PHILRICE BATAC
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary PhilRice Batac
1
Abbreviations and acronymns 14
List of Tables 16
PhilRice Batac
Branch Manager: FP Bongat
Executive Summary
For 2013, PhilRice Batac had undertaken eight research projects, six of which were funded by DA-RFO CAR and RFO-1. These projects included researches on assessment of damage caused by major rice pests;, drying, storage and packaging of fragrant rice; conservation farming, tillage options for upland rice, water harvesting and soil and water conservation, development of postharvest technologies for traditional rice, and agro- climatic profiling and analysis of key rice growing areas. A study on increasing milling recovery through air-condition cooling of rice mill was conducted in collaboration with the National Food Authority (NFA).
The station had centered in the implementation of 11 development projects which included adaptation of varieties, evaluation showcasing of technologies, assessment of promotion modalities, documentation of practices and data management. The promotion of the National Year of Rice was considered the major activity of the station.
These R&D projects and studies accomplished significant outputs.
The study on air cooling had a very minimal budget but greatly helped the country achieved savings out of the innovation made that increased milling recovery. This subsequently reduced the usual amount incurred for milling fees as per contract of the NFA with accredited private millers. The study on postharvest has provided insights on gaps and technologies that could be promoted. The incidence of rice black bug (RBB) had been observed which was relatively new in the Ilocos Region. Those areas installed with water harvesting system (WHS) have to be monitored with the crops and technologies adopted for eventual inputs to the cropping plan advisory system (CPAS), a linear program to optimize the combination of crops that give the optimum level of income. The agro-climatic profiling has started the collection of both secondary and primary data that can be used for the finalization of the catalogue.
The viability of dry direct seeding technology (DDST) was further assessed and improvements were determined for the revision of the technology bulletin. Suitable varieties for dry or wet seasons were also determined while traditional and vegetable crops with low-cost drip irrigation (LDIS) and other tehnologies were likewise showcased in the very marginal area of the station. This served as learning ground of the on-the-job training students (OJTs). Most of these OJTs were accredited by the Technical Education Skills Development Authority (TESDA). Agricultural Extension Workers from Abra were also trained on appropriate farming systems in the
uplands which prepared them to serve their area of coverage.
The celebration of 2013 as the National Year of Rice was given full support and efforts of all PhilRice staffers from the kick-off activity until its culminating activity during the national rice awareness month were exerted for its success.. The promotion has reached 5,000 government employees, farmers, and students. The pledge on rice was introduced in every meeting or field day. Support from the Kapinsanan ng Broadcasters ng Pilipinas (KBP) was also sought by having a meeting of the minds among and between member-agencies. A cookfest was also spearheaded to produce “101 Ways to Prepare Brown Rice” which was participated in by elementary and secondary schools (DepEd) and supported by the Batac Local Government Unit. A lecture on the importance of rice and of conserving rice was also done in these schools.
Three wi-fi internet connectivities were provided to three of the four cybervillages. Students and farmers alike can now go to the Barangay Halls to browse the internet. The database system of the station has increased its collection and archiving of mature technologies, technical or terminal reports, posters, brochures, flipcharts, references, photos, and trainings conducted including the names and addresses of participants, coursewares, index of library materials, and other relevant information.
The indigenous practices of the upland farmers in the Cordilleras (Apayao and Abra) had been documented and compiled as coffee table book. Essential, however, to seek approval from the Cordillerans, copies of the two coffee table books were provided to them through the provincial local government excutives for their final look and comments. After receiving the comments, these will be laid-out for publicationwhile those outputs and findings generated from, and relevant for upland areas, will be packaged as component technologies for eventual promotion.
The Agricultural Support Component of the National Irrigation Sector Rehabilitation and Improvement (NISRIP) was also implemented in Solsona and Madongan National Irrigation Systems.
Effects of varying air temperature in the polishing component of single- pass mill on the quality of rice
MAU Baradi, FB Bulao, ND Ganotisi, MJC Regalado, FP Bongat,
SB Manglinong, MLO Quigao, NGT Martinez, RG Ancheta, and MP Ortal
The air temperature in the polishing component of Single-Pass Mill was kept varied by improving the milling system. An air duct connecting the 1-hp Air-con to polishing component was made. The effect of varying air temperatures (full, ¾ full, ½ full adjustment, No Air-con or Control) in the polishing component of Single-Pass Mill on the quality of Philippine inbred rice variety, was investigated. The quality parameters measured were milling recovery (MR), headrice recovery (HR), and milling degree or % with bran streaks.
