The study investigated the association of outcome variables such as self-efficacy and physiological measures (capillary blood sugar and blood pressure) before and after a health education intervention for diabetes and hypertension. Low health knowledge has been associated with lower self-management behaviors and poor medication adherence in patients with diabetes. A pretest-posttest group study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the diabetes health education intervention.
Health education intervention on self-efficacy improves self-care management among adult type 2 diabetes patients. It also aims to explore outcome variables such as self-efficacy and physiological measures (capillary blood sugar and blood pressure of blood) before and after a health education intervention on diabetes and hypertension. To determine self-efficacy before and after health literacy intervention among adults with diabetes in a tertiary hospital in Ilocos Norte.
To determine physiological outcome measures in terms of glycemic control and blood pressure before and after a health literacy intervention in adults with diabetes in a tertiary hospital in Ilocos Norte. Health literacy is important in health promotion, especially in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Because the patient's diabetes knowledge, self-management skills, and attitude toward self-care activities are critical in comprehensive diabetes management; there is a need to improve health literacy through education of health care providers to improve diabetes outcomes.
All these can be done through the health literacy intervention to be accomplished in this research.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN
Permission to conduct the study at the facility and approval from the physicians and nurses of the internal medicine and general medicine clinics in the outpatient clinic were sought. Evaluation by the researcher occurred to determine the participants' eligibility to be part of the study based on the inclusion criteria. The study setting's Diabetes Clinic already has existing trained nurses and the study sought their assistance in the recruitment process.
Then, at the end of the 4-week modules, the participants completed the post-survey using the same instrument. For the entire duration of 3 months, an average of 5-7 participants were part of the daily lectures. There was a limit in the number of participants each day due to the global pandemic.
For the demographic data, descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to present the summary of the sample and measures. Approval for the study was obtained from the Open University Institutional Review Board of the University of the Philippines and the certificate of approval was submitted to the Research Ethics Review Committee of the research setting.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Objective Number 1: To determine the self-efficacy before and after the health literacy intervention on adults with diabetes in a tertiary hospital in Ilocos Norte. Statistical results of the self-efficacy before and after the health literacy intervention on adults with diabetes in a tertiary hospital in Ilocos Norte (n=61). Studies have found that health care literacy is an important factor in determining the level of self-efficacy among diabetics (Xu, Leung, & Chau, 2018).
Conversely, a lower level of health literacy may result in lower self-efficacy in diabetics. This can lead to reduced self-efficacy and ultimately a lack of motivation to manage their condition and take action to improve their health. In addition, the findings of this research were confirmed by Ghasemi et al. (2018) who say that health literacy has a significant impact on respondents' overall self-efficacy.
In addition, health literacy and self-efficacy are two important factors that can influence health outcomes for people with diabetes (Lael-Manford, 2019). Objective number 3: To determine the relationship between self-efficacy and profile characteristics (age, gender, education, diet and duration of diabetes) in adults with diabetes in a tertiary care hospital in Ilocos Norte. The relationship between age and self-efficacy among people with diabetes is complex and multifaceted.
Older adults with diabetes may have lower self-efficacy due to physical limitations and reduced mobility (Hamidi et al., 2022). Additionally, older individuals with diabetes may have a longer history of managing their condition and may have experienced negative health outcomes, which may also affect their self-efficacy. On the other hand, older individuals with diabetes may also have higher self-efficacy due to their life experience and accumulated knowledge about managing their condition.
Studies have shown that people with a higher level of education tend to have higher self-efficacy to manage their diabetes (Lee et al., 2019). In addition, individuals with lower levels of education may have limited exposure to diabetes management strategies, leading to decreased self-efficacy in managing their condition. On the other hand, consuming an unhealthy diet can lead to negative health outcomes and decreased self-efficacy.
DISCUSSION
Participants will be able to define diabetes and hypertension and demonstrate how to measure blood pressure and blood sugar levels. Participants will understand that diabetes and hypertension are lifelong diseases and that they can self-manage their diabetes through physical activity/exercise, a diabetic diet, blood glucose monitoring, and medication adherence. Maintaining a healthy body weight is also a key to controlling diabetes and high blood pressure, and practicing physical activities helps lower blood sugar and blood pressure.
Participants will be able to understand the importance of adherence to diabetes and hypertension self-management activities. Discuss the concept of self-management and have participants develop self-management goals related to the health education session. Participants can reduce the risk of developing these complications by adhering to self-management activities.
Mahalagang magkaroon ng sarili mong device o glucometer para masubaybayan ang mga antas ng asukal sa dugo sa bahay. Ang glucometer o glucose meter ay isang maliit na aparato na sumusukat sa mga antas ng asukal sa dugo. May kasama itong lancing device – parang ballpen na may karayom na dumidikit sa daliri para makaipon ng patak ng dugo.
Ang patak ng dugo ay inilalagay sa strip na muling inilagay sa glucometer upang basahin ang antas ng asukal sa dugo. Kadalasan ang doktor ay nagtatakda ng target, halimbawa ay maaaring sabihin ng doktor na ang asukal sa dugo ay dapat nasa pagitan ng 70-130 mg/dL bago mag-almusal at sa pagitan ng 140-180 mg/dL dalawang oras pagkatapos kumain. Ang masyadong maliit na glucose (asukal) sa iyong dugo ay tinatawag na hypoglycemia o mababang asukal sa dugo.
Ang mababang asukal sa dugo ay maaaring magdulot sa iyo ng pagkahimatay o magkaroon ng seizure. Kung ang iyong asukal sa dugo ay hindi pa rin bumabalik sa normal na antas, makipag-ugnayan sa iyong healthcare provider o humingi ng emergency na pangangalaga. Ang sobrang glucose sa iyong dugo ay tinatawag na hyperglycemia.
Ang mataas na asukal sa dugo ay maaaring humantong sa isang mapanganib na kondisyon na tinatawag na ketoacidosis. Ang pagtutulak ng dugo palabas sa puso upang maibigay ang buong katawan upang makagalaw ito ay tinatawag na presyon ng dugo. Diastolic: kung gaano kalakas itinutulak ng puso ang dugo palabas dito habang ang atrium ng puso ay nagpapahinga. 120 ay ang systolic at 80 ay ang diastolic. Ito ay kung paano mo malalaman kung ikaw ay may mataas na presyon ng dugo.
Itala ang pagbabasa ng iyong blood sugar at ipakita ito sa iyong doktor sa iyong check-up upang talakayin ito. Kumain ng mga pagkaing mataas sa fiber, gaya ng cereal, crackers, brown rice, o whole-grain pasta. Para sa mga may altapresyon, inirerekumenda na kumain ng mga pagkaing mababa sa "saturated fat" at kolesterol, tulad ng mga gulay at prutas, at iwasan ang matatabang pagkain, lalo na ang pritong karne.
Uminom o gumamit ng mga gamot para sa diabetes at mataas na presyon ng dugo kahit na mabuti ang iyong pakiramdam. Huwag nating kalimutan na ang pag-aalaga sa ating sarili ay hindi lamang angkop sa atin, kundi pati na rin sa mga mahal natin sa buhay.
