PHILRICE AGUSAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary PhilRice Agusan
1
Abbreviations and acronymns 29
PhilRice Agusan
Branch Manager: AT Montecalvo Executive Summary
PhilRice Agusan was able to implement a total of 66 R&D studies for 2013. Under the Research Division, the three major projects were the following: Project 1: Development of Varieties Adaptable to Mindanao Biotic and Abiotic Stresses Project 2: Development of Appropriate Diagnostic Tools
& IPM Options for Mindanao Condition and Project 3: Development of Appropriate ICM Diagnostic Tools and Decision Support System for Different Rice Ecosystems in Mindanao.
Other research studies handled by PhilRice Agusan include the following: BYB-003-003: Profile of rice key pests and their natural enemies in submergence-and saline-prone areas in Mindanao (RL Tabudlong and GF Estoy, Jr.), BYB-003-007: Mass Production and Release of Biological Control Agents (BCA’s) for Rice White Stem borer and Other Emerging Insect Pest Problems in Mindanao (BM Tabudlong and GFEstoy, Jr.), BYB- 003-023: Development of P management to alleviate P deficiency in acid soils in upland areas in Mindanao planted to rice (FL Varquez), BYB-003- 024: Identification and amelioration of soil constraints to yield of upland rice in highly weathered soils (DL Escañan and GA Nemeño), BYB-003- 025: Micronutrient management of transplanted rice in salt-affected soils according to hydrologic and salinity condition (FL Varquez), BYB-003-026:
Development of appropriate integrated nutrient management technology for transplanted rice in submergence-prone areas in Mindanao (DL Escañan and GA Nemeño), and SYP-005-010: Yield potential determination of promising lines and new rice varieties (NO Mabayag and ML Malabayabas)
On top of these studies, was the implementation of the following research studies funded by the DA-Caraga: 594-RTF-001a: Improving Rice Yield in Caraga Region: The effect of plant spacing and fertilizer application and nutrient-use efficiency and yield of selected varieties under low solar radiation (RL Sobrevilla and CA Mabayag), 594-RTF-001b: Development of Sulfur deficiency management options for intensively-cropped irrigated lowland rice areas in Caraga Region (RL Sobrevilla and CA Mabayag), 594-RTF-001c: Plant Health Clinic: A One-Stop-Info Shop (OSIS) for Rice in Caraga Region EM Gaquit and GA Nemeño), 594-RTF-001d: Field
Assessment and Management of Bacterial Leaf Blight, Xanthomonasoryzaepv.
oryzae, in Caraga Region (CA Burdeos and EH Batay-an), 594-RTF-001e:
Field Response of Upland Rice Varieties to Varying Levels of Vermicast in Caraga Region (CA Burdeos and EH Batay-an), 594-RTF-001f: Insect Pests, Diseases and Natural Enemies Associated with Upland Rice in Caraga Region (CA Burdeos and EH Batay-an), 594-RTF-001g: Improving Productivity and Profitability of Upland Rice Farming Ecosystem in Caraga Region (RL
Sobrevilla and CA Mabayag), 594-RTF-001h: Adaptability trial of saline, drought and submergence-tolerant lines in Caraga region (DG Mayote and GF Estoy, Jr.), 594-RTF-001i: Indigenous pest management practices of upland rice farmers in Caraga (GF Estoy, Jr.), and 594 RTF 001j: Community- based Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Approaches in Selected Rice Producing Towns in Caraga. (RL Tabudlong and GF Estoy, Jr.),
On the other hand, research studies funded by DA RFU –XI and implemented by the station were the following: 629 RTF-001a:
Development of Powdered form M.anisopliae for RBB management (MA Ebora and GF Estoy, Jr. ), 629 RTF-001b: Development of best formulation and utilization of C. Tiglium for storage pest management ( RL Tabudlong and GF Estoy, Jr.), 629 RTF-001c: Indigenous botanicals for rodent pest management (RL Tabudlong and GF Estoy, Jr.), 629 RTF-001d: Utilization of M. anisopliae as Biological Control Agent of Brown Planthopper (CA Burdeos and EH Batay-an), 629 RTF-001e: Evaluation of Eco-friendly management against BPH in Hybrid Rice Production (CA Burdeos and EH Batay-an), 629 RTF-001g: Nutrient and Pest Interaction based on yield potential of promising rice lines and new rice varieties in Mindanao (RL Sobrevilla and CA Mabayag), 629 RTF-001h: Translation of PhilRice KPs to Commonly-used dialect (Cebuano) in Region XI (GV Arbutante and GF Estoy, Jr.), 629 RTF- 001i: “Talamdan sa Maayong Pagpanguma” A School-on-the-Air program in support to the implementation of the National Year of Rice Program in Region XI (GV Arbutante and GF Estoy, Jr.), 629 RTF-001j Upland Rice Farmers’ Capacity Enhancement and Resource Empowerment (Upland Rice FarmCARE): The Palayamanan Approach (RL Sobrevilla and CA Mabayag).
Under the Development Division, the key studies implemented were the following: MIN-008-004: “Talamdan sa Maayong Pagpanguma”:
A school-on—the-air program in support to the Agripinoy Rice Program in Agusan del Sur (ST Rivas), MIN-008-005: Utilization of Open Academy for Philippine Agriculture (OpAPA) for capability enhancement of rice stakeholders in Mindanao (EM Gaquit), MIN-008-006: Translation of PhilRice knowledge products from English to Cebuano (ST Rivas), MIN-008-007:
Development of diversified and integrated farming systems (DIFS) models for rainfed ecosystem(RS Narisma). Also under the Development of PhilRice Agusan was the implementation of the Upland Rice Development Program in Regions 10, 11, and 13.
The most significant activity led by the PhilRice Agusan Development Division was the successful conduct of a Field Day in the station on October 18. 2013. The Field Day won the 2013 Best Field Day Contest sponsored by the Central Experiment Station.
On varietal evaluation, in January-June 2013 cropping eleven test entries out-yielded the best check varieties by 41 t0 63%. These includes:
Ciherang Sub-1 (3.61 t/ha), IR10F203 (3.51 t/ha), IR10F360 (3.48 t/ha), IR10F364 (3.45 t/ha) and IR10F379 (3.40 t/ha). Among the check, variety NSIC Rc194 yielded the highest with 2.21 t/ha and the least was IR64 with 1.27 t/ha. It was noted also that among the test entries, PSB Rc68 yielded 3.14 t/ha which was comparable to top performing lines with excellent phenotypic acceptability.
In the July-December 2013 cropping, only one test entry out- yielded all entries including the best check varieties with 4.17 t/ha (IR09F154) followed by 8 entries with the yield ranging from 2.90 t/ha to 3.35 t/ha. Across two cropping seasons, 13 test entries showed a stable grain yield ranging from 2.47 t/ha to 3.29 t/ha with comparable phenotypic acceptability and pest and disease reactions.
For varietal demo for submerge-prone areas under normal
condition, it was found out that there three best check varieties obtained a stable grain yield and out-yielded the ten test entries ranging from 4.79 t/ha to 4.92 t/ha. Five test entries obtained a comparable yield to the best check varieties ranging from 4.27 t/ha to 4.56 t/ha. These include: IR10F1 (4.56 t/
ha), RC18 Sub-1 (4.51 t/ha), IR10F365 (4.39 t/ha), IR06A144 (4.34 t/ha) and IR06A150 (4.27 t/ha).