The cooling method (with Air-con) increased milling recovery, headrice recovery, and % with bran streaks of milled rice (Tables 1–3).
Highest MR and HR (67.62%; 47.33%) were obtained when the paddy was subjected to ¾ full Air-con adjustment while the No Air-con were lowest (66.27%; 39.76%). The temperature in the polishing component at ¾ full air con adjustment was 33 oC while No Air- con was 45 oC. There was an increase of 1.35% in MR and 7.57% in HR (Tables 1 and 2).
Table 3 shows that degree of milling (% with bran streaks) of the milled rice increased with decreasing temperature in the polishing component. At full adjustment, the % bran streaks quadrupled that of the No Air-con or Control. Greater percentage of the rice kernels were with bran streaks when milled at lower temperature in the polishing
component. This indicated that the milled rice contains more vitamin (mostly vitamin B complexes), protein, mineral, and oil contents (Philippine Rice Postproduction System, 2002) due to the fact that the bran layer contains much of these micronutrients and anti-oxidants needed by the body.
Table 1. Evaluation of the MR of rice at different temperatures of the Polishing Component of the Single-Pass-Air-con system.
Air-con Thermostat
Control Polisher Temperature
(oC) Milled Rice Temperature
( oC)
MR (%)
*** **
Full 32 a 42.33 a 66.33
¾ Full 33 a 45.67 b 67.62
½ Full 34 a 46.00 b 66.43
No Air con or Control 45 b 49.00 c 66.27
Means followed by the different letters are significantly different; *** - highly significant at 0.1%; ** - significant at 1% level of significance using LSD
Table 2. Evaluation of the HR of rice at different temperatures of the Polishing Component of the Single-Pass-Air-con system.
Air-con Thermostat Control HR
(%) Headrice Based
on Milled Rice (%)
*** ***
Full 39.80 c 60 c
¾ Full 47.33 a 70 a
½ Full 40.52 b 61 b
No Air con or Control 39.76 c 60 c
Means followed by the different letters are significantly different; *** - highly significant at 0.1% level of significance using LSD
Table 3. Evaluation of the degree of milling (% with bran streaks) of rice at different temperatures of the Polishing Component of the Single-Pass-Air- con system.
Air-con Thermostat Control Degree of Milling
(% with Bran Streaks) Classification
Full 20 Regular-milled
¾ Full 14 Regular-milled
½ Full 12 Regular-milled
No Air con or Control 5 Well-milled
The additional cost of milling per kg due to air-con cooling was estimated at Php 0.04 at 300 tons yr-1 volume, with payback period of 0.15 yr (37 days). Net income was estimated at Php 98,100.00 (Table 4).
Table 4. Cost analysis of using the Single Pass Mill-Air-con system.
Assumptions
Annual utilization (5 hr day-1; 20 days mo-1; 6 mo yr-1 ), h 600
Annual capacity of paddy, kg 300,000
Investment cost (IC), ? 15,000
Fixed Cost
Annual depreciation (10% SV, 5 yrs life), ? 2,700
Interest (10% of IC), ? 1,500
Repair and maintenance (5% of IC), ? 750
Taxes and insurance (2% of IC), ? 300
Variable Cost
Electric cost (?10 kw-hr-1), ? 6,000
Cost of Air-cooling, ? kg-1 0.04
Benefit (1.35% in milling recovery; No Air -con=66.27%), kg 4,050
Cost of Milled Rice (@?27/kg), ? 109,350
Net Income, ? 98,100
Payback period, yr 0.15
Benefit-cost ratio 8.72
As shown in Tables 5 and 6, the Rice Mill-Air-con system was better than the No Air-con or Control in terms of income and quality of milled rice.
It was also found out that the benefits or advantages derived from the Rice Mill-Air- con system include: 1) affordability or low investment cost; 2) more customers; 3) less labor; 4) less repair and maintenance; and 5) savings in time.
Some of the rice millers claimed that with the Rice Mill-Air-con system, replacement of worn out bearings requires them only after 6 months, instead of two months. Hence, savings on repair and maintenance costs, time, and labor are realized.
Table 5. Millers’ response on the benefits/advantages of using the Rice Mill- Air-con system (n=12).
