#! $ % ! $ % ก $ $. . 2551
The Application of Pacchimadisa to further development of families and general population in Bang Phlat District, Bang Phlat Zone, Bangkok in 2551 B.E.
( )1
Phramaha Maghavin Purisuttamo (Amatmontree) ) *+,- ./ .1. 2551
%
4 5 *+, 6 + 7 85 - ./ ) - ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+
5 45 + - ./ - ,4- ,4 >**+, @ 455=A= >**+, +4 ก+4ก ) =+ก >*? 1B :;<: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + C,:;<A44 47 - D -5 ./ 8 . : ก -กE4 4 F< G=C< ,ก @ + ,@ 8 ; ก
*) 133 5 I=ก *+, 4 @ @ : J@ K , ;@ ,ก+ ) ก ,@ 8 * L./ + , +ก:5 @ก+ A= ก GC7M8- ./ @ 8- 1: <5G@5 8N>8 < , / C I= C 4 O 4 @ >**+, @ 455= 5. - 1 , P ก 1MกQ 7 K ,BC< , - = /- D K , A= *) 4 RC B @ I= @ C+4ก ,ก :;< =+ก
>*? 1 ,@ 8 +, ) 5+J 8 7 / 0.05
E E F : 1. =+ก >*? 1 2. ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1 3. 7 4+ 5 45 + ABSTRACT
This research article was to apply Pacchimadisa bias principles to support the family instate and to compare the personal and supportive factors in an application of the pacchimadisa principles in supporting the family institute. The tools used in data collection by sampling the 133 populations were questionnaires. The research results were formed that the most husbands and wires were helping each otter, balked less of the different sexes. The resets of the by protests testing were for end that the personal factors such as sex, age, educational qualification, status, income, the trine of being husband and wife and the members of children had no impact to an application of the Pacchimadisa Principles with the statistical significance at 0.05.
Key words : 1. Pacchimadisa 2. The Application of Pacchimadisa 3. Families
1. E F# JK ! F JK E (Phenomena)
>**4+ - 1B ,ก) =+8 4 >J 8 +85 = , i C< B @ @ * - D >J 5 , ก*
>J ก +/ F 8 +, @ >J , - C >J 5 + ;+/ . >J ก :;<5 A 8: 7 4+
5 45 + C, >J +85 - =@ 6BC< ) : < 7; F 8 ; ; : +85 F C: J@5. - 1; A=
+85 F C-=Eก5. 5 45 + - =/, A =8B * ก /-5,- D : C C,ก - =/, A =8 /ICAIกB * ก -C 6*+C ,G@: C+4 / @ - D @ 8 กA= - D K / ก5 : +85 < 8 4 @ . ก+ กjk ,- ./ +4 8 Aก<BF: <CFM6 LM/8 Rก /* ) : < >J : +85 B ,C+8ก=@ 4 - =8 . CB : / C*) - D < 8- /
* กก +P 5 . ; ; LM/8- D @ , 8 +85 F 8 7 4+ 5 45 + A= - 1; - D + C+4 A ก C C+8AI +P -1 QOก*A= +85 A @8; ?4+4 / 10 ( .1. 2550-2554) F< 4.2 @ C< , + 7 85 A= - n , =+ก ( ) +ก8 5f ก ก +P ก -1 QOก*A= +85 A @8; , 2550, =) F< / 4.1 @ C< , , R1 ก +P - 1 ( ) +ก8 5f ก ก +P ก -1 QOก*A= +85 A @8; , 2550, 1) A=