In terms of tolerance to zinc deficiency, across two cropping seasons, with and without zinc application, the top performing test entries showed a stable yield ranging from 4.50 to 5.30 t/ha. These include:
IR10A183 (5.30 t/ha), IR08N134 (5.29 t/ha), IR08N136 (5.09 t/ha), IR09A152 (4,97 t/ha), NSIC Rc222 (4.82 t/ha), NSIC Rc240 (4.52 t/ha) and PR30996 (4.50 t/ha). The top performing rice lines identified were noted to have an excellent phenotypic acceptability and have comparable performance in terms of pest and disease reaction compared to the best check variety.
On pest management, a study on microbial control agents for the control of rice white stem borer and other pests discovered the following seven genera of fungal microbial agents affecting the rice insect pests on selected rice growing areas in Mindanao: Batkoa and Zoophthora of the Order Entomophthorales and Beauveria, Hirsutella, Metarhizium, Nomuraeaand Paecilomyces of the Order Hyphomycetes. Deadheart (%) damage due to WSB larvae did not differ significantly after spraying the 1-day old WSB egg mass with the fungal suspension. Damage ranged from 33.21-62.93% after 2 weeks. The three fungal isolates were pathogenic to rice bug adults indicating by more than 55% mortality both in the two trials conducted separately in the laboratory. B. bassiana (90.0%) and M.
anisopliae (90.0%) significantly caused higher mortality on adult rice bug compared to those insect treated with Paecilomyces sp. (56.70%) after 10 days post treatment with an LT50 of 3-4.3 days in the 2nd trial.
Population of WSB egg mass were affected by the three egg parasitoids, namely: Trichogrammajaponicum Ashmead, Telenomusrowani (Gahan) and Tetrastichusschonoebii Ferriere in the field. Total parasitism showed 4.59-50.04% (1st cropping) and 10.64-65.75% (2nd cropping) due to the combined efforts of the three egg parasitoids. One important finding for the management of stored insect pests was the utilization of
“banti-banti”, a local plant with insecticidal property. The plant extract from stems and leaves was found to be the most effective combination. The recommended application was 100 grams plant extract solution mixed in 1,000 ml water and the sacks soaked for 12 hours, then completely drying them before storing the seed inside.
On nutrient management, application of high N rate resulted in significantly higher tiller number per meter square, plant height, number of panicles per meter square, and 1000 grain weight compared with other treatments. In this season (very wet cropping), the fourth cropping of the experiment showed that closer planting spacing (15x15 cm) significantly gave a yield advantage compared with regular spacing (20x20 cm), 5.15 and 4.82 t ha-1, respectively. These results confirmed the observation recorded in the previous very wet cropping season (Jan-Jun 2012) with 5.87 and 4.8 t ha-1, respectively. When frequent rainfalls occur that caused flooding, and when heavy rainfalls occur during crop establishment to tillering stage, tiller production would most likely be reduced.
Grain yield of NSIC Rc222 treated with NPK, NPKZnS, and
NPK+Foliar fertilizer significantly increased compared to control/unfertilized and with foliar fertilizer only. Results showed that application of NPK + foliar fertilizer improves the growth (tiller count and plant height) and yield components such as panicle number/m2, number of spikelet/panicle, and number of filled grains of the crop during the very wet cropping season which gave a 3.4% (0.21 t ha-1) yield advantage. Addition of S and Zn nutrients from zinc sulfate and ammonium sulfate significantly improved the 1000 grain weigh compared when these nutrients were supplied withfoliar fertilizer.
During the very wet cropping season, application of ammonium sulfate in the seedbed significantly influenced the root and shoot length of the crop, however, it was observed that addition of N and S alters the maturity of the crops (7 days earlier) compared with other treatments. Early maturity affects the growth of the crop particularly the number of tillers per meter square, number of panicles/m2, number of filled and unfiled grains, and 1000 grain weight thus, affecting the yield.
Development of Varieties Adaptable to Mindanao Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
Development of high yielding inbred lowland rice varieties tolerant to major biotic and abiotic stresses in Caraga region
HA Jimenez and GF Estoy, Jr.
The goal of the study is to increase the rice productivity in Caraga region through the use of suitable rice varieties.
To evaluate rice lines for high yield potential under low solar radiation condition, tolerance to soil zinc deficiency, and tolerance to submergence and to select promising lines for location-specific or national recommendation Evaluation of shared elite breeding lines also enabled the selection of rice lines with high yield potential, excellent phenotypic acceptability and probably with location-specific adaptability for Mindanao rice areas.
With the current progress, development of location-specific rice varieties must continue as we get better understanding of the various factors limiting rice production. Emphasis will focus on developing locally adapted rice cultivars superior than the leading variety Angelica and with more specific traits such as tolerance to low solar radiation, resistance to white stem borer, tolerance to soil zinc deficiency and tolerance to submergence.
More varieties will mean more options to farmers, greater genetic diversity, increased productivity, profitability and sustainability in rice.
Highlights:
• Twenty-three (23) rice varieties/lines from early maturing group, medium maturing group, NCT TP group, MET group including check varieties (3) were established/evaluated/
subjected to submergence at the Station and fifteen (15) rice varieties/lines tested under normal condition (submerge prone areas) of which 10 top performing lines were selected from the July –December 2012 submergence trial at the Station.
• Result showed the percent survival rate two weeks after flooding, 78% or 18 entries out of twenty-three obtained more than 90% survival rate while the rest survival rate ranges from as low as 52.99% to 88.89%.
• Though the survival rate was quite high, this indicates that total flooding for two weeks affects the growth that shows wilting/
rotting of leaves and even the stems in which some entries cannot tolerate total submergence and eventually die when water recedes.
Field-screening of promising rice lines against major rice pests for Northern Mindanao
ZM Palo and GF Estoy, Jr.
This study was implemented to select promising rice lines for location-specific recommendation for Caraga region and to select or identify also those rice lines that have desirable traits that can be used as parents for making cross combination to come up with location-specific varieties.
Since Caraga region is having a unique climatic condition that are wet and very wet seasons, it is expected from this type of environment to have high occurrence of insect pests and diseases in a particular area.
These are the reasons why it is very necessary to subject promising rice lines to field screening for us to determine the reactions of a certain variety to pests and diseases prior to the recommendation process as a location-specific variety to avoid any complication specifically when it comes to pest problems in a certain area.
Highlights:
• Selected 3 rice lines that were good performers for 4 cropping seasons:
IR 06 N 105,
IR 77724-8-2-3-2-2, and IR 79216-141-1-3-3.
• Promising rice lines evaluated for 1 season only:
PR 37688-1B-1-1-1-1; PR 38024-2B-2(FePR);
IR 10A128; IR 08A128; IR 09N473; and IR 04A 115.
• Lines to be used as parents:
IR 06 N 105,
IR 77724-8-2-3-2-2, and IR 79216-141-1-3-3
• Based on the observation, rice lines can really get high yields if these will be planted on time following the planting calendar here in our locality and much more if fully protected by insect pests and diseases and with sufficient nutrient as well as water management. And this was what farmers’ did mostly.
• The six promising rice lines selected will be presented for selection of rice varieties for location-specific recommendation for Caraga region since they can really compete with the performance of NSIC Rc122, the check variety. Surely, these rice lines are suited to this locality.