Question Millers’ Response (%)
Yes No
Material
Increased income 92 8
High quality of milled rice (higher milling
recovery, headrice recovery and whiteness) 100
Affordable investment cost 100
Social
More customers 92 8
Three out of the 12 millers have two Rice Mill-Air-con systems and another one have three units. The millers claimed that they can hardly pass the 65% headrice, 35% brokens policy of the NFA before with their No Aircon rice mill. With the introduction of the new system, NFA has contracted them due to the improved quality of their milled rice. Twenty- one rice mills in Ilocos Sur, La Union and Abra are now using the system, one of which is the cooperator in Cabugao, Ilocos Sur.
Assessment of damage caused by major rice pests under rainfed ecosystem
EP Agres, SV Pojas, JL Nalundasan, FC Diza, LG Inocencio and SSF Ubay The effects of production practices to disease incidence and insect pest damage were investigated at the drought-prone rainfed sites of Ilocos Norte in 2011 and 2012 wet seasons. Farmers planted rice varieties recommended for the irrigated lowlands. They also tend to apply less amount of fertilizer when rainfall was more abundant because the rice crop shows good growth.
Highlights:
• During the drought year of 2011 WS, more diseases infested the rice plants such as leaf blast at booting stage and neck and panicle blast, sheath blight, brown spot and false smut at reproductive stage regardless of the rate of N application.
• Rice blast infested even the varieties with intermediate reaction (PSB Rc18) and resistance (PSB Rc82 and NSIC Rc122) to the disease, although the incidence was not high enough (4%-21%) to cause yield loss.
• Correlation analyses showed that the incidence of leaf blast at booting stage (correlation= 0.116**) and neck and panicle blast (correlation= 0.179**) at reproductive stage was increased by high N rate.
• Damage by leaf folder (correlation= 0.147**) to the flag leaf at the reproductive stage and rice bug (0.126*) to the panicle or grains was increased by high N rate.
• The rice bug damage ranging from 7 to 42 percent decreased yield (correlation = -0.253**). The injury of the rice bug to the grains resulted to either unfilled grains or discoloration of grains due to the secondary infection by microorganisms.
Effects of Drying Methods, Storage Condition and Packaging on the Aroma of Fragrant Rice
MU Baradi, NT Martinez and MJT Ablaza
The effects of drying methods (sun, bamboo-bin, flatbed drying) on the aroma and other quality attributes of fragrant rice were determined.
Quality parameters measured were: 1) aroma or level of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP, identified as principal compound that gives rice its distinctive pleasant scent; 2) other sensory attributes; and 3) milling potentials. Drying methods had significant effects on 2AP level in Mestizo 1 rice. Bamboo-bin dryer (BBD) and flatbed dryer retained highest 2AP level (expressed as ratio of peak area of 2AP to peak of internal standard 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine or TMP) determined through gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Sensory evaluation revealed no significant variations in aroma levels among different samples. They were all slightly aromatic. Drying methods had no significant effects on whiteness, translucency, and brittleness of raw Mestizo 1 rice. However, cooked samples from BBD and flatbed dryer were whiter than sundried samples; but all were cohesive, tender, and moderately tasty. The % brown rice, % total milled rice, and % head rice of different samples were not significantly different. The BBD and flatbed dryer
provide alternative to farmers and processors in the production of premium quality fragrant rice.
Moreover, effects of packaging (ordinary sack, plastic, and vacuum pack) on the 2AP levels of milled, brown and rough rice forms of Basmati 370 was verified in a storage experiment. The highest 2AP levels in milled Basmati 370 rice was obtained (97% of the initial 2AP was retained after 10 wk of storage at ambient) when it was in rough rice form and vacuum packed. The sample which had the second highest 2AP level was that of milled rice in vacuum pack and ordinary sack (70 and 67% of the initial 2AP, respectively). However, weevil infestation was observed in samples kept in the ordinary sack. The lowest 2AP level was obtained (45% of the initial 2AP retained) from the brown rice samples in a vacuum pack.
Also, the effect of the packaging on the 2AP levels of brown and rough rice forms of Basmati was determined. Highest 2AP in brown rice of Basmati 370 can be attained when it is stored as rough rice rather than when stored as brown rice for 10 wk at ambient condition. This may be due to the presence of the hull in rough rice which could minimize the diffusion of aroma from the rice kernel.
Therefore, fragrant rice should be stored as rough rice to attain maximum aroma quality of milled and brown rice form. Vacuum packaging can be used to store milled and rough rice of fragrant rice for maximum 2AP level in milled rice and to prevent weevil infestation.
