It is not only in the ASEAN region that fisheries policy is silent on poverty reduction. When discussing poverty in the context of the fishing sector, it is essential to caution against excessive optimism.
Fishery-based livelihoods in the Mekong Basin
Fishermen and farmers in the delta are exposed to rapid economic change and associated environmental change. Floating communities living above the lake comprise some of the only full-time fishermen in the Mekong Basin, dependent on a variety of seasonal fisheries.
Promoting equitable fish trade
Small-scale farmers use a number of strategies, ranging from the VAC systems (Vuon-Ao-Chuong means integrated garden, pond and livestock), used for family consumption and local trade, to large intensive fish cage culture sold directly to processing companies. export markets. With government support focused on export-led trade, the number of small- and medium-scale intensive farming systems has increased, while the capacity for effective economic management has lagged behind.
Infrastructure
Although generally seen as exploitative for small-scale fishermen and farmers, these 'middlemen' play an important entrepreneurial role in trade; absorb significant risk and finance market access for otherwise disenfranchised people. However, with greater control by larger traders, the access of small-scale fishermen and farmers to higher incomes from retail markets has decreased.
Economic management
Social infrastructure development is critical to enhancing the capacity of the poor and deprived to improve access to markets and value-added production. First, state-backed legitimacy gives groups the autonomy to access formal financing, advertising, and tax incentives, and second, greater bargaining power increases the confidence of these groups to assess and negotiate their trade arrangements.
Production management
More research is needed to determine the role of social and financial debt in securing food and income. The food and income security of fishermen, farmers and traders is limited by their ability to participate in a range of social, family and financial arrangements.
Supporting food and income security
Identifying the specific role that different fish species and products play in the livelihoods of small-scale fishermen, farmers and traders is an important starting point for addressing broader social vulnerability to resource degradation and market fluctuations. Fishermen are forced to sell their catch fresh to accelerate cash flow, which in turn has changed the patterns of their food and income security. Social and Financial Debt – Traders, fishermen and farmers alike depend on their ability to secure fish supplies by maintaining trading capital and relationships.
It is not just the number of jobs created that improves food and income security, but also the way wealth is distributed within family and community networks, especially between seasons. Caught fish remains the most valuable to the majority of rural communities in the basin in terms of both food and income security, and should be supported in both government and non-government policies.
Priorities for research and development support
About the authors
Acknowledgements
Selected reading
Overcapacity, Overfishing and Subsidies
The nature of the technology will largely determine fishing activity and harvesting capacity. The demand for raw material for processing creates demand for expanding the backward linkages to fishing activity and harvesting capacity. The current global focus on subsidies in terms of the role they play in increasing fishing activity and expanding fishing capacity is therefore exaggerated.
In developed countries, the subsidies given to both large-scale fishing units and other fishing units should be subject to current WTO subsidy disciplines. The FAO study was a first attempt to assess the economic health of the global fishing fleet.
About the Author
Fish Sperm Cryopreservation
Introduction
However, only a handful of studies have addressed sperm cryopreservation in endangered species or in small fish, which are becoming increasingly important in biomedical research and the aquarium trade. Examples of review articles, books and special journal issues on the cryopreservation of large-bodied freshwater fish. This report will focus on the needs and opportunities for future research and application of cryopreservation in freshwater fish.
For the more technically inclined reader, several excellent scientific review articles focusing on sperm cryopreservation in freshwater fish are available (Table 1). Cryopreservation in aquatic species (book) Tiersch and Mazik (editors), 2000 Cryopreservation of gametes in aquatic species (special edition) Lahnsteiner (editor), 2000 Cryopreservation of finfish and shellfish gamete Chao and Liao, 2001 Techniques of fish Billard banking and Zhang, 2001 Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos of aquatic species Zhang, 2004.
What is Cryopreservation?
Sperm Collection and Dilution
Refrigerated (non-frozen) Storage and Shipping of Samples
The recipient must be notified when the samples are being sent and must know when and where the samples will be delivered. Samples must be evaluated before they are shipped and must be reevaluated immediately upon receipt. With sperm, for example, the percentage of motility and general characteristics (eg color, presence of gel) can be assessed. 3) Examining sperm quality with a microscope Most fish spawn by releasing sperm and eggs into the water.
Examination of Sperm Quality by Microscope Most fish spawn by releasing sperm and eggs into the water,
Gel pack Gel pack
- Addition of Cryoprotectants
- Packaging of Samples for Freezing
- Freezing
- Frozen Storage Procedures
- Thawing
- Use for Fertilization
- Production of Early Life Stages for Assessment of Cryopreservation Success
The procedure can be applied to ensure that the movements of the sperm are not due to the swirling of the activating solution or to random movements. In these last two methods, the height of the samples above the liquid nitrogen provides control over the temperature and cooling rate. The liquid nitrogen is adsorbed by a filler material on the sides of the dewar, maintaining cryogenic temperatures without the risk of spillage.