Evaluation and utilization of indigenous botanicals for storage insect pest management
RL Tabudlong and GF Estoy, Jr.
In CARAGA region, where there is no definite dry and wet season, stored rice is always at risk. Stored rice is continuously attacked by stored product pests especially in unsanitary conditions. Losses due to these pests ranged from 10-30% (PRPC, 2003). Many farmers control these pests with the use of pesticides.
The disadvantages of continued use of pesticides lead to the discovery of alternate pest control. The use of plants with pesticidal properties (botanicals) could be the answer to this need.
Botanicals are used in many ways to manage pests (Rejesus, 1987).
Therefore, a sound management system should be developed for rice with emphasis on the use of botanicals.
The study was designed to determine the indigenous botanicals used by Indigenous People in some indigenous communities of Mindanao, develop the best formulation of promising indigenous botanicals, determine the effective amount of promising indigenous botanicals and develop the best method of application of promising indigenous botanicals.
Highlights:
• It was observed that sacks sprayed with 25 grams of “banti- banti” botanical solutions got the highest insects count (85.67) among the treatments and the least was on 50g at 1.5 months after treatment application. After 3 months, sacks soaked in the 50 grams botanical solutions had the lowest (105 insects/500g) insects count while the highest (181.09) was on sacks sprayed with 25g. At 4.5 months, significant differences were observed, lowest infestation was on sacks sprayed with water alone and soaked in 25g with 111.67 and 123.67 insects, respectively. Highest number of insects were noticed from sacks sprayed with 25g and soaked in 50g, respectively.
• For mortality of the adult storage insect, significant results were observed at 1.5 months after treatment in sprayed and soaked methods. Sacks soaked in 50g botanicals solutions obtained the highest (73.52%) insect mortality and 69.97% in sprayed method.
• Generally, high dosage of malathion were practically effective against adults storage insect pests since highest mortality were observed in the latter after 1.5 months, and in the 3rd, and 6th months after treatment application.
• Stored insect pests are of economic significance because they damage stored products such as rice seeds. Recent findings showed that damaged grains on all treated sacks were numerically lower from sacks sprayed and soaked in 100g “banti-banti” botanical solution at 1.5 months after treatments. After 3 months, least percentage of grain damaged was still noticed on sacks sprayed and soaked in 50g botanical solution with 2.67% and 5.33%, respectively. However, after 4.5 months, sacks sprayed with water alone and those sacks soaked in 25g botanical solution got the least grain damaged.
In the 6th month, least grain damaged was on sacks sprayed with 25g and soaked in 100g botanical solutions with 23.33%
and 18%, grain damaged, respectively.
• Seed germination is one of the important factors investigated in this study because if the seeds were not totally protected, germination may be affected through storage insect pests damage. The result revealed that percentage of seed germination of majority of the treatments did not fall below 90 percent except from those sacks soaked in 100g of “banti- banti” botanical solution that obtained 88 percent seed germination. After 4.5 months, sacks soaked in 100g “banti- banti” botanical solutions obtained the lowest percentage (79%) from germinated seeds while the other treatments had good germination. It was also observed that at 4.5 months up to 6 months, percentage of seed germination did not go beyond 90 percent. This may happen because higher percentage of damaged seeds was noted on the last two sampling months as mentioned above and seed germination rate may have started to decrease.
• The presence of high density of storage insect pests within the stored seeds, just like seed germination and weight of 1000 grains, may also be affected. The current findings revealed that sacks soaked in 50g “banti-banti” botanical solutions differ significantly than 100g, 50g and the control treatment. Weight of 1000 grains in this treatment was 26.63 grams, numerically higher than the other treatments during 1.5 months sampling period. In the same manner, sacks sprayed with 100g botanical solutions obtained the heavy grains (27.1 grams) among the treatments. On the other hand, on the 4.5 to 6 months after the application, insignificant differences were noted, though the weights of 1000 grains were comparable from the previous months. Small variation in the weights of 1000 grains may be the results from storage damaged and change in moisture content.
Enhancement of beneficial organisms through soil amendment applications in Caraga region
AA Ortiz and GF Estoy, Jr.
This study is designed to help rice farmers to understand the role of soil amendments in the soil food web system. Hence, the study was conducted to identify soil micro-organisms presence in the different soil amendments and to determine the effects of soil amendments on soil beneficial organisms (fermenting fungi) in irrigated lowland rice production.
Plant nutritional problems are corrected by the use of inorganic or organic amendments. Rice farmers generally misuse them because they lack enough information of its advantages or disadvantages.
Studies on natural cycles, such as soil food web, have been found to be an excellent indicator of soil ecosystem health. Soil food web aids in efficient nutrient cycling and the biological suppression of plant pathogens and parasites (Seyedbagheri, 2002).
Several studies have detailed the benefits of soil amendments but none have focused on rice in Caraga region.
Highlights:
• The presence of different micro-organisms isolated (Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp., Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp., and Curvulariasp.) and identified in the different soil amendments were abundant in all treatments. These identified beneficial micro-organisms were enhancing the decomposition process of the different soil amendments.
• The nutrients released in decompose soil amendments were easily absorbed by the plant resulting in the possible reactions of the rice plant to insects, pests, diseases and natural enemies’
population.
• The poultry litter, rice straw, woodchips and rice hull contributed in yield increase that can be attributed to an increase in the number of productive tillers, number of panicle/m2 which is one of the mechanisms of plant compensation to injury caused by insects.
• It was also observed that these soil amendments contributed in increasing the percentage of filled spikelet resulting in higher yield.
• Poultry litter, rice straw, wood chips and rice hull can be used
as soil amendments in organic rice production farming system.
Microbial Agents for the Control of Rice White Stem borer and Other Emerging Insect Pests Problems in Mindanao
BM Tabudlong and GF Estoy, Jr.
The development of insecticide resistance in pest control resulted in the environmental concerns. Alternative pest control measures like the use of the microbial agent in the management of rice pests is necessary.
Fungal microbial agents affecting the rice pests were identified and determined their pathogenicity on some major rice insect pests.
Three entomopathogenic fungi, namely: Beauveriabassiana, Metarhiziumanisopliaeand Paecilomycessp. were formulated and evaluated for their efficacy against white stem borer under field condition
Highlights:
• It was found that Deadheart (%) damage due to WSB larvae did not differ significantly after spraying the 1-day old WSB eggmass with the fungal suspension. Damage ranged from 33.21-62.93% after 2 weeks.
• The three fungal isolates were pathogenic to rice bug adults indicating by more than 55% mortality both in the two trials conducted separately in the laboratory. B. bassiana (90.0%) and M. anisopliae (90.0%) significantly caused higher mortality on adult rice bug compared to those insect treated with Paecilomyces sp. (56.70%) after 10 days post treatment with an LT50 of 3-4.3 days in the 2nd trial.
• It was observed that population of WSB eggmass were affected by the three egg parasitoids, namely:
Trichogrammajaponicum Ashmead, Telenomusrowani (Gahan) and Tetrastichusschonoebii Ferriere in the field. Total parasitism showed 4.59-50.04% (1st cropping) and 10.64- 65.75% (2nd cropping) due to the combined efforts of the three egg parasitoids.