Adaptation of Recommended Rice Varieties for Unfavourable Agro- Ecosystems in Ilocos
AY Alibuyog, JM Solero, RG Rosales and MAB Bartolome
The evaluation and promotion of recommended rice varieties for drought, saline, and submerged areas were done in Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur from 2010 to 2013. In 2013 WS, the study focused on the promotion of eight drought-tolerant and early maturing varieties for rainfed, three for saline and two for submerged areas.
Highlights:
• Eight varieties were planted in Dingras, Ilocos Norte under dry-direct seeding and transplanting methods. The varieties produced higher average yield under the transplanting method (4,672 kg/ha) than the dry-direct seeding method (3,497 kg/
ha), however, the direct-seeded entries were harvested 6 days earlier than the transplanted rice (104 DAE vs. 110 DAS).
• Among the dry-direct seeded rice, NSIC Rc146 and Rc138
had higher yield than the check variety, PSB Rc82 had yield advantage of 32% and 19%, respectively. Under the transplanting method, NSIC Rc138, PSB Rc80 and NSIC Rc146 out-yielded PSB Rc82 with yield advantage ranging from 1% to 12%. NSIC Rc146 and Rc158 were consistently preferred by farmers in both dry-direct seeding and transplanting method.
• In Sta. Catalina, Ilocos Sur, NSIC Rc182 gave a yield of 3.22 t/ha under low saline (0.1 to 1.9 dS/m) but submerged condition while NSIC Rc190 gave a yield of 6.75 t/ha with the recommended fertilizer application under salinity level of 0.24 to 4.61 dS/m. Likewise, NSIC Rc184 produced higher yield (5.66 t/ha) under recommended technology compared to farmer’s practice (3.96 t/ha) with salinity level of 1.41 to 5.01dS/m. The performances of the three saline varieties were showcased to 120 farmers, students, LGUs from coastal municipalities of Ilocos Sur during the field day.
• PSB Rc68 and NSIC Rc194 were showcased in Batac City, Ilocos Norte. Yield obtained in both varieties were high with a yield of 6864 and 6949 kg/ha for PSB Rc68 and NSIC Rc194, respectively. The maturity of the varieties was delayed due to stagnant water condition.
Evaluation of the direct seeding technology in farmers’ fields in northwest Luzon
NQ Abrogena, LM dC Tapec, SV Briones and JQ Polipol
With climate change, there is an expected increase in the variability of monsoon rainfall and the risks of early or late-season drought. Hence, DDSR may increase the capacity of farmers to cope with climate induced changes. In case of early drought, farmers can direct seed with minimal soil moisture, rather than waiting for sufficient rainfall for transplanting. The continuous increase in fuel cost as well as labor cost, particularly seedling pulling and transplanting, also affects the sustainability of transplanted rainfed rice production. Considering these climate-induced changes and other biophysical and economic environment changes through time, the prospects of DDSR for rice establishment is bright. Hence, the need to further assess the economic viability of DDSR.
The study aimed to assess the DDSR recommended technology in farmers’ field in comparison to farmers’ practice; to estimate the cost and benefits of DDSR; determine the effect of soil texture and farm’s elevation
on DDSR productivity; and identify other factors that affect the productivity of DDSR.
The sample respondents were monitored on their production activities; from land preparation, seeding to harvesting to have an in-depth analysis on the factors that influence success or failure of DSST.
Highlights:
• The major reasons of farmers for using DDSR were lower production cost, less labor and less moisture or water requirement for crop establishment and early harvesting.
• DDSR reduces labor cost by 34-40% from the total labor days required by transplanted rice (TPR).
• DDSR also reduced total production cost by 41 to 46% due to the reduced expenses on fuel, insecticides, fertilizers and labor cost.
• The production cost per kilogram of palay of DDSR was only P6.30 while transplanted counterparts cost P7.02/kg.
• DDSR was more cost efficient by P0.72/kg of palay, however, DDSR yield was lower by 27% to 37% from the yield of TPR.
• The net income of DDSR was lower by 14% to 15% compared to TPR. However, DDSR incurred lower investment cost by 41-46% compared with TPR.
• Technology demonstrations of DDSR, yielded 3.68 t/ha in Pidigan, Abra while 5.5 t/ha and 5.03 t/ha in Currimao, Ilocos Norte and Luna, La Union, respectively.