F< / 5.2 , R1 ก < 85 -F< AFE8F 8; ; A= +85 : <- D กO / +/ 58F 8 - 1 ( ) +ก8 5f ก ก +P ก -1 QOก*A= +85 A @8; , 2550, Q) < ก+ 6 ก +P 5 LM/8- D
*C , =+กF 8ก +P 7 4+ 5 45 + A= +85 C, กE < 8 C5=< 8ก+4 +, +1 A= + Rก*
F< 3.2 F 8ก +P - 1C< , ( ) +ก8 5f ก ก +P ก -1 QOก*A= +85 A @8; , 2550, ,) /ก=@ ) : < 7ก=@ BC< @ 5 45 + LM/8- D 7 4+ F C-=Eก C +6 @ @ ก +P 455=: +85 - ก5 45 + . 455=K ,: 5 45 + >J ก F+4-5=./ - ./ +P +85 C, กE* >J B C< , C+8 +6 : - ./ 8 6 *M8 ) : <-F< :*BC< @ : 5 - D 5 45 + LM/8
ก 4C< , @ A @A= =Gก . ก+4K , +6 @ 8 5 ) 5+J @ 5 -F< AFE8F 8 7 4+ 5 45 + ก=@ 5. 7< ก5 K ,: 5 45 + 5 -F< :*: 4 4 A= < /F 8 - 8- D ,@ 8CA=< 5 F+CA,<8 5 A กA,ก A= ก ,@ < 8F 8 K , กE* B @ ? +6 ก+4K , * C) 8; 5G@ . C) - ; 5G@ F 8 : < 5 F 5 ก< < A= -* J +/ 58BC< +6 < 8 +68 o*C,. F 8; 5G@p B <
: :* ) +4- D -5 ./ 8 . ก) C 1 8ก C) - ; 5G@: <A @ A @ +/ 58B @ +/ B @ /8 @ 8 i *C,. / - ก) C +6 - D - . -FE 1 / ) 8; 5G@B G@*C , . - n ,F 8; 5G@ /- ,กBC< @ o5G@ < 85G@
p 5. + F 8- +68 85 < 8 ) - 8 ก) C- 8 5 ./ * ก) C: <- B @BC< * ) BC<กE- D - ,8IG<
A ) . ;6A : <- - @ +6 ( * 5 K (1 + ), 2548, 1)
* ก /BC< 8- E @ @ A @A= =Gก . K , : 5 45 + =< 5 ) 5+J @ ก +P +85 C, C+8 +6 ก +P 5 45 + A= +85 *M8 < 8 +P /5 - D -4.6 8 < C,ก +P 5 6
< 8 +P +68 8 @ 8ก ,A= * :* ก +, M/8 ก +P 5 < 8 +P /8A C=< : 5 45 + A= +85
: <- .6 C< , *M8* - D ก +P /7Gก < 8 A= ก +P 7 4+ 5 45 + : +85 B , /- / C- D ก +P C,:;< RR - D -5 ./ 8 . ก=@ 5. @ A @A= =Gก . ก+4K , < 8 G<*+ก < /F 8
. G<*+กก r h4+ =+กR : R1 / 7- D -5 ./ 8 . 5+4 5 8 7 4+
5 45 + : <- D 7 4+ /- D < 8A @85 I ก: +85 < ก+ 6 >J @ 8 i B @ @ * - D >J ก +/ F 8-CEก +, @ . >J ก ,@ < 8F 8 K , กE* =C*) =8 . CB : / C
C+8 +6 IG< *+,*M8 5 -;./ +/ @ =+ก >*? 1: R1 * 7 < 85 45 + : <-F< AFE8 . < 85 B < 8:*A= 5 F 84Aก@ K , : A @= 5 45 + BC< *M8 ) : < 5 :* /* 1MกQ 5< 5 < 7M8ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก - < 8 7 4+ 5 45 + : <-F< AFE8 . @8- 5fR
* ,R : <-กCFM6 : K , IG<- D ; ; / 1+, ,G@: AF 84 8 =+C -F 4 8 =+C ก 8- 5 LM/8 - D -F / .6 / +68 C 3,296 8ก =- A= *) ; ก +68 C 10,180 5 A4@8- D ; , 4,359 5 J8 5,821 5 ( ;ก K -F 4 8 =+C, 2548, 121)
2. F /O (Research Problem)
2.1 ; ; ก ) =+ก >*? 1B ,ก :;<: ก - < 8 7 4+ 5 45 + ,@ 8B 2.2 ; ; / >**+, @ 455=A= >**+, +4 A ก @ 8ก+ ก ) =+ก >*? 1B ,ก :;<: ก - < 8 7 4+ 5 45 + A ก @ 8ก+ . B @ ,@ 8B