• Severity of rice diseases, such as panicle blast, sheath blight and bacterial leaf blight, did not significantly differ regardless of the treatments applied with 4.93-7.23%, 16.21-22.60%, 3.15-3.72 rating and 8.54-12.30%, 16.35-20.80% and 3.54- 3.84 rating in the 1st and 2nd cropping, respectively. Yield (tons/ha) was significantly higher on plants sprayed with B.
bassianawith 4.87 tons/ha compared to other treatments (4.44-4.57 tons/ha) in the 1st cropping. On the other hand,
slightly higher yield on crops sprayed with any of the fungal suspension (4.13-4.54 tons/ha) in comparison with the control (3.7 tons/ha) treatment during the 2nd cropping season.
• Yield components, such as number of filled/unfilled grains, % filled spikelet, grain weight and weight of 100 grains, were not affected by the application of the fungal suspension.
• Other insect species associated in the rice field, such as rice bug, green leafhoppers and undetermined larvae, were affected by the application of the fungal suspensions while other insects, such as coccinellid beetle (Hirsutellacitriformis), undetermined larvae (Paecilomyces sp.) and white stem borer (Zoophthora sp.) adults were infected with naturally occurring microbial agents in the field.
Improvement of diagnostic method and correction of soil fertility constraints to yield of irrigated lowland rice in Mindanao
YV Ando and FL Varquez
Level of exchangeable K alone based on laboratory analysis (usually by extraction of 1N NH₄OAc) pH 7.0) does not provide a good picture of the availability of K when condition such as presence of extremely high Ca and or Mg in the soil.
Under condition where there is abnormally high level of Ca present in the soil, measurement of activity ratio of K to Ca+Mg in the soil would provide a better picture of K availability since it reflects the competitiveness of K with respect to Ca and Mg in the soil solution immediately adjacent to the root surface.
Specifically, this study was conducted to determine the appropriate level of P and K that will overcome the imbalance due to high calcium in the calcareous soil under field condition.
Highlights:
• It was observed that application of higher rates of potassium will contribute to a higher yield as compared to zero application or without applying any K fertilizer. Potassium is very important in increasing number of panicles, number of grains and weight of grains of rice.
• In very wet season (VWS), second cropping of the study on the development of management or corrective measures was conducted at PhilRice experiment station. Different sources
of S and Zn containing fertilizers (5 granulated and 1 liquid) were applied in the seedbed and in the experimental plots in addition to NPK fertilizers. These treatments were laid out in split plot design with different sources of S and Zn + NPK applied in plots as main plot and different sources of S and Zn (organic/inorganic) applied in seedbed/seedlings as subplot.
• Grain yield of NSIC Rc222 treated with NPK, NPKZnS, and NPK+Foliar fertilizer significantly increased compared to control/unfertilized and with foliar fertilizer only. Results showed that application of NPK + foliar fertilizer improves the growth (tiller count and plant height) and yield components such as panicle number/m2, number of spikelet/panicle, and number of filled grains of the crop during the very wet cropping season which gave a 3.4% (0.21 t ha-1) yield advantage. Addition of S and Zn nutrients from zinc sulfate and ammonium sulfate significantly improved the 1000 grain weigh compared when these nutrients were supplied from foliar fertilizer.
• Application of different S and Zn fertilizer in seedbed and in seedling (prior to transplanting) did not influence the yield of the crop. However, it is observed that significant increases of the root and shoot lengths, panicle and grain numbers per meter square, and percent filled grains occurred when treated with trichoderma indicating that this could be a good source in overcoming deficiencies and increasing yield level.
• During the very wet cropping season, application of
ammonium sulfate in the seedbed significantly influenced the root and shoot length of the crop. However, it is observed that addition of N and S alters the maturity of the crops (7 days earlier) compared with other treatments. Early maturity affects the growth of the crop particularly the number of tillers per meter square, number of panicles/m2, number of filled and unfiled grains, and 1000 grain weight thus, affecting the yield.
Improvement of nutrient management for yield maximization of irrigated lowland rice in Mindanao
DL Escañan and GA Nemeño
This study endeavors to document unique and successful cultural management practices in different rice areas in Mindanao. These will then be verified to determine their advantages and disadvantages, and will be improved to fit for the local condition.
Identified/developed best crop and nutrient management practices will also be validated and verified in areas with varying agro-climatic condition with unique agro-climatic conditions, i.e. with problem soils such calcareous soils, light texture soils, and soil poorly drained or waterlogged soils.
Field experiments were conducted to identify best fertilizer management for different soil types. It also aims to develop a combination of best practices in major irrigated calcareous, light-textured, and other problem soil areas, and localized the PalayCheck® System guide for yield maximization in major irrigated rice areas and problem soils in Mindanao.
Highlights:
• Site 1 – Calcareous soils. In this season (very wet cropping), the fourth cropping of the experiment indicated that closer planting spacing (15x15 cm) significantly gave a yield advantage compared with regular spacing (20x20 cm), 5.15 and 4.82 t ha-1, respectively. These results confirmed the observation recorded in the previous very wet cropping season (Jan-Jun 2012) with 5.87 and 4.8 t ha-1, respectively. When frequent rainfalls occur that caused flooding, and when heavy rainfalls occur during crop establishment to tillering stage, tiller production would most likely be reduced.
• In very wet cropping season, varying the rates of fertilizer did not significantly influence the yield. Thus, it is economical to just apply the lowest rate (58-14-29-21 kg NPKS ha-1) because crops do not respond very well to fertilizer when solar radiation is low. These results also verified the observation recorded from the previous very wet cropping season (Jan-Jun 2012).
• Results suggest that during wet season, 20 x 20 cm planting distance is advisable while closer spacing at 15 x 15 cm during very wet season. Nitrogen fertilizer rate of at least 58 – 65 kg ha-1 applied in three splits (i.e. as basal, during active tillering and panicle initiation) is enough during the very wet season
and more economical to the farmers.
• Site 2 – Micronutrient deficient soils. In both sites in Trento and Alegria, it is observed that closer plant spacing at 15x15 cm significantly differ from regular planting (3.54 vs. 3.38 t ha- 1). The same trend was recorded in the station with the same climatic condition. On the other hand, varying the nutrient management application significantly increase the yield of the crop in Alegria. Application of high N rate (96-113 kg ha-1) gave the highest yield with 6.90 and 6.45 t ha-1, respectively.
• Application of high N rate resulted in significantly higher tiller number per meter square, plant height, number of panicles per meter square, and 1000 grain weight compared with other treatments.
Evaluation of INM practices for sustainable production of upland rice in Mindanao
DL Escañan and GA Nemeño
This study was being implemented to identify and document other farming practices that can improve and sustain upland rice productivity, particularly on crop and nutrient management.
Despite adverse agro-climatic conditions, much upland rice farming communities continued to cultivate rice, primarily for consumption using traditional and modern varieties. However, there were commercial upland rice producers that produced relatively high yields, which are worth emulating. Some of these farmers are planting locally adapted rice varieties/
lines that perform well in specific areas, with improved management practices.
To be able to develop package of technology (POT) for upland rice cultivation, documentation of traditional and advanced upland rice production practices were carried out. Different management options will then be verified and improved or fine-tuned to develop a location-specific technology.
Highlights:
• The combination of different cultural management practices documented from the previous cropping season in the upland rice farmers in Brgy. Christian Village, Wao, Lanaodel Sur were summarized and validation of these practices was conducted in the same area. Two popular upland rice varieties planted in the area was used (Dinorado and Maragakit), five nutrient
management (T1: 60-30-30 kg NPK/ha; T2: 30-7-7 kg NPK/
ha; T3: 15-17-7 kg NPK/ha (Farmers best practice); T4: 30- 30-30 kg NPK/ha; and T5: Org. Fert (5 t/ha) were validated after mungbean and corn cropping season (March to July 2013).