• Fertilizers, herbicides, labor and age of farmers were positively related to yield of DDSR.
• The DDSR established before mid-June, with minimal weeds and were in lowland areas, had higher yield at 1% level of significance.
Larger farms tend to benefit on the cost-savings or cash cost especially on seedling pulling and transplanting; and on the managerial cost of using many hired labor. Farm size influence on yield was significant at 5%
level.
On-station Palayamanan Model Farm; Showcasing the Developed Technologies for Rainfed Ecosystem
AC Aguinaldo, SV Briones and RI Sibucao Jr.
The On-station Palayamanan Model farm was established to showcase developed rice-based technologies particularly for the rainfed and semi-arid areas with a diversified and integrated rice-based system as its centerpiece. The project aims to increase the productivity and income of Ilocano farmers.
Highlights:
• The Modified Dry Direct Seeding Technology was showcased using the NSIC Rc192 as variety. Thirteen traditional upland rice varieties were also showcased from different areas of Region 1 and CAR.
• An off-season vegetable production which showcased the production technologies for ridge gourd, bitter gourd, eggplant, tomato, squash, pepper and ladies finger was established in a 1,400 m2 in which a gross income of P52, 486.45 was derived
• Other crops planted were glutinous corn, sweet potato, cassava and banana.
• The area was used as learning field for on-the job students (40), agricultural extension workers trained (21) and visitors of the station and other stakeholders (832).
Women Initiatives to Integrate Vegetable Production through Good Agricultural Practices into the LSTD Areas
EP Agres, LG Inocenci, AC Aguinaldo, RA Beronio
Vegetables are essential for healthy diets that improve the learning capacity and working productivity of farmers and all people. Of late, location specific technologies for vegetables using good agricultural practices were developed and promoted through the Technical Cooperation Project Phase 3 (TCP3) of PhilRice and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in collaboration with the local governments of Currimao, Ilocos Norte and Cabugao, Ilocos Sur. The potentials of vegetable growing for improving food sufficiency and income have been investigated. But how gender- responsive is this technology to women farmers for increasing food and income is still being investigated.
Highlights:
• A pilot off-season vegetable production was done with 91 women farmers who produced vegetables on small- scale in 3 upland barangays of Lagangilang, Abra in 2010.
Demonstration and learning plots/fields were established by WFI and WPF, respectively. All material inputs were provided to demonstrate the recommended technologies. Both WFI and WPF went through the same technology training following the FFS. The technologies were easy for women to adopt especially those requiring labor only because they involved the participation of their husbands and older children, than those requiring material inputs. The women provided good substitutes in the form of low-cost and locally-available material inputs.
• Significant benefits derived were increased supply of vegetables for households, generation of additional cash income, and increased knowledge through learning by doing and hands-on experimentation, enhancements of household participation, provision of employment opportunities and improvement of women’s role and self-confidence. The major challenge lies in making the women’s vegetable production practices attain maximum potential gain for both the women and the environment.
Promotion of Rice and Rice-based Knowledge Products AC Aguinaldo, MB Alupay, LCS De La Cruz
Promotion of rice and rice-based knowledge products in Northwest Luzon centered on two big activities: 1) provision of new technologies and information on rice and rice-based farming systems information and technologies; and 2) promotion of 2013 as the National Year of Rice.
Highlights:
• A total of 24 AEWs from 13 upland areas of Abra were trained on “Development of Appropriate Farming Systems for the Uplands” in support to the establishment of 16 demonstration farms in Abra.
• A total of 50 students, (one batch of college graduating agriculture and development communication students and 2 batches of high school graduating students) underwent on-the job training and specialized courses on rice and off- season vegetable production training, preparation of research proposals and conducting research activities.
• 9 students were assisted in getting their NC II assessment and accreditation at TESDA.
• 30 new PhilRice Batac staff finished the Season-long Appreciation Course on Rice Production.
• 603 farmers graduated from the School on the Air, in collaboration with other agencies and SUCs such as the Agriculture Training Institute and the Mariano Marcos State University, including the LGUs.
• In the promotion of 2013 as the National Year of Rice, 3,306 farmers and other stakeholders and 1,658 high school students were briefed and they pledged their support to the advocacy during the conducted Usapang Palay all over Regions 1 and CAR and marathon briefings conducted with all high schools of Batac City. A book, “101 Ways to Cook Brown Rice” was launched, as a product of the competition among elementary schools of Batac City on the different ways on how to cook brown rice. The collection of original recipes of brown rice is compiled in the book launched during the PhilRice Batac grand field day and a taste-test of these recipes was provided to the FD participants.
