TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Acknowledgements iii
Abstract (English) iv
Abstract (Thai) viii
Table of Contents xi
List of Tables xv
List of Figures xvii
List of Appendices xxiv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Problem Statement 1
1.2 Hypothesis 5
1.3 Objectives 5
1.4 Scope of Research 5
1.5 Organization of Research 6
1.6 Terms and Definitions 8
1.6.1 Terms 8
1.6.2 Years 9
1.6.3 Names 9
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 Reviews on the Background 10
2.1.1 Historical Background of Shan People 11 2.1.2 Socio-cultural Background of Shan People 15
2.1.3 Shan Monasteries 18
2.1.4 Myanmar Sumptuary Law Related to Monasteries 20 2.1.5 Monasteries in Northern Thailand 21
Page 2.2 Reviews on the Research Approaches 24
2.2.1 Conceptual Approach 25
2.2.2 Methodological Approach 28
2.2.3 Research Approach of the Study 30 Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 Data Collection 34
3.1.1 Documentary Survey 34
3.1.2 Field Survey 35
3.2 Data Processing 35
3.3 Data Analysis 36
3.3.1 Classification of Typologies 37
3.3.1 Comparison of Typologies 38
Chapter 4 Architectural Characteristics of Shan Monasteries in Southern Shan State of Myanmar
4.1 Southern Shan State 40
4.1.1 History of Nyaung Shwe and Inn Lay 40 4.1.2 Geography of Nyaung Shwe and Inn Lay 42
4.2 Samples 46
4.3 Site 63
4.3.1 Elements in the Compound 64
4.3.2 Site Composition 68
4.3.3 Site Access 70
4.4 Main Monastery Building 70
4.4.1 Space Utilization 71
4.4.2 Main Entrance and Building Facing 76
4.4.3 Spatial Transformation 76
4.4.4 Roof Forms 86
4.4.5 Detail Decorations 90
4.5 Summary 100
Page Chapter 5 Architectural Characteristics of Shan Monasteries in
Northern Thailand
5.1 Northern Thailand 104
5.1.1 History of Northern Thailand 104 5.1.2 Geography of Northern Thailand 105
5.2 Samples 108
5.3 Site 128
5.3.1 Elements in the Compound 128
5.3.2 Site Composition 131
5.3.3 Site Access 134
5.4 Main Monastery Building 134
5.4.1 Space Utilization 134
5.4.2 Main Entrance and Building Facing 139
5.4.3 Spatial Transformation 140
5.4.4 Roof Forms 149
5.4.5 Detail Decorations 153
5.5 Summary 162
Chapter 6 Comparative Analysis on the Architectural Characteristics of Shan Monasteries in Southern Shan State of Myanmar and Northern Thailand
6.1 Samples 165
6.2 Site 166
6.2.1 Elements in the Compound 167
6.2.2 Site composition 176
6.2.3 Site Access 179
6.3 Main Monastery Building 179
6.3.1 Space Utilization 179
6.3.2 Main Entrance and Building Facing 185 6.3.3 Spatial Transformation and Variations 187
Page
6.3.4 Roof Forms 196
6.3.5 Detail Decorations 203
6.4 Summary 214
Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusion
7.1 Summary of the Study 219
7.2 Limitations of the Study 222
7.3 Implications of the Study 223
7.4 Recommendations for Further Studies 224
References 229 Appendices 236 Curriculum Vitae
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
4.1 List of Samples in Southern Shan State 47 5.1 List of Samples in Northern Thailand 109 6.1 Elements in the Compounds of Southern Shan State Samples 173 6.2 Elements in the Compounds of Northern Thailand Samples 174 6.3 Site Compositions of Southern Shan State Samples 178 6.4 Site Compositions of Northern Thailand Samples 178 6.5 Buddha Hall Compositions in the Main Monastery Buildings of
Southern Shan State Samples 183
6.6 Buddha Hall Compositions in the Main Monastery Buildings of