• These treatments were laid out in random complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Other than variety and nutrient management, the best practices documented in the area were implemented in the study. The experimental plots were also managed by the farmer partner in the site.
• The combined effects of different NPK fertilizer rates and sources and the widely grown upland selections/lines on the grain yield did not show significant difference. However, application of at least 60 – 90 kg N based on leaf color chart (LCC) and soil-based N application markedly increased the yield of the crop by at least 35-38%. Between two selections, Maragakit out-yielded the popular upland rice, Dinorado with 2.81 and 1.33 t ha-1, respectively. High yield of Maragakit was attributed to higher 1000 grain weight, percent filled grains and number of spikelet per panicle. The results indicated that varietal characteristic is very important in improving the yield of upland rice yield.
Identification of Soil Fertility Constraints to yield of Lowland Rice in Submergence-prone areas in Mindanao
DL Escañan and GA Nemeño
Over the past three decades, a considerable amount of research was devoted to developing high-yielding rice varieties adapted to rainfed and flood-prone areas. However, scant efforts were devoted to develop effective crop and nutrient management strategies for these new varieties.
There are varieties for submergence-prone area that are now available and many more are in the pipeline undergoing advanced trials.
Unfortunately, improved soil and nutrient management for sustainable rice production cannot be achieved by improved germplasm alone.
So, there is really a need to have concerted efforts between plant breeders, soil scientists and agronomists to improve nutrient management that will make an important contribution in increasing the yield in submergence – prone areas.
Highlights:
• In very wet cropping season, the effect of different nutrient management practices were evaluated on the growth and yield performance of three varieties (NSIC Rc194, Rc158 and Rc18) widely grown in the submerged-prone areas particularly in Mainit and Alegria, Surigao del Norte. Different methods and sources of Zn and S (single or in combination) were applied in seedbed and seedlings N, K and S sources were applied as topdress fertilizer based on MOET test, and micronutrients sources from organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer were applied as basal and sprayed at grain filling stage, respectively.
• In Mainit, grain yield of three varieties applied with 10 bags organic fertilizer (from PhilRice BDO) markedly increased, with 6.83, 7.57 and 8.53 t ha-1 , compared with other treatments. Furthermore, across varieties, application of 10 bags per ha organic fertilizer as basal was higher than the application of foliar fertilizer alone at grain filling stage which is the usual practice of farmers in the site (Fig. 4.1b). The response of the crop to the addition of organic fertilizer can be attributed to the micronutrients content of the applied organic fertilizer.
• In Alegria, response of three varieties on the different nutrient management applied did not differ. Application of high NPK rate did not significantly increase the yield of the crop, thus, in areas with high organic matter (OM), content application of organic fertilizer or foliar fertilizer can be more effective and economical. PSB Rc18 notably out-yielded other varieties tested under submergence-prone areas, thus, this variety was widely grown by the farmers in both sites.
• In areas high with inherent soil fertility status particularly OM content (Table 4.1), response of the crop to high N fertilizer is very low indicating that there could be nutrient imbalance happening in the soil. This observation was confirmed with the results recorded in plots applied with low N content organic fertilizer and foliar fertilizer.
• In both sites, performance of varieties followed the same trend as follows: PSB Rc18 >NSIC Rc158> NSIC Rc194 (Fig 4.3), although higher yield was recorded in Mainit compared with Alegria owing to adequate water supply throughout the cropping season. The experimental sites in Alegria were infested with weeds due to inadequate water supply particularly during critical stages of the crop.
Evaluation of INM Practices for sustainable yield of rainfed lowland rice in Mindanao
MF Soledad and FL Varquez
This study was conducted to identify soil nutrient limitations under different aggravating factors so that nutrients management will improve and that yields of rice and sequential crops will also increase.
Specifically in identifying nutrient limitations in rainfed areas in Mindanao and classify according to different agro-climatic zone, soil types, and sequential crops, identify working traditional and non-traditional nutrient management practices/innovations in these areas. Evaluate these management practices in different rainfed areas, package and recommend best management practices.
Highlights:
• Soil samples from rainfed areas were gathered and subjected to soil analysis. A rainfed rice field in Bunawan Brook,
Bunawan, Agusan del Sur has soil pH of 4.96 which is strongly acid, clay soil texture and has adequate organic matter content (OM) 3.31 %,has low Total Nitrogen of 0.16% and has very low phosphorus 1.87 ppm while Potassium 135 ppm which is adequate.
• Farmers’ practices were gathered and collected to determine their management practices for rainfed lowland rice. Farming practices of famers in Mat-I Las Nieves was gathered/
documented.
Identification of soil fertility constraints to yield of lowland rice in saline- prone areas in Mindanao
YV Ando and FL Varquez
Saline soils are soils that contain high amounts of salts that impair growth of the crops. In coastal areas, salt source is seawater or brackish water, surface or underground. Constraints increases with the increasing intensity of salinity. Salinity can be measured by using electrical conductivity (EC) of the water. The least EC that can already affect crop growth is 4 mmho/cm or 4 dS/m.
To augment rice production and income of rice farmers, nutrient management for rice in saline areas must be improved. In Caraga, being a coastal region, large saline or salt-affected lands are planted or occasionally planted to rice. Farmers in these areas are also generally engaged in other sources of livelihood but flooded rice will almost always be planted during
the wet season despite limited production. Specifically, this study was conducted to identify macro-nutrient deficiency (NPKS) for saline and validate results under field condition.
Highlights:
• Based on the result of laboratory analysis, treatments applied in the soil were not significantly different from each other as revealed by the statistical analysis.
• Statistical analysis revealed that the total percentage of phosphorus at rice stalk tissue at maturity among treatments applied were not significantly different from each other.
Though application of 30kg K ha-1 of 0-18-0 combined with 2 tons gypsum ha-1 increases the content of total P (0.57%) in the plant tissue as compared with the other treatments.
• Application of 30 kg K ha-1 of 0-18-0 combined with 20 bags vermicast ha-1 obtained the lowest amount of total phosphorus at 0.35% in the plant tissue but it is comparable with the other treatments applied especially treatment with no application of P fertilizer at 0.420%.
Evaluation of MOET results in fields of farmers participating in the location-specific technology development (LSTD) in Mindanao RL Sobrevilla and CA Mabayag
With the meager budget left after crop establishment, the farmers most frequently asked question is: “What kind of fertilizer should I buy?”
Due to limited access to soil diagnostic techniques, farmers opted to apply complete fertilizer as basal and urea as top dress. When farmers would only have a foreknowledge on the limiting nutrients in their rice fields, a more precise kind of fertilizer would most likely be applied for a more effective result.
Thus, a study to determine the limiting soil nutrients in Agusan del Sur using MOET was conducted, and eventually create a soil fertility of the major rice growing areas of the province. With this map, planners, extension workers, and farmers can have a “birds-eye-view” of the whole soil fertility status of their locality, and the province as a whole, that can aid them in decision-making for appropriate interventions and in developing or recommending farm management options, particularly on nutrient management.