3. ! ก (Research Objectives)
3.1 - ./ 1MกQ ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + F 8 K , IG<- D
; ;
3.2 - ./ 1MกQ - ,4- ,4 >**+, @ 455=A= >**+, +4 ก+4ก ) =+ก >*? 1B :;<: ก
@8- 7 4+ 5 45 + F 8 K , IG<- D ; ; 4. U ก (Research Hypothesis)
4.1 ; ; / >**+, @ 455=A ก @ 8ก+ I= @ ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1 /A ก @ 8ก+
5. O JKX% กก (Expected Result or Application)
5.1 ) : < 4 C+45 A ก @ 8F 85 G<5 -F< :*-ก/, ก+4 =+ก >*? 1F 8 ; ; / 5 45 + +68 ,G@: AF 84 8 =+C -F 4 8 =+C ก 8- 5 ก+4 + A
5.2 ) : < 4ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + F 8 ; ; / 5 45 + +68 ,G@: AF 84 8 =+C -F 4 8 =+C ก 8- 5
5.3 ) F< G= /BC<* กก 1MกQ *+,5 +68 6B - D F< - A . +4 8Aก<BFC< 5 G<5 -F< :*A= ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: <Aก@ ; ; / 5 45 + +68 ,G@AF 84 8 =+C -F 4 8 =+C ก 8- 5 A= / ./ i @ B
6. [Jก %E ก
ก *+,- ./ 8 6- D ก *+,-;8 ) * . ก *+,K 5 (Survey Research orField Research) -ก/, ก+4 >J /-กCFM6 : >**4+ (Current Problem) *M8*) - D < 8-กE4 4 F< G=* ก ; ก C, 8 C,:;<ก *+,A44 Cross Sectional Study LM/8 ; ก /1MกQ BC<Aก@ K , / 5 45 + +68 ,G@: AF 8 4 8 =+C -F 4 8 =+C ก 8- 5 LM/8 ; ก *) +68 6 10,180 5 A= BC<ก=@ + ,@ 8 100
+ ,@ 8 C,ก @ + ,@ 8 ,@ 8A44 = , 44 = ,F+6 (Multi-Stage Random Sampling) C+8 F+6 C+8 6 F+6 / 1 ; ก +68 C7GกA4@8- D ก=@ (Stratified Random Sampling) AF 8- n , 5. AF 84 8 =+C LM/8 ; ก +68 6 10,180 5 *) 133 + ,@ 8 F+6 / 2 ) ก @ * ก K , /
,G@: 5 45 + : AF 8- n , 5. AF 84 8 =+C -F 4 8 =+C ก 8- 5 C,ก @ + ,@ 8 ,@ 8 44 (Systematic Random Sampling) -=. ก @ K , / ,G@: 5 45 + C,ก *+4?= ก- D -=F5G@ . -=F5/A=< ) ก @ : <5 4 *) 133 + ,@ 8 F+6 / 3 ) ก 5+C-=. ก + ,@ 8* ก455= / ,G@:
5 45 + LM/8 *- D . K , : 5 45 + f - = +6 5 45 + = 1 5 * BC< 100 + ,@ 8
=+8* ก +6 *M8:;< 7 -F< ;@ ,: ก -5 F< G=A= =I=
7. ] ก
ก 1MกQ *+,5 +68 6 - D ก 1MกQ * ก ; ก ก=@ - n , / 1+, ,G@: 5 45 + : AF 84 8 =+C -F 4 8 =+C ก 8- 5 LM/8 *) ; ก +68 C 10,180 5 A4@8- D ; , 4,359 5 J8 5,821 5
*) ก=@ + ,@ 8LM/8- D 455= / 1+, ,G@: 5 45 + +68 6 133 + ,@ 8 C,:;< Rก @ + ,@ 8 ,@ 8 44 (Systematic Random Sampling) A= :;<A44 47 - D -5 ./ 8 . : ก -กE4 4 F< G=
ก 4B C< ,A44 47 -ก/, ก+4F< G= +/ B BC<Aก@ - 1 , Pก 1MกQ 7 K ,BC< , - = /- D K , A= *) 4 RC F< G=-ก/, ก+45 G<5 -F< :* =+ก >*? 1F 8 K , : 5 45 + F< G=-ก/, ก+4ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + F 8 K , A=