• Our linkages with other institutions were strengthened as we continue to serve and capacitate our clientele. In collaboration with the Agriculture Training Institute and the Mariano Marcos State University, 630 farmers graduated from the “Sanayang Pangradyo sa Agricultura” (School on the Air on Sustainable Agriculture) and another 24 farmer technicians were trained.
Database Management of R&D Outputs of PhilRice Batac BM Catudan and LM dC Tapec
PhilRice Batac, after more than a decade of operation, has generated voluminous R&D outputs, information, and photographs. These are scattered, however, as they are stored and maintained by the concerned staff in their respective computers. This existing file retrieval system causes inefficiency as so much time is spent in seeking the needed files, especially if the files being sought had been maintained by staff that already left PhilRice.
Hence, this activity was conceived in 2010 to consolidate all R&D outputs and documents of the station since the start of its operation, and systematize and improve the efficiency to increase efficiency of file storage and retrieval.
The PhilRice Batac Information System (PBIS) database program was constructed specially to store R&D data and documents. Official photos of
the station were separately stored in the Adobe Lightroom software. It has now become a routine activity of the station.
Highlights:
• A total of 291 technical reports of studies conducted by the station, including papers presented in local and national forum, branch accomplishment reports and annual field day reports from 2001 to 2012 can now be accessed in the PBIS.
• Details of the 112 trainings, 58 briefings, 51 field days, 35 cross visits, and 9 workshops conducted by the station from 1999 to 2011 were also uploaded in PBIS. The database record of each techno promo activity also includes the name and profile of participants.
• Publications uploaded included 20 brochures, 41 coursewares, 2 flipcharts, 11 matured technologies, 6 news articles, and 38 posters.
• The 522 e-copy of research literature downloaded from the internet by station researchers were pooled and included in the PBIS. This will allow sharing technical references among researchers and save efforts from searching duplicate documents from the internet.
• The catalogue of the station’s library materials was also uploaded in the PBIS to ease searching of references from the PhilRice Batac Library. The index of 1,203 reference material can now be accessed in the PBIS.
• Research data of 45 studies conducted at the station were already consolidated and ready for uploading to the PBIS.
• The Adobe Lightroom photo database contains 42,473 photos of R&D studies and station activities. Each photo was properly tagged to facilitate searching of picture files of interest. The tags also acknowledge the owner of each whenever possible.
Abbreviations and acronymns
ABA – Abscicic acid Ac – anther culture AC – amylose content
AESA – Agro-ecosystems Analysis AEW – agricultural extension workers AG – anaerobic germination AIS – Agricultural Information System ANOVA – analysis of variance AON – advance observation nursery AT – agricultural technologist AYT – advanced yield trial BCA – biological control agent BLB – bacterial leaf blight BLS – bacterial leaf streak BPH – brown planthopper Bo - boron
BR – brown rice
BSWM – Bureau of Soils and Water Management
Ca - Calcium
CARP – Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
cav – cavan, usually 50 kg CBFM – community-based forestry management
CLSU – Central Luzon State University cm – centimeter
CMS – cystoplasmic male sterile CP – protein content
CRH – carbonized rice hull CTRHC – continuous-type rice hull carbonizer
CT – conventional tillage Cu – copper
DA – Department of Agriculture DA-RFU – Department of Agriculture- Regional Field Units
DAE – days after emergence DAS – days after seeding DAT – days after transplanting DBMS – database management system DDTK – disease diagnostic tool kit DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DH L– double haploid lines DRR – drought recovery rate DS – dry season
DSA - diversity and stress adaptation DSR – direct seeded rice
DUST – distinctness, uniformity and stability trial
DWSR – direct wet-seeded rice EGS – early generation screening EH – early heading
EMBI – effective microorganism-based inoculant
EPI – early panicle initiation ET – early tillering
FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization Fe – Iron
FFA – free fatty acid
FFP – farmer’s fertilizer practice FFS – farmers’ field school FGD – focus group discussion FI – farmer innovator
FSSP – Food Staples Self-sufficiency Plan g – gram