Highlights:
• Partial result showed that N is the most limiting nutrient in all sites (100%). P and K deficiencies were observed in 18.36%
and 40.81% of the sites. While S, Cu and Zn deficiencies were observed in 28.57%, 8.16% and 6.12% of the sites, respectively. Limiting nutrients observed in combination, i.e. N alone (32%), NP (8.1%), NPK (4%), NPKS (4%), NK (12%), NKS (8.16%), and NS (10.2%).
• Results of soil-testing and evaluation using MOET in five municipalities (Esperanza, Veruela, Prosperidad, Talacogon and Bayugan City) showed that N is the most common limiting nutrients in all sites (100%). About 50% of the sites had P and K deficiencies. While S, Zn, and Cu deficiencies were observed in 15%, 5% and 2%, respectively, of the sites evaluated. These limiting nutrients observed exist in different combinations, i.e. N alone (24%), NP (21%), NPK (18%), NK (17%), NKS and NS (5%), and NPS (4%).
Development of decision aids for Palay Check System: Plant Potassium MF Soledad and FL Varquez
LCC is very useful decision aid for determining how much more nitrogen should be applied, if necessary, on the basis of the nitrogen status of the rice crop at critical times during the vegetative and reproductive stage.
Decision aids for management of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) will make farmers become more confident of their implementation of nutrient management program for high crop yield.
Since K can still be applied as needed during cropping, a quick test for crop’s K status can facilitate decision to apply K fertilizer at critical period in the reproductive stage. Similar to N, the rice crop takes up large quantity of K from the soil and it is difficult to predict if the soil supply will last until the maturity phase when grains are actively being filled up.
Hidden hunger due to K may occur anytime during the cropping but if it does occur in the reproductive stage and remained undetected, grain yield will be lower because of limitation on grain filling. Specifically, this study was conducted to identify potassium deficiency in rice during cropping season under field condition.
Highlights:
• Based on the Jan-June, 2013 result, treatment used have no significant difference in some of the agronomic parameters of rice except that different rates of potassium applied affects
plant height at heading stage of rice. It showed that more rates of potassium will give rise to a higher plant height compared to low rates of potassium at heading stage.
• Application of higher rates of potassium will have heavier weights of grains compared to lower rates because potassium is one of the important nutrients in increasing the number of panicles, grains and weight of grains.
• Treatments used in the experiment have no significant difference in yield components as revealed by statistical analysis.
• Treatments applied with higher rates of potassium obtained the highest grain yield with a range of 3.0 t/ha to 4.70 t/ha compared to lower rates of potassium which only obtained a range of grain yield of 2.64 t/ha to 3.0 t/ha.
• Based on the result, potassium application to rice has a significant effects in the growth and yield parameters of rice.
• Based on the result of July-December, 2013 cropping season, laboratory analysis shows that treatment 3 which has 40 kg/ha of K showed an adequate content of exchangeable potassium at 87 ppm and treatment 8 which has 140 kg/ha of K showed a deficient content of potassium at harvest while plant tissue analysis at harvest showed critical level for deficiency as true to all of the treatments applied in the trial ranges from 0.3 to 1.13%.
Identification of micronutrient deficiency/toxicity indicators and development of quick recommendation techniques
RL Sobrevilla and CA Mabayag
Correct identification of nutrient deficiency or toxicity symptoms is quite difficult, and inconsistent due to complex interactions of biotic and abiotic factors in a specific location that limits crop growth and development.
Oftentimes, micronutrient deficiency/toxicity symptoms are
mistaken as disease infection, or vice versa, and thus management strategies would be oftentimes ineffective and wasteful because they do not correctly address the issue. Hence, this study aims to identify effective techniques and indicators in diagnosing micro nutrient deficiency/toxicity symptoms and develop quick but effective remedial measures to manage or correct plant disorders.
Specifically, this study aims to assess and document common micro nutrient deficiency symptoms commonly observed in Caraga Region and important indicators (based on soil, plant, and water charateristics);
characterize the morpho-anatomical features of rice plants exhibiting micro nutrients deficiency/toxicty symptoms, which could be used as good indicators; and develop/identify, test and evaluate amelioration techniques to correct micronutrient deficiency for location-specific recommendation.
Highlights:
• Prevalence of micronutrient deficiency. Extensive soil fertility evaluation in Agusan del Sur using MOET showed that micronutrient deficiencies, particularly Zn, Cu, and Fe, were not commonly observed in the sampling sites.
• It was found out that N, P, K and S macronutrients were the most common limiting nutrients in all sites. Across locations, almost 95% of the sites had moderate to severe N deficiency, while P and K were limiting in 43% and 44% of the sampling sites, respectively, in varying degrees of severity of deficiency symptoms.
• About 15% of the area had S deficiency, while 4% and 3%
had Zn and Cu deficiencies, respectively. These limiting nutrients exist in different combinations, i.e. NPKSZn, NPKS, NPS, NKS, NS and NP. Physicochemical characterization of soils collected from areas with K, S, Zn and Cu deficiencies are still on process.
• In Jan-May and July-Dec 2013 CS, it was found that all rice varieties/lines manifested N & K deficiencies, while 80.8%
showed S deficiencies indicating that these are the most limiting soil nutrients. Only 20% exhibited slight P and Zn deficiency symptoms. However, the degree of severity of the deficiency symptoms, particularly for N, K & S remarkably varied among varieties/lines, in terms of culms and leaf color, percent reduction in plant height and tiller number resulting in low biomass relative to the completely fertilized (CF) rice plants.
• For minus N, reduction in plant height ranged from 2.8-15.3%
and tiller number by 9.2-57.6% compared with the CF plants.
N-deficient rice had yellowish leaves and culms, with few tillers and stunted growth.
• For minus K, reduction in plant height ranged from 3.9-25.9%
and tiller number by 2.8-54.8% compared with the CF plants.
K-deficient rice had dark green young leaves, yellowish-brown to orangey older leaves, with few and stunted tillers, blackish roots, while the severely affected had decaying roots at 21-30 DAT.
• For minus S, reduction in plant height ranged from 1.0-8.8%
and tiller number by 0-50.5% compared with the CF plants.
S-deficient rice had very pale to yellowish leaves and culms, with few tillers, and stunted shoot and root growth. While S tolerant varieties/lines (ie, NSIC Rc194, Rc238, Rc240, Rc292, IR79643 & IR09A152) had comparable growth performance with the CF plants.
• It was noted that rice varieties/lines that exhibited even with slight N deficiency barely recovered until 50 DAT. While plant exhibiting slight K deficiency had slightly recovered towards 50 DAT (ie, PSB Rc14, NSIC Rc160, Rc190, Rc214 and IR06A144).
Determination of nutrient use efficiency and yield potential of rice varieties/promising lines adapted to Caraga region
CA Mabayag
The use of tolerant rice varieties is still considered as the most convenient and effective approach to address local field problems, or could be the best defensive action against prevailing yield-limiting and/or reducing agents in a given environment.
Thus, tolerant varieties to agro-climatic pressures in Caraga Region must be made available for farmers and to other areas with similar agro- climatic condition.
To effectively develop and/or select suitable varieties with more specific traits, such as tolerance to low solar radiation and to soil-related issues, unique morpho-anatomical and agronomic features, must first be identified and characterized.