Northern Thailand Samples 183
6.7 Space Utilization in the Main Monastery Buildings of Southern
Shan State Samples 184
6.8 Space Utilization in the Main Monastery Buildings of Northern
Thailand Samples 184
6.9 Main Entrance and Building Facing of Main Monastery Buildings
in Southern Shan State Samples 186
6.10 Main Entrance and Building Facing of Main Monastery Buildings
in Northern Thailand Samples 186
6.11 Roof Types in the Main Monastery Buildings of Southern Shan State
Samples 201 6.12 Roof Types in the Main Monastery Buildings of Northern Thailand
Samples 202 6.13 Ceiling Types in the Main Monastery Buildings of Southern
Page
Shan State Samples 207
6.14 Ceiling Types in the Main Monastery Buildings of Northern Thailand
Samples 208 6.15 Column Decorations in the Main Monastery Buildings of Southern
Shan State Samples 210
6.16 Column Decorations in the Main Monastery Buildings of Northern
Thailand Samples 211
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1.1 Map of Shan State and Northern Thailand 3 1.2 19th Century Trade Routes and Shan Migration Routes in Shan State 4
and Northern Thailand
3.1 Outline of Research Procedure 33
3.2 Outline of Analysis 38
4.1 Map of Shan State in 19th Century 43
4.2 Map of Shan State in 2007 44
4.3 Map of Nyaung Shwe Township Including Inn Lay Lake 45 4.4 Location of Samples around Nyaung Shwe and Inn Lay 48 4.5 Photo of Nyaung Oak Kyaung, Inndein Village, Inn Lay 49 4.6 Plan of Nyaung Oak Kyaung, Inndein Village, Inn Lay 50 4.7 Photo of Thar Lay Taung Kyaung, Thar Lay Village, Inn Lay 51 4.8 Plan of Thar Lay Taung Kyaung, Thar Lay Village, Inn Lay 51 4.9 Photo of Nga Phe Chaung Kyaung, Nga Phe Chaung Village, Inn Lay 52 4.10 Plan of Nga Phe Chaung Kyaung, Nga Phe Chaung Village, Inn Lay 53 4.11 Photo of Kyaung Ni Kyaung, Ywa Ma Village, Inn Lay 54 4.12 Plan of Kyaung Ni Kyaung, Ywa Ma Village, Inn Lay 54 4.13 Photo of Pahtama Kyaung, Ywa Ma Village, Inn Lay 55 4.14 Plan of Pahtama Kyaung, Ywa Ma Village, Inn Lay 56 4.15 Photo of Myay Ni Gone Kyaung, Myay Ni Gone Village, Inn Lay 57 4.16 Plan of Myay Ni Gone Kyaung, Myay Ni Gone Village, Inn Lay 57 4.17 Photo of Shwe Yan Pyay Kyaung, Shwe Yan Pyay Village,
Page
Nyaung Shwe 58
4.18 Plan of Shwe Yan Pyay Kyaung, Shwe Yan Pyay Village,
Nyaung Shwe 59
4.19 Photo of Tate Nam Kyaung, Nyaung Shwe Town 60 4.20 Plan of Tate Nam Kyaung, Nyaung Shwe Town 60 4.21 Photo of Shwe Kyaung, Ywa Thit Village, Nyaung Shwe 61 4.22 Plan of Shwe Kyaung, Ywa Thit Village, Nyaung Shwe 61 4.23 Photo of Beindaw Kyaung, Ywa Ma Village, Inn Lay 62 4.24 Plan of Beindaw Kyaung, Ywa Ma Village, Inn Lay 63 4.25 Distribution of Elements in the Compounds in Southern Shan
State Samples 67
4.26 Site Composition and Site Access to the Compounds of Southern
Shan State Samples 69
4.27 Buddha Hall Compositions of the Main Monastery Buildings in
Southern Shan State Samples 73
4.28 Main Entrance and Building Facing in the Main Monastery Buildings
of Southern Shan State Samples 75
4.29 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Nyaung Oak Kyaung 77
4.30 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Thar Lay Taung Kyaung 78
4.31 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Nga Phe Chaung Kyaung 79
4.32 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Kyaung Ni Kyaung 80
4.33 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Pahtama Kyaung 81
