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C HAPTER

1 Teacher 01-Lesson 1-24

Chapter Outline

V’ S AND C’ S

T EST O NE

Always Vowels: , , ,

In such cases, and are vowels, so we do not twin them. And ifwas always a vowel, words like quit inquiz would have two vowel letters before the in.

Sometimes a Vowel, Sometimes a Conso- nant

This “Look at the Middles!” is the first of the reinforcers that occur at the end of many lessons. The direct connection here is that all six words contain the letter , sometimes as a vowel, sometimes as a consonant.

Sometimes a Vowel, Sometimes a Conso- nant

Students may be interested to see that in all ten word pairs, when the word is reversed, the or shifts from a vowel to a consonant, or vice versa. Theyaws swaypair is notable because it contains both a and a , both of which perform the consonant-vowel shift.

Sometimes a Vowel, Sometimes a Conso- nant

Fill in the blanks: The letteris usually avowel, but it is a consonant when it comes just after the letter. The three letters that are sometimes vowels and sometimes consonants are , and .

Practice with Vowel and Consonant Letters

But they also introduce the students to a potentially sophisticated logic of implication: If, for example, one were to begin this puzzle by putting aloud the top row, this would create the need for a five-letter word beginning with for the overlapping left column and a three-letter word beginning withfor the overlapping third column. The tip to start these particular squares with the only six-letter word on the list is a powerful tip: In more general terms, (and borrowed from the 17th-century philosopher Rene Descartes) the students should learn to start with what they can be absolutely sure of and then build off of it.

V’s and C’s

Over time, Scrambles can help them see things like the fact that many words end in silent final and that tends to be either at the beginning or the end. All such things are part of the wide realm of tactical information that good spellers should have.

Test One

Letters and Sounds

There are two main reasons that there are almost always more letters than sounds: (i) English contains many vowel-consonant digraphs, or combinations of two letters that spell one sound, such as the vowel digraph and the consonant digraph in a single word like breath. English even contains a few trigraphs, such as ingracious or inschlemiel.) (ii) For various reasons, many words contain unpronounceable letters. The most common of these silent letters is the silent final in words like above and because.

Writing Letters and Sounds

For another, later, when we study more of the speech sounds, we need to be able to talk easily and clearly about, for example, that short sound, [e] (pronounced. You might want to point out to them that in the change fromquicktoduck, the letterchanges from a consonant to a vowel.

Practice with Vowel and Consonant Letters and Sounds

The literacy exercise in Word Find is simply to give students some work on their literacy skills, which will be important for future vocabulary work.

Some Consonant Sounds and Spellings

The Consonant Sound [p]

The basic meaning of the base verb is "come". The parts preventing are therefore added to "to come before" or "to come early." It is not too far from that root meaning to the word's current meaning of "to hinder, stop, avert". In the perfect, the prefix per- means "thoroughly, thoroughly"; the root effect "make, do" occurs in words like affect, confection, defect, effective, infected.

The Consonant Sound [b]

The only other known spelling of [b] is in the words cupboard, board, raspberry and Campbell. In this word square, the two words stopandupon may involve students in the logic of implication discussed earlier: If they try to complete the dot before the next day, they will not have enough information to confidently choose between stopandupon , since the only thing they can know about the word is that it is a four-letter word with an at the end, and both stop using this description.

The Consonant Sound [t]

The only three-letter word that can be made from vowels that contains and goes immediately above vowels. Most desktop dictionaries show the sound spelled and in words like [t], ignoring the pronunciation of flap-[d].

`The Consonant Sound [d]`

Two important minor spellings of [d] are in the past tense suffix-ed (as inspeled andrubbed) and in the four words could, should, would, solder. Students who routinely drop [d] when pronouncing such words (or hear [d] routinely dropped) may have extra trouble remembering to insert when spelling them.

Test Two

`Matrixes`

A monthly calendar is a two-dimensional matrix; it's just that we don't usually bother to label the rows. And such hunts are quite powerful teaching and learning strategies, since the ability to identify a new, and perhaps slightly different, example is an excellent sign of mastery of the general concept.

`Using a Matrix`

This lesson demonstrates how the matrix can help sort words based on whether two different states (in this case the presence of [d] or [t]) occur together in the word, whether one occurs without the other, or whether neither occurs. If your math program has students working with quantities, you can point out that a square in a matrix is a quantity.

`Practice with Matrixes`

Inbetweenthe basetween carries the meaning "two" and is related to several other words containing the meaning "two": two, twelve, twenty, twin, twilight, etc.