GAS – golden apple snail GC – gel consistency
GIS – geographic information system GHG – greenhouse gas
GLH – green leafhopper GPS – global positioning system GQ – grain quality
GUI – graphical user interface GWS – genomwide selection GYT – general yield trial h – hour
ha – hectare
HIP - high inorganic phosphate HPL – hybrid parental line I - intermediate
ICIS – International Crop Information System
ICT – information and communication technology
IMO – indigenous microorganism IF – inorganic fertilizer
INGER - International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice
IP – insect pest
IPDTK – insect pest diagnostic tool kit IPM – Integrated Pest Management IRRI – International Rice Research Institute IVC – in vitro culture
IVM – in vitro mutagenesis
IWM – integrated weed management JICA – Japan International Cooperation Agency
K – potassium kg – kilogram
KP – knowledge product
KSL – knowledge sharing and learning LCC – leaf color chart
LDIS – low-cost drip irrigation system LeD – leaf drying
LeR – leaf rolling lpa – low phytic acid LGU – local government unit
LSTD – location specific technology development
m – meter
MAS – marker-assisted selection MAT – Multi-Adaption Trial MC – moisture content
MDDST – modified dry direct seeding technique
MET – multi-environment trial MFE – male fertile environment MLM – mixed-effects linear model Mg – magnesium
Mn – Manganese
MDDST – Modified Dry Direct Seeding Technique
MOET – minus one element technique MR – moderately resistant
MRT – Mobile Rice TeknoKlinik MSE – male-sterile environment MT – minimum tillage mtha-¹ - metric ton per hectare MYT – multi-location yield trials N – nitrogen
NAFC – National Agricultural and Fishery Council
NBS – narrow brown spot
NCT – National Cooperative Testing NFA – National Food Authority NGO – non-government organization NE – natural enemies
NIL – near isogenic line NM – Nutrient Manager
NOPT – Nutrient Omission Plot Technique NR – new reagent
NSIC – National Seed Industry Council NSQCS – National Seed Quality Control Services
OF – organic fertilizer OFT – on-farm trial OM – organic matter ON – observational nursery
OPAg – Office of Provincial Agriculturist OpAPA – Open Academy for Philippine Agriculture
P – phosphorus PA – phytic acid
PCR – Polymerase chain reaction PDW – plant dry weight PF – participating farmer PFS – PalayCheck field school
PhilRice – Philippine Rice Research Institute PhilSCAT – Philippine-Sino Center for Agricultural Technology
PHilMech – Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization
PCA – principal component analysis
PI – panicle initiation PN – pedigree nursery
PRKB – Pinoy Rice Knowledge Bank PTD – participatory technology development
PYT – preliminary yield trial QTL – quantitative trait loci R - resistant
RBB – rice black bug
RCBD – randomized complete block design RDI – regulated deficit irrigation
RF – rainfed RP – resource person RPM – revolution per minute
RQCS – Rice Quality Classification Software RS4D – Rice Science for Development RSO – rice sufficiency officer RFL – Rainfed lowland RTV – rice tungro virus
RTWG – Rice Technical Working Group S – sulfur
SACLOB – Sealed Storage Enclosure for Rice Seeds
SALT – Sloping Agricultural Land Technology SB – sheath blight
SFR – small farm reservoir SME – small-medium enterprise SMS – short message service SN – source nursery
SSNM – site-specific nutrient management SSR – simple sequence repeat
STK – soil test kit
STR – sequence tandem repeat SV – seedling vigor
t – ton
TCN – testcross nursery
TCP – technical cooperation project TGMS – thermo-sensitive genetic male sterile
TN – testcross nursery TOT – training of trainers TPR – transplanted rice TRV – traditional variety TSS – total soluble solid UEM – ultra-early maturing
UPLB – University of the Philippines Los Baños
VSU – Visayas State University WBPH – white-backed planthopper WEPP – water erosion prediction project WHC – water holding capacity WHO – World Health Organization WS – wet season
WT – weed tolerance YA – yield advantage Zn – zinc
ZT – zero tillage
List of Tables
Page Table 1. Evaluation of the MR of rice at different temperatures
of the Polishing Component of the Single-Pass-Air-con system. 3 Table 2. Evaluation of the HR of rice at different temperatures of the Polishing Component of the Single-Pass-Air-con system. 4 Table 3. Evaluation of the degree of milling (% with bran
streaks) of rice at different temperatures of the Polishing Component of the Single-Pass-Air- con system.
4
Table 4. Cost analysis of using the Single Pass Mill-Air-con
system. 4
Table 5. Millers’ response on the benefits/advantages of using
the Rice Mill-Air-con system (n=12). 5