4.34 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Myay Ni Gone Kyaung 82
Page 4.35 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Shwe Yan Pyay Kyaung 83
4.36 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Tate Nam Kyaung 84
4.37 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of Shwe Kyaung 85 4.38 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Beindaw Kyaung 86
4.39 Zaytawun Saung Type Roofs in Southern Shan State Samples 88 4.40 Sanu Yuan Khaung Type Roofs in Southern Shan State Samples 88 4.41 Einedaw Ta Le Paw Type Roofs in Southern Shan State Samples 89 4.42 Pyatthat Type Roofs in Southern Shan State Samples 89 4.43 Yuan Phyay Zaung Dan Type Roofs in Southern Shan State Samples 89 4.44 Buddha Hall Ceilings under Zaytawun Saung Roofs in Southern Shan
State Samples 91
4.45 Reception Hall Ceilings under Sakyaw Khaung Roofs in Southern
Shan State Samples 91
4.46 Reception Hall Ceilings under Eine Daw Khaung Roof in Southern
Shan State Samples 91
4.47 Column Base Decorations in Southern Shan State Samples 92 4.48 Exterior Column with Glass Mosaics 92 4.49 Column Cap Decorations in Southern Shan State Samples 93 4.50 Column Center Band Decorations in Southern Shan State Samples 94 4.51 Interior Wall Decorations in Southern Shan State Samples 95 4.52 Swag (Lin Noe Dang) Decorations at Main Shrine Area of Southern
Shan State Samples 95
4.53 Decorative Grates on the Walls of Southern Shan State Samples 96 4.54 Kha Ban Decorations in Southern Shan State Samples 96 4.55 Handrail Decorations at Main Shrine in Southern Shan State Samples 97 4.56 Decorations on the Roofs of Southern Shan State Samples 98
Page 4.57 Masonry Staircases in Southern Shan State Samples 99 4.58 Wooden Staircases in Southern Shan State Samples 99
5.1 Map of Thailand 106
5.2 Map of Northern Thailand 107
5.3 Location of Samples in Northern Thailand 110 5.4 Photo of Wat Chong Klang, Mae Hong Son 111 5.5 Plan of Wat Chong Klang, Mae Hong Son 112 5.6 Photo of Wat Muang Pon, Muang Pon Village, Khun Yuam 113 5.7 Plan of Wat Muang Pon, Muang Pon Village, Khun Yuam 113
5.8 Photo of Wat Mon Chamsil, Lampang 114
5.9 Plan of Wat Mon Chamsil, Lampang 115
5.10 Photo of Wat Pafang, Lampang 115
5.11 Plan of Wat Pafang, Lampang 116
5.12 Photo of Wat Mon Puyak, Lampang 118
5.13 Plan of Wat Mon Puyak, Lampang 119
5.14 Photo of Wat Khum, Khun Yuam 120
5.15 Plan of Wat Khum, Khun Yuam 120
5.16 Photo of Wat Sri Rong Muang, Lampang 121 5.17 Plan of Wat Sri Rong Muang, Lampang 122
5.18 Photo of Wat Chom Sawan, Phrae 123
5.19 Plan of Wat Chom Sawan, Phrae 123
5.20 Photo of Wat Tor Pae, Tor Pae Village, Khun Yuam 124 5.21 Plan of Wat Tor Pae, Tor Pae Village, Khun Yuam 125 5.22 Photo of Wat Nan Taram, Chiang Kham 127 5.23 Plan of Wat Nan Taram, Chiang Kham 127 5.24 Distribution of Elements in the Compounds in Northern Thailand
Samples 132
5.25 Site Composition and Site Access to the Compounds of Northern
Thailand Samples 133
Page 5.26 Buddha Hall Compositions of the Main Monastery Buildings in
Northern Thailand Samples 136
5.27 Main Entrance and Building Facing in the Main Monastery Buildings
of Northern Thailand Samples 138
5.28 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Wat Chong Klang 140
5.29 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Wat Muang Pon 141
5.30 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Wat Mon Chamsil 142