Care must be taken that the outer casing of the dewar is not punctured. Never use hollow rods or tubing as dipsticks, as liquid nitrogen may escape from the open end.
Current Status of Fish Sperm Cryopreservation
For example, damage to the tail can disrupt motility, while damage to the head can disrupt embryonic development. Sperm quality is a general term that encompasses the proper function of a combination of cellular structures (such as the head, membrane and tail) that can be evaluated superficially individually by specific tests or in aggregate by examining factors such as the ability of sperm to fertilize. eggs hatch and develop normally.
The Future Prospects and Models for Application of Cryopreservation in Fish
Large, highly valuable global markets for cryopreserved sperm from aquatic species now lie ahead. 10 years documenting the feasibility of using commercial dairy cryopreservation facilities to provide a jumpstart for cryopreservation of aquatic species such as catfish and oysters. In addition, industries such as these can provide equipment, protocols, facilities and distribution networks that can be used for use with fish semen.
A structure like this could support the development of repositories within and between Southeast Asian countries. For cryopreservation to play a functioning role in supporting aquaculture production and the conservation of aquatic species, it must go beyond the development of initial technical requirements.
Readings
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
INVITATION TO CORRESPONDING WRITERS
READER’S REVIEW
Delusions of Fisheries Management and the Appetite for Fish: How Markets and Politics
As part of the project, a series of studies on the taxonomy of domestic fish in Myanmar were conducted by SEAFDEC in collaboration with the Ministry of Fisheries of Myanmar and with technical assistance from several fisheries biologists from Thailand. During several surveys, fish specimens from the northern, middle and southern parts of Myanmar were collected to represent the fish species in the country's interior. The results of all studies were recently published in a publication on 'Inland Fishes of Myanmar'.
NEW PUBLICATION!
Coastal life Coastal life Coastal life Coastal life Coastal life opportunities Coastal life opportunities Opportunities in opportunities in opportunities in opportunities in Cambodia Cambodia Cambodia Cambodia Cambodia. With declining fish stocks and the rapid development of coastal areas, Cambodia faces the challenge of maintaining these areas as profitable on a long-term sustainable basis.
The changing environment
Therefore, the measures to be taken must not only include changes at the political level, but also grassroots education and training with local communities that provide them with options and opportunities to sustain their livelihoods in the changing environment. On the other hand, seasonal changes in inland fishing and agricultural practices cause seasonal migration to coastal areas. During the dry season, some people move from interior provinces to coastal areas as an optional livelihood in the absence of opportunities in their own areas.
In some places, it also affects conservation efforts, with migrants using destructive fishing methods, which could be attributed to their lack of any long-term interest in the fishing grounds in question. Due to the lack of research and thus data on fish stocks and marine resources, it is not possible to assess the impact of the degradation of mangrove cover on coastal fish stocks and their recruitment.
Options available – sustainability and rationality?
This total catch includes commercially important fish species, low value fish and shrimp, cephalopods, crabs, gastropods and bivalves. As of 2000, the marine fish catch has grown by almost 20,000 tonnes and the ratio of so-called "trash fish" to the total catch is increasing, indicating continued declines in high-value species such as large tuna and grouper, and fishing in the food chain. Of Cambodia's total annual catch, it accounts for only 17%, but as mentioned earlier, the catch has almost doubled in recent years.
Currently, coastal areas are second only to Phnom Penh in terms of migration from other areas in the country. Recently, mangrove cover has declined rapidly due to increasing demand for charcoal and building materials.
Seaweeds
Conflicts have been registered between various companies and some authorities, apparently triggered by demands for compensation for. This imposes a significant additional financial burden on the private sector and may soon threaten the profitability of production. This could force companies to move to other countries where they would have better opportunities to support themselves.
If most companies transfer their production to other countries, this would worsen the competition between different seaweed entrepreneurs to supply seaweed to small farmers, creating a monopoly market with low market prices for farmers. This is intended to protect the interests of all stakeholders (private industry, local fishermen and authorities concerned with the sustainable use of the country's natural resources) and to manage the growing seaweed aquaculture industry in a way that will maintain the best ecologically and financially sustainable practices.
Only way forward
Regional Training on Cryopreservation of Freshwater Fish Sperm International Course in Coastal Fisheries Management and Extension Methods. Regional technical consultation on the human rights directive for fisheries management and management of fishing capacity On-site training on sea bass culture. 8th Meeting of the Regional Working Group on the Fisheries Component of the UNEP/GEF Project: Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand ASEAN-SEAFDEC Regional Conference on Pelagic Fisheries and Its Management.
Expert meeting on fisheries statistics, information and indicators. On-site training on pesticide residue analysis. To conduct research and development in fishing gear technology, fishing grounds research, post-harvest technology and aquaculture, to investigate problems related to the handling of fish at sea and quality control, and to conduct studies on fish stocks in the region; and 3.