F< G=-ก/, ก+4 >J 5 F< - A F 8IG< 4A44 47 7 /:;<: ก -5 F< G= 5. 7 4 , , BC<Aก@ 5@ 7 < ,= (Percentage) 5@ 5 7/ (Frequency) 5@ +;x -=F5f (X) A= @ -4/,8-4
O (S.D.) ) +44 , ,F< G= +/ B A= F< G= + A -C/, +68 C A= 7 . 7 < 8 8 BC<Aก@ t-test A= F-test - ./ - ,4- ,45 A ก @ 8 @ 8 + A ก+4 + A C, +68 +, ) 5+J 8
7 B < / 0.05
7.1 ! ^ K X ! ]^ # 4 @ @ : J@- D - 1 J8 < ,= 65.3 , @ 8 31-40 z
< ,= 45.9 ,-?=/, 38.25 z Pก 1MกQ B @-ก C+4 +R, 1MกQ < ,= 70.7 7 K < ,= 65.4 ,BC<B @-ก 10,000 4 < ,= 69.9 , - = ก - D K , @ 8 11-15 z < ,= 45.1 8=8 +68A @ 16 z FM6 B < ,= 21.8 *) 4 RC @ 8 1-3 5 < ,= 87.2 A= *) @ 8 4-6 5 < ,= 10.6 =) C+4
7.2 ^ ! ก ! J_ 1. 4 @ ; ; 5 G<5 -F< :*
5 , +/ B -ก/, ก+4 =+ก >*? 1F 8 K , : 5 45 + C+8 6 =+ก >*? 1- D F< h4+ @ 8 K , 47Gก < ,= 72.2 8=8 5. =+ก >*? 1 ,7M8 K , A= 4 47Gก < ,= 69.9 A= < , / C5.
>*? 1- D M/8 1: ก 1 47Gก < ,= 57.1 2. 4 @ ; ; 5 G<5 -F< :*-ก/, ก+45f 4+ F 8
=+ก >*? 1 C+8 6 B @CG / K , F 8 47Gก < ,= 87.2 8=8 5. ,ก,@ 8A= +47.
K , 47Gก < ,= 82.0 A= < , / C5. ก:*K , BC<4 85 +68 47Gก < ,= 18.0 A= 3. 4 @
; ; 5 G<5 -F< :*-ก/, ก+45f 4+ F 8K , =+ก >*? 1 C+8 6 K , *+C4< : < @ ,G@ 47Gก
< ,= 94.0 8=8 5. K , ;@ ,- =. J F 8 - D 5 +685 47Gก < ,= 88.0 A= < , / C5. K , B @
< 8 +ก 5 -C, 47Gก < ,= 18.0
7.4 ก ก ก ก ! J_ 4 @ ; ; ก
,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + C+8 6 ;@ ,ก+ ) ก ,@ 8 * ) *) < ,=
92.5 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 4.5 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 3.0 A= B @ ) < ,= 0 8=8 5. L./ + ,A= +ก:5 @LM/8ก+
A= ก+ ) *) < ,= 82.0 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 6.0 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 7.5 A= B @ ) < ,= 4.5A= < , / C5. GC7M8- ./ @ 8- 1: <5G@5 8N>8 ) *) < ,= 14.3 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 18.8 ) i 5 +68 < ,=
26.3 A= B @ ) < ,= 40.6 กhC+8 8 @ B 6
JK 1 *) < ,= F 8 ; ; -ก/, ก+4ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + F 8 K ,
! E
% ก ` E
E
a a
E b
a
X E 1. ,ก,@ 8 +47. ก+ A= ก+ : 7 / @ 8 i 86
(64.7)
19 (14.3)
22 (16.5)
6 (4.5)
133 (100.0) 2. B @CG / CGA5= ก+ A= ก+ 81
(60.9)
13 (9.8)
15 (11.3)
24 (18.0)
133 (100.0) 3. L./ + ,A= +ก:5 @LM/8ก+ A= ก+ 109
(82.0)
8 (6.0)
10 (7.5)
6 (4.5)
133 (100.0)
4. +4N>85 5C- E F 8ก+ A= ก+ 97 (72.9)
24 (18.0)
10 (7.5)
2 (1.5)