5.31 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Wat Pafang 143
5.32 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Wat Mon Puyak 144
5.33 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Wat Khum 145
5.34 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Wat Sri Rong Muang 146
5.35 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Wat Chom Sawan 147
5.36 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Wat Tor Pae 148
5.37 Spatial Transformation in Main Monastery Building of
Wat Nan Taram 149
5.38 Zaytawun Saung Type Roofs in Northern Thailand Samples 151 5.39 Yuan Htat Khaung Type Roofs in Northern Thailand Samples 152 5.40 Yuan Htat Ngar Sint Type Roofs in Northern Thailand Samples 152 5.41 Yuan Le Paw Type Roofs in Northern Thailand Samples 152
5.42 Einedaw Sabe Htat Type Roof 152
Page 5.43 Einedawn Ta Le Sabe Hna Htat Type Roofs in Northern Thailand
Samples 152
5.44 Yuan Phyay Zaung Dan Type Roofs in Northern Thailand Samples 152 5.45 Kon Pyatthat Type Roof in Wat Chom Sawan 152 5.46 Ceiling Decorations in Rural Monasteries of Northern Thailand
Samples 154
5.47 Ceiling Decorations in Urban Monasteries of Northern Thailand
Samples 154
5.48 Column Center Band Decorations in Northern Thailand Samples 155 5.49 Column Cap Decorations in Northern Thailand Samples 156 5.50 Interior Wall Decorations in Northern Thailand Samples 157 5.51 Wooden Grate Decorations in Northern Thailand Samples 158 5.52 Kha Ban Decorations in Northern Thailand Samples 159 5.53 Handrail Decorations Northern Thailand Samples 159 5.54 Gable Decorations on the Roofs in Northern Thailand Samples 160 5.55 Roof Neck Decorations in Northern Thailand Samples 161 5.56 Staircase Decorations in Northern Thailand Samples 161 6.1 Pillars found in Southern Shan State Samples 169 6.2 Pillars found in Northern Thailand Samples 169
6.3 Bell/Drum Tower 171
6.4 Monk’s Toilets found in Southern Shan State Samples 172 6.5 Monk’s Toilets found in Northern Thailand Samples 173
6.6 Types of Site Compositions 177
6.7 Reception Halls 181
6.8 Types of Buddha Hall Composition 182
6.9 Primary Spatial Planning of the Main Monastery Buildings in
Southern Shan State Samples 190
6.10 Present Spatial Planning of the Main Monastery Buildings in
Southern Shan State Samples 191
Page 6.11 Primary Spatial Planning of the Main Monastery Buildings in
Northern Thailand Samples 192
6.12 Present Spatial Planning of the Main Monastery Buildings in
Northern Thailand Samples 193
6.13 Typical Primary Spatial Planning of Main Monastery Buildings 194 6.14 Typical Present Spatial Planning of Main Monastery Buildings 195 6.15 Roof Types found in the Compartments of Main Monastery Buildings 199
6.16 Location of Ceiling Types 204
6.17 Type I Ceiling 205
6.18 Type II Ceiling 205
6.19 Type III Ceiling 205
6.20 Type IV Ceiling 206
6.21 Windows Found in the Roof Neck and Ceiling 206
7.1 Elevations of Museum Wongwaen 226
7.2 Perspective View of Museum Wongwaen 227 7.3 Replacement-prone Nyaung Oak Kyaung Kyaung of Inn Lay 227 7.4 Abandoned Wat Mon Chamsil of Lampang 227
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Author Page
A Roof Typologies of Myanmar Religious Lwin Aung 236 Buildings
B Invitation for Libation Ceremony of
Wat Sri Rong Muang 239
C Decorative Items of a Lan Na Wat Naengnoi Punjabhan 241
D Genealogies 242
E Interview Form 243
