I N T E R N A T I O N A L A D V I S O R Y B O A R D Patricio Abinales, PhD
University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA JC Gaillard, PhD
University of Auckland, New Zealand Hal Hill, PhD
ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australia Owen Lynch, PhD
Rights and Resources Initiative, USA Otto van den Muijzenberg, PhD University of Amsterdam, Netherlands Yoshiko Nagano, PhD
Kanagawa University, Japan Francisco Nemenzo, PhD
University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines Raul Pertierra, PhD
Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines Cherubim Quizon, PhD
Seton Hall University, USA Lawrence Reid, PhD
University of Hawai’i at Manoa, USA Nicole Revel, PhD
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France Temario Rivera, PhD
University of the Philippines Diliman, Philippines Vineeta Sinha, PhD
National University of Singapore, Singapore E D I T O R I A L B O A R D
Editor-in-chief Ariel C. Lopez, PhD University of the Philippines Associate editors
Karl Ian U. Cheng Chua, PhD Ateneo de Manila University Geoffrey M. Ducanes, PhD Ateneo de Manila University Caroline S. Hau, PhD Kyoto University
Birgit Tremml Werner, PhD Linnaeus University Guo-Quan Seng, PhD
National University of Singapore Gerardo M. Lanuza, PhD University of the Philippines Karen Connie Abalos-Orendain, PhD University of the Philippines Maria Cecilia T. Medina, PhD University of the Philippines Jan Carlo B. Punongbayan, PhD University of the Philippines Joseph Santos E. Palis, PhD University of the Philippines Atsushi Ota, PhD
Keio University
Cristina Martinez Juan, PhD SOAS University of London Managing editor
Conchitina R. Cruz, PhD University of the Philippines Manuscript editors Loren E. Agaloos Jem R. Javier Jean Lau Wang Editorial assistant
Gabrielle Frances E. Gallardo Layout artist
Mirriam M. Velasco
An internationally refereed, biannual journal for the social sciences of the University of the Philippines Diliman through the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Development. The journal features articles in the social sciences and their applications.
S O C I A L S C I E N C E D I L I M A N ( S S D )
Contents of this journal may not be reproduced without the publisher’s written permission except for fair use (i.e., personal, educational, and research purposes) and subject to copyright law. Reprinting and republication may be allowed subject to proper credit to the original publication of the article in SSD and according to the signed Publication Agreement between the author and SSD.
The views expressed in the articles do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher and the editors.
A Philippine Journal of Society & Change ISSN 1655-1524 Print • ISSN 2012-0796 Online January–June 2022 • Volume 18, No. 1