133 (100.0) 5. 4F 8F +J: <Aก@ก+ A= ก+ 45
(33.8)
21 (15.8)
55 (41.4)
12 (9.0)
133 (100.0)
6. ;@ ,ก+ ) ก ,@ 8 * 123
(92.5)
6 (4.5)
4 (3.0)
0 (0)
133 (100.0) 7. ;@ ,- =. -ก.6 กG=J F 8 +68 8jk , 88
(66.2)
19 (14.3)
25 (18.8)
1 (.8)
133 (100.0) 8. B @Nk -N{ ,: ก :;<*@ , + , 83
(62.4)
30 (22.6)
16 (12.0)
4 (3.0)
133 (100.0) 9. +/ CGA=A= L@ AL 4< - . ,G@
-
78 (58.6)
25 (18.8)
27 (20.3)
3 (2.3)
133 (100.0)
10. GC5,ก+4- ./ @ 8- 1 45
(33.8)
32 (24.1)
42 (31.6)
14 (10.5)
133 (100.0) 11. ก R-5. 8ก+ B 8< F 5. Cก@ 45
(33.8)
40 (30.1)
25 (18.8)
23 (17.3)
133 (100.0) 12. GC7M8- ./ @ 8- 1: <5G@5 8N>8 19
(14.3)
25 (18.8)
35 (26.3)
54 (40.6)
133 (100.0)
13. ก+ B +4 ก4< 26
(19.5)
29 (21.8)
62 (46.6)
16 12.0)
133 (100.0) 14. ก+ ) 4J +ก4 . ) 4J: +
) 5+J 81
69 (51.9)
21 (15.8)
37 (27.8)
6 (4.5)
133 (100.0) 15. -กC >J : 5 45 + FM6 ;@ ,ก+
Aก< >J
95 (71.4)
21 (15.8)
10 (7.5)
7 (5.3)
133 (100.0)
* ก 8 / 1 4 @ ; ; / 4A44 47 ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + C+8 6 : F< / 6 ;@ ,ก+ ) ก ,@ 8 * ) *) < ,= 92.5 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,=
4.5 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 3.0 A= B @ ) < ,= 0 8=8 F< / 3 L./ + ,A= +ก:5 @LM/8ก+ A= ก+ )
*) < ,= 82.0 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 6.0 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 7.5 A= B @ ) < ,= 4.5 A= < , / C 5. F< / 12 GC7M8- ./ @ 8- 1: <5G@5 8N>8 ) *) < ,= 14.3 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 18.8 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 26.3 A= B @ ) < ,= 40.6
8. ] ก
ก ก ก ก ! J_ 4 @ ; ; ก
,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + C+8 6 ;@ ,ก+ ) ก ,@ 8 * ) *)
< ,= 92.5 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 4.5 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 3.0 A= B @ ) < ,= 0 8=8 5. L./ + , A= +ก:5 @LM/8ก+ A= ก+ ) *) < ,= 82.0 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 6.0 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 7.5 A= B @ ) < ,= 4.5A= < , / C5. GC7M8- ./ @ 8- 1: <5G@5 8N>8 ) *) < ,= 14.3 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,=
18.8 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 26.3 A= B @ ) < ,= 40.6
JK 2 - ,4- ,4 >**+, +4 5. 5 G<5 -F< :*ก+4ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก
@8- 7 4+ 5 45 + F 8 K ,
% ` ก X S.D. n t df Sig.
