, but not all herbivores have long intestines; that is, the gut lengths of some herbivores are shorter than those of some carnivores. Appetite, that is, the amount of food voluntarily eaten at one time, appears to be the inverse of gastric fullness, although it does not explain the entire appetite phenomenon.
Principle of Feed formulation
The nucleus has several nucleoli at this stage, which are located in the peripheral region of the nucleus. RNA and mRNA from the oocytes are transported from the nucleus into the oocyte cytoplasm. Maturation phase: The nucleus of the vitellogenic oocytes begins to migrate to the animal pole (germinal vesicle migration; GVM; stage 6).
The GSI can be used to predict the gonadal stages of the fish compared to a reference. Development of embryos and newly hatched larvae (fry) are the most sensitive and delicate stages in a fish's life history. For the first time, some of the cells are now completely split from the others.
This estimated growth weight is added to the total weight at the beginning of the week. The ducks do not need an elaborate house as they stay in the pond most of the day.
Bacterial Diseases
Mycotic Diseases
The speed of the water will affect the strength of the small and large fish in the cage. A high pH fluctuation in a fish farming pond will be associated with low alkalinity and phytoplankton blooms because phytoplankton use carbon dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate. If the DO is lower than 3 ppm, it will cause suffocation or hypoxia for prolonged breathing.
Heavy algal blooms can cause dissolved gas (oxygen) oversaturation, causing gas bubble disease. Free CO2 should not be higher than 6 ppm with excess DO in the culture system. A high concentration of nitrite will cause brown blood disease; nitrite will bind to hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in methemoglobin or methemoglobinemia.
Nutritional deficiency
Receiving some chemicals
Quarantine to observe the disease of the newly arrived fish for a certain time in the control area. They also reduce the effects of pressure by utilizing all the available area in the box. Consisting of intertidal flora and fauna, mangrove forests thrive in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
TURFs are about ownership of the right of use rather than ownership of the resource. It can also mean non-monetary benefits such as enjoyment of the use of the resource. In the use and management of a TURF, the users (preferably organized fishermen) have the right to determine the objectives sought based on the use of the territory.
Participation – Inputs from the community into PRA activities is important to its value as a research and planning method. Participation improves chances of better collective efforts of the
More often, there is not much time and resources to conduct social analyzes of a community's conditions for effective community-based natural resource management. RRA is a tool for learning from people so that any development intervention introduced in the community will address the aspirations of the people. Close and continuous coordination among team members is necessary to understand the complexity of the factors that influence the success of the rural development project.
The PRA approach is flexible and uses a combination of techniques that are appropriate in a particular development context, determined by variables such as the size and skill mix of the PRA team, the time and resources available, and the subject and location of the project. work. To be efficient in terms of both time and money, PRA work is designed to collect just enough information to make the most of both time and money. The PRA work is designed to gather just enough information to make the necessary recommendations and decisions. PRA explicitly seeks insights and understanding of the needs of different individuals and groups, which may be contradictory but will better reveal the complexity of local situations.
Group methods
Ideally, the team should include a socio-economist, social worker, scientist (biologist, aquaculturist), technologist, policy researcher, etc. PRA is a learning process and as such does not provide straightforward procedures and protocols in dealing with a community. To ensure that the information is valid and reliable, PRA teams follow the first rule that at least three sources must be consulted or techniques must be used to investigate the same topics.
For this reason, the sequence of PRA activities is usually determined by a series of open meetings (an initial open meeting, a final meeting and a follow-up meeting). It encourages critical and creative thinking among group members to understand problems and recommend solutions. Determine the objectives of the activity. ii) Determine the individuals or groups that will be involved. iii) Inform and discuss the details of the activities with community leaders and have them identify the participants.
Surveys
Mapping
Seasonal calendar - shows the weather, social activities, economic activities and other important events (illnesses, school activities). The outcomes of this method are a seasonal calendar and analysis of trends in fishing, fish farming and other important economic activities. Daily activity – a tool for recording and knowing the daily activities of the respondents, both productive and reproductive, including community activities and social activities.
It also identifies the daily activities of various sectors of the community such as fishermen, women, children, etc. The result of this exercise is a visual representation of the typical daily activities of a community member. It also provides information on how different segments of the community use and manage their time.
Problem tree analysis
The last session of the season-long training course is the actual harvesting of fish in the fish farm. The Local Government Code of 1991 and the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 provide that "The municipal/city government shall have jurisdiction over municipal waters, which include streams, lakes and other inland waters and intertidal areas, fisheries reserves and marine waters up to 15 km. from the coast." Effective and efficient management of the fisheries and aquaculture resources will depend on the capacity and political will of the LGUs, Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Councils (FARMCs), fishermen's organizations and other "on the ground" institutions. As a result of the rapid assessment exercises, a problem tree analysis (Figure 3) was jointly built by the team members to see the problems from the perspectives of the different disciplines (Callens and Seiffert, 2003).
The sum of capital expenditure and working (operating) capital is the total investment requirement. Keeping credit records (Table 10) is, therefore, necessary in the general management of the business. Below is an example of a discussion on the environmental and social acceptability of an aquaculture venture.
Environmental impact
This is an example of a tilapia culture project for out-of-school youth in Aklan, Central Philippines.
Social Acceptability
The proponents of the aquaculture project should be able to draw sensible conclusions and powerful recommendations to convince investors and banks of the worthiness of the proposed business. The project will provide the small-scale fish farmers with additional income and source of food. The proposed project is socially acceptable because it will generate job and livelihood opportunities for the community and provide them with access to market and technological information.
SUGGESTED READING
Farmers are reluctant to participate in such schemes due to inequality in multi-ownership of the community ponds. There is participatory learning by fish farmers, regardless of gender and age, and empowerment of the rural poor. The outcome of the community-based aquaculture management model application is monitored and evaluated based on user experiences, institutional analysis, socio-economic and environmental cost-benefit analysis, etc.
In community aquaculture, decision making, planning, technology implementation, control and maintenance management measures and evaluation of activities are carried out with the participation of members of the community. This will not only provide income, self-employment and food (fish) security to the rural poor, but also improve the environmental conditions of the villages. There is ample scope for the development of community aquaculture for the generation of self-employment and income and the improvement of food security of the rural poor.