Thus, this study aims to evaluate the yield performance popular rice varieties and promising lines in areas with multi-soil related problems, determine the nutrient-use efficiency of different rice varieties/lines as influenced by different nutrient management and characterize morpho- anatomical and agronomic characters of consistently high-yielding rice varieties/lines that confer their tolerance to soil-related issues and other stresses, as translated into increase in yield despite minimal fertilizer application.
Highlights:
• Generally, higher grain yield levels were obtained in July-Nov 2012 CS than in Jan-May (relatively wet) and in July-Nov 2013 (relatively dry) cropping seasons. Among varieties, grain yield significantly differed with different nutrient management.
• In July-Nov 2013 CS, application of pure inorganic fertilizer at 100% of the recommended rate (N3) increased grain yield by 9.23% (5,647 kg ha-1); and when only 50% of the rates of organic and inorganic fertilizer were applied (N2), yield increased by 4.31% (5,116 kg ha-1) compared with rice crops applied with pure organic fertilizer alone (N1) (4,693 kg ha-1).
• A similar yield pattern was observed in Jan-May 2013 CS, but the grain yield levels were relatively low than in the previous CS (July-Nov). Compared with purely organically fertilized crops, yield increased by 8.41% (4,238.3 kg ha-1) when fertilized with 50% of the rates (N2) and 8.87% (4,278.2 kg ha-1) when applied with pure inorganic fertilizer (N3).
• Purely organically fertilized crops consistently obtained the lowest average yield of 3,580.9 kg ha-1. In July-Nov 2013 CS, the grain yield levels obtained were just comparable with that in Jan-May 2013 CS.
• In July-Dec 2013 CS, NSIC Rc202H achieved the highest increase in yield of 21.7% when applied with pure inorganic fertilizer compared with that with just pure organic fertilizer (2,739.37 vs. 4,257.9 kg ha-1). Other entries, which include IR06A150, IR06A144, IR02A144, PSB Rc18 and IR79643 achieved greater than 10% yield increment (11.37-14.6%) when applied with pure inorganic fertilizer compared with just pure organic fertilizer only. This implies the high efficiency of these varieties/line in utilizing available nutrient and converted to grains or economic yield.
Talamdan sa Maayong Pagpanguma: A school on the air program in support to the Agripinoy Rice Program in Agusan del Sur
ST Rivas
Being aware of the increasing demands of life, the study will introduce fresh tactics to engage and hold farmers’ interest to the process of communication and to the message itself. The radio, being the cheapest and most convenient of all media, coupled with other campaign strategies, can achieve the visions aforementioned.
An improved School-on-air (SOA) format will be introduced, such that it is not limited to instruction, but will also include demonstrations, and most importantly, discussions on the issues besetting the local rice industry.
Some innovations to enhance comprehension and retention will also be included.
The 2013 implementation marks the maturation of the study. It was implemented in Surigao Del Sur, a major rice producing province in the region. Due to the interest of the LGU to cooperate, the SOA was implemented in the municipality of Carrascal of the province aforementioned.
Due to some financial technicalities in the CES, and as well as changes in the core programs of the Research and Development (R&D), the implementation experienced interruptions. The interruptions were delayed budget release in the first quarter of the year and discontinuance and/or realignment of studies to the new programs.
Highlights
• In October 11, 2013, Talamdan SOA was launched in Carrascal at Oasis Beach Resort, Carrascal, Surigao Del Sur. Among the highlights of the launching program were
“Panatang Makapalay” – inspired folk media presentation, national year of rice 2013, and Talamdan SOA implementation throughout 2011-2012. The activity was attended by 100 farmers, farmer leaders, AEWs, and barangay officials from the participating barangays.
• On the same date, Talamdan SOA began airing on DXBB, 88.1, Bay Radio Carrascal, at , 5:00 a.m.. to 6:00 a..m. The first episode included Talamdan SOA mechanics, PalayCheck System, and National Year of Rice.
• As of report time, Talamdan SOA was able to finish five episodes covering topics from seed quality and selection to introduction to nutrient management. Land preparation,
as well as soil sampling and minus one element technique (MOET), was also intensively covered.
Utilization of Open Academy for Philippine Agriculture (OpAPA) for capability enhancement of rice stakeholders in Mindanao
EM Gaquit
Open Academy for Philippine Agriculture is a network of institutions that provides education, training, extension, and communication in
agriculture, making information more accessible to those who need it.
Based on the pilot site tested nationwide, the implementation of Open Academy for Philippine Agriculture (OpAPA) was found useful and effective as a tool in accessing agricultural information.
The success of OpAPA is the initial idea to implement the use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in all locality of Mindanao to achieve increase in yield and income more possible. ICT plays the role in providing valuable information. Farmers and agricultural extension workers need to be updated of the technologies that relate to crop management and establishment. This project aims to achieve rice self-sufficiency in the country.
Highlights:
• For the level of satisfaction of the Pinoy RKB, 63% rated “Very Good”, 24% “Excellent”, 7% “Fair”, and 6% rated “Good”.
• Based on the PFTC data, most frequently asked varieties in Caraga region was all about NSIC Rc160, Rc240, Rc18, Rc82 and Rc216.
• White Stem borer (WSB), Rat, Rice Black Bug (RBB), Tungro and Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) were the most frequently asked questions with regard to pest and diseases. WSB, RBB and rat caused several damaged to selected areas in Caraga region.
Translation of PhilRice knowledge products from English to Cebuano ST Rivas
The overall purposes of the study is to capacitate our local rice farmers to become more productive and formulate a localized version of KPs based on a commonly used Cebuano dialect in Caraga region.
Specifically, re-package the KPs into leaflets and distribute
the leaflets to the farmers and other rice stakeholders through a more understandable knowledge product that could be used as basis or guide in rice farming.
Highlights:
• Translated materials were massively produced and distributed to rice stakeholders. As to date, about 4,200 leaflets
(comprising LCC and MOET which come in folded and non- folded formats) and 6 posters were distributed across ten (10) municipalities in Agusan del Sur and Agusan del Norte.
• These municipalities were primarily selected based on accessibility and distance from the station to facilitate the distribution of materials which was only scheduled for two (2) days. This happened due to late implementation of final critiquing and validation workshop and delayed completion of the material’s printing.
Development of diversified and integrated farming systems (DIFS) models for rainfed ecosystem
RS Narisma
The farmers in the rainfed areas of Caraga can augment their income if they can maximize the utilization of their land. Thus, diversified and integrated farming systems are established to serve as their models.
Highlights:
• Established DIFS Demo field (rice+vegetables) with 21 active participating farmers and tested newly-released varieties (NSIC Rc286, RC240, Rc216, Rc160 and Rc214) in the demo field and farmers’ field.
• NSIC Rc240 got the highest average yield of 4.75t/ha followed by NSIC Rc160 with an average yield of 4.66t/ha and NSIC Rc286 got an average yield of 4.63t/ha, the rest obtained below 4 tons per hectare.
• NSIC Rc240 showed significant yield performance across ecosystem but this variety was not preferred by traders and buyers due to poor grain quality when cooked. The most adopted key checks were key checks 2, 3, 4 and key check 8.
The average yield per hectare of the participants increased to 1.03t/ha from3.06t/ha (WS2012)- 4.09t/ha (WS2013).
• The participating farmers constructed a learning center thru
cost-sharing and contributed light materials to sustain the building construction.