5 G<5 -F< :* < , 9.53 1.72 133 36.84 9 .00 5 G<5 -F< :* ก 32.54 7.34 133
* ก 8 / 2 4 @ ; ; LM/8- D K , / 5 G<5 -F< :* =+ก >*? 1 /A ก @ 8ก+
ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + /A ก @ 8ก+ ,@ 8 +, ) 5+J 8 7 / 0.05 +/ 5. 5 G< I= @ ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + F 8 K , LM/8- D B
O /ก) CB <
] ก % U ! JK 1 4 @ >**+, @ 455= 5. - 1 , Pก 1MกQ 7 K ,BC<
, - = /- D K , A= *) 4 RC B @ 5 A ก @ 8ก+ @ ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก
@8- 7 4+ 5 45 + F 8 ; ; +/ 5. >**+, @ 455=B @ I= @ C+4ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1 LM/8B @- D B O /ก) CB < ] ก % U ! JK 2 4 @ >**+, +4 BC<Aก@ ก 5 G<5 -F< :* =+ก >*? 1 /A ก @ 8ก+ I= @ ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+
5 45 + F 8 ; ; /A ก @ 8ก+ ,@ 8 +, ) 5+J 8 7 / 0.05 +/ 5. ก 5 G<5 -F< :* =+ก
>*? 1 I= @ C+4ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1 LM/8- D B O /ก) CB <
F # 4 @ 1. B @-F< :* =+ก >*? 1 < ,= 26.47 A= 2. ก C A 8 @ 8ก+
A= ก+ < ,= 23.53 @ /- =. 5 ) 5+J- D =) C+4B @ ! # 4 @ 1. : <5 +กLM/8ก+ A=
ก+ < ,= 24.78 A= 2. - E ก- E :*ก+ ก i < ,= 19.47 @ /- =. 5 ) 5+J- D =) C+4B 9. _ ] ก
ก ก ก ก ! J_ I=ก *+, 4 @
F< 5 @ ;@ ,ก+ ) ก ,@ 8 * ) *) < ,= 92.5 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 4.5 ) i 5 +68
< ,= 3.0 A= B @ ) < ,= 0 F< 5 @ L./ + ,A= +ก:5 @LM/8ก+ A= ก+ ) *) < ,= 82.0 5 +68
- < 5 +68 < ,= 6.0 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 7.5 A= B @ ) < ,= 4.5 F< 5 @ +4N>85 5C- E F 8ก+
A= ก+ ) *) < ,= 72.9 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 18.0 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 7.5 A= B @ ) < ,= 1.5 F< 5 @ -กC >J : 5 45 + FM6 ;@ ,ก+ Aก< >J ) *) < ,= 71.4 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 15.8 )
i 5 +68 < ,= 7.5 A= B @ ) < ,= 5.3 F< 5 @ ;@ ,- =. -ก.6 กG=J F 8 +68 8jk , ) *)
< ,= 66.2 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 14.3 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 18.8 A= B @ ) < ,= .8 F< 5 @ ,ก,@ 8 +47. ก+ A= ก+ : 7 / @ 8 i ) *) < ,= 64.7 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 14.3 ) i 5 +68 < ,=
16.5 A= B @ ) < ,= 4.5 F< 5 @ B @Nk -N{ ,: ก :;<*@ , + , ) *) < ,= 62.4 5 +68- < 5 +68