Development of information modalities based on audience preference and needs in Caraga region
ST Rivas
For any community to function efficiently and productively, a basic minimum stock of usable information is essential. Extension agents must see to it that the right information is provided at the right time, at the right place, and in the right way. It is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of knowledge delivery systems. It is to make sure that information, which flows within the community, is not encumbered and that these information flows also contribute to the development of the whole society.
Education and extension programs should rethink supply-oriented versus demand-driven extension. With a demand-driven extension, the target audience’s preference and needs will dictate on how rice extension materials will be disseminated and what rice information will be delivered.
In view of the above, there is an apparent need for an audience analysis in reaching a wider array of rice information consumers in the Philippines. Such an audience’s analysis will ascertain information specificity for different rice clients and their preferences for accessing and using the information from different extension delivery strategies. Such analysis will help rice extension strategies to be more directed, efficient and effective in meeting the needs of specific rice client groups.
The target clientele of the study are the farmers of Simulao River Irrigation System (Simulao RIS) located in Agusan Del Sur. Simulao RIS is a major irrigation system in the province with a total coverage of 2,540 hectares. It is serving six barangays in the municipality of Bunawan and seven barangays in the municipality of Trento. Simulao RIS is composed of 16 irrigators association with a total of 1,909 rice farmers. Aside from the extension programs and initiatives of their respective local government units (LGUs), non-government organizations (NGOs) and a local agricultural college – the Agusan Del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology (ASCAT) - are located in these localities..
Highlights:
• Integrated nutrient management especially campaigns for MOET and LCC are primary information needs in the Simulao RIS.
• Varieties and varietal characteristics of the newly released
varieties especially those with good eating quality and campaign for integrated WSB management were the next preferred information.
• Face to face communication, short term trainings (1-2 days) supported with demonstrations and reading materials and posters are still the most preferred campaign strategy.
Abbreviations and acronymns
ABA – Abscicic acid Ac – anther culture AC – amylose content
AESA – Agro-ecosystems Analysis AEW – agricultural extension workers AG – anaerobic germination AIS – Agricultural Information System ANOVA – analysis of variance AON – advance observation nursery AT – agricultural technologist AYT – advanced yield trial BCA – biological control agent BLB – bacterial leaf blight BLS – bacterial leaf streak BPH – brown planthopper Bo - boron
BR – brown rice
BSWM – Bureau of Soils and Water Management
Ca - Calcium
CARP – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
cav – cavan, usually 50 kg CBFM – community-based forestry management
CLSU – Central Luzon State University cm – centimeter
CMS – cystoplasmic male sterile CP – protein content
CRH – carbonized rice hull CTRHC – continuous-type rice hull carbonizer
CT – conventional tillage Cu – copper
DA – Department of Agriculture DA-RFU – Department of Agriculture- Regional Field Units
DAE – days after emergence DAS – days after seeding DAT – days after transplanting DBMS – database management system DDTK – disease diagnostic tool kit DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DH L– double haploid lines DRR – drought recovery rate DS – dry season
DSA - diversity and stress adaptation DSR – direct seeded rice
DUST – distinctness, uniformity and stability trial
DWSR – direct wet-seeded rice EGS – early generation screening EH – early heading
EMBI – effective microorganism-based inoculant
EPI – early panicle initiation ET – early tillering
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization Fe – Iron
FFA – free fatty acid
FFP – farmer’s fertilizer practice FFS – farmers’ field school FGD – focus group discussion FI – farmer innovator
FSSP – Food Staples Self-sufficiency Plan g – gram
GAS – golden apple snail GC – gel consistency
GIS – geographic information system GHG – greenhouse gas
GLH – green leafhopper GPS – global positioning system GQ – grain quality
GUI – graphical user interface GWS – genomwide selection GYT – general yield trial h – hour
ha – hectare
HIP - high inorganic phosphate HPL – hybrid parental line I - intermediate
ICIS – International Crop Information System
ICT – information and communication technology
IMO – indigenous microorganism IF – inorganic fertilizer
INGER - International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice
IP – insect pest
IPDTK – insect pest diagnostic tool kit IPM – Integrated Pest Management IRRI – International Rice Research Institute IVC – in vitro culture
IVM – in vitro mutagenesis
IWM – integrated weed management JICA – Japan International Cooperation Agency
K – potassium kg – kilogram
KP – knowledge product
KSL – knowledge sharing and learning LCC – leaf color chart
LDIS – low-cost drip irrigation system LeD – leaf drying
LeR – leaf rolling lpa – low phytic acid LGU – local government unit
LSTD – location specific technology development
m – meter
MAS – marker-assisted selection MAT – Multi-Adaption Trial MC – moisture content
MDDST – modified dry direct seeding technique
MET – multi-environment trial MFE – male fertile environment MLM – mixed-effects linear model Mg – magnesium
Mn – Manganese
MDDST – Modified Dry Direct Seeding Technique
MOET – minus one element technique MR – moderately resistant
MRT – Mobile Rice TeknoKlinik MSE – male-sterile environment MT – minimum tillage mtha-¹ - metric ton per hectare MYT – multi-location yield trials N – nitrogen
NAFC – National Agricultural and Fishery Council
NBS – narrow brown spot
NCT – National Cooperative Testing NFA – National Food Authority NGO – non-government organization NE – natural enemies
NIL – near isogenic line NM – Nutrient Manager
NOPT – Nutrient Omission Plot Technique NR – new reagent
NSIC – National Seed Industry Council NSQCS – National Seed Quality Control Services
OF – organic fertilizer OFT – on-farm trial OM – organic matter ON – observational nursery
OPAg – Office of Provincial Agriculturist OpAPA – Open Academy for Philippine Agriculture
P – phosphorus PA – phytic acid
PCR – Polymerase chain reaction PDW – plant dry weight PF – participating farmer PFS – PalayCheck field school
PhilRice – Philippine Rice Research Institute PhilSCAT – Philippine-Sino Center for Agricultural Technology
PHilMech – Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization
PCA – principal component analysis
PI – panicle initiation PN – pedigree nursery
PRKB – Pinoy Rice Knowledge Bank PTD – participatory technology development
PYT – preliminary yield trial QTL – quantitative trait loci R - resistant
RBB – rice black bug
RCBD – randomized complete block design RDI – regulated deficit irrigation
RF – rainfed RP – resource person RPM – revolution per minute
RQCS – Rice Quality Classification Software RS4D – Rice Science for Development RSO – rice sufficiency officer RFL – Rainfed lowland RTV – rice tungro virus
RTWG – Rice Technical Working Group S – sulfur
SACLOB – Sealed Storage Enclosure for Rice Seeds
SALT – Sloping Agricultural Land Technology SB – sheath blight
SFR – small farm reservoir SME – small-medium enterprise SMS – short message service SN – source nursery
SSNM – site-specific nutrient management SSR – simple sequence repeat
STK – soil test kit
STR – sequence tandem repeat SV – seedling vigor
t – ton
TCN – testcross nursery
TCP – technical cooperation project TGMS – thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile
TN – testcross nursery TOT – training of trainers TPR – transplanted rice TRV – traditional variety TSS – total soluble solid UEM – ultra-early maturing
UPLB – University of the Philippines Los Baños
VSU – Visayas State University WBPH – white-backed planthopper WEPP – water erosion prediction project WHC – water holding capacity WHO – World Health Organization WS – wet season
WT – weed tolerance YA – yield advantage Zn – zinc
ZT – zero tillage