< ,= 22.6 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 12.0 A= B @ ) < ,= 3.0 A= F< 5 @ B @CG / CGA5= ก+ A= ก+
) *) < ,= 60.9 5 +68- < 5 +68 < ,= 9.8 ) i 5 +68 < ,= 11.3 A= B @ ) < ,= 18.0 * ก F< 5 /7 6 A C8: <- E @ ; ; /- D K , LM/8- D IG< 4A44 47 @ : J@A=< ก
,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + C, C5=< 8ก+4I=8 *+,F 8 +5 ;+, ;+,A 8 - ./ 8 oก h4+ =+ก >*? 1F 845= ก : 8- , - 14 = 5 -;,8: @ .1. 2547p 4 @ o5 + + R 85 45 + F 845= ก : 8- , - 14 = 5 -;,8: @ ก h4+ =+ก >*? 1 A=
< 85 +/ 58: 5 45 + ,G@- +/ 5. @ A @:;<*@ , + , / BC<B @Nk -N{ , A= B @-5, ก:* ก : <-5 ./ 8A @8 + Aก@ก+ A= ก+ - D 4 85 +68 A= -5, C ก@ +68 6 *- D - 5 r /C B @
ก:*ก+ A= ก+ A= ก : <-ก, LM/8ก+ A= ก+ < +68ก G<*+ก < /F 8ก - D K , ก+ p ก* ก 6 ,+8 C5=< 8ก+4A 5C-ก/, ก+4ก < 85 F: 5 45 + F 8ก ก = 5. o1. ,ก,@ 8 ,7M8 K , ,ก,@ 8: <-ก, LM/8ก+ A= ก+ 2. , , ,7M8 K , < 8, i ก+ 4< 8 3. ,.C ,@ ,7M8 : ก :;<; 5G@ +6 ,/8 ,G@ กE,/8 G<*+กก+ กFM6 - ./ 8 @ 8 i I@ -F< : ; กFM6 - ./ 5 +68 ,G@ก+ A ก i ) B กECGC B กE BC< A @- ./ ,G@ @ ก+ + -F< +68 i / . K , กE,+8- D 5 -C B /-5,
BC<กE- / * B @BC< +4B @BC<FM6 5 * 8; 5G@,/8 ,G@ @ ก+ กE,/8 < 8 ก ,.C ,@ : <Aก@ก+ A= ก+
กFM6 4. A,กA, ,7M8 : ; F 8 K , +6 =< - ./ 8 @ 8 i -F< * A,กB @ ก A @4 8 - ./ 8 ก+ B @BC< 5. ,. ,+C ,7M8 K , B @ @ * -กC >J :C i FM6 กE ก) =+8:*- D /8 ) 5+J / C 5 7 /* 5 F C;./ = CB : ; 5G@ < 8 :* /* ,. ,+C @ G<C< ,ก+ p +JJ +JJ +P ก=@ @ o1) ก -=. ก5G@5 8 : ก ก@ +685 45 + ; R5 7. =+ก 4 ก 6: ก -=. ก5G@5 8 ( ;
R ) 5. (1) + R -=. ก5G@5 8 / 1 + R 5 -;./ =+ R1 - . ก+ (2) 1= -=. ก5G@5 8 / 5 r 1=R * ,R - ก+ (3) * 5 -=. กIG< / 5 - .6 -N{| -I./ AI@ - , = :*ก < 8 - ก+
(4) >JJ -=. กIG< >JJ G<- I= -F< :*ก+ BC<C 2) ก 5 8; - ./ ก+ R RA=< F+6 @ B กE 5. ก C) 8; 5G@ ,G@C< ,ก+ F< 6กE R ก C- ,ก @ R - D A ; 5G@C+8 6 (1) +** < 8
5 L./ + , @ ก+ 5. * 8:* * 8 * A= * 8ก ก ) @ 8ก+ (2) < 8 G<*+กF@ :* C+C +, +4 + -F< ก+ (3) F+ < 8 C Cก=+6 +กA @ B @ G@ @ 5 =@ 8=6) ก+ @ 5 - ./ ,, กC< ,ก+
(4) * 5 < 8 G<*+ก- , = 5 FF 8 - ./ 5G@5 8F 8 = C* ก - .6 -N{| J F 85G@5 8: <
5 F 3) ก 4 CGA==Gก =Gก- D @ ) 5+JF 85 45 + ก ,@ 8 M/8 R1 กE R ) +4 - D A 8: < @ A @CGA==Gก - ,ก @ C+8 6 (1) - : <5 +ก=Gก ) : <=Gก 5 F (2) ก f 5 8 ) : <=Gก < กF (3) 5 , C - ./ =Gก 45 ) - E* กEA C85 , Cก+4=Gก (4) -4กF ก 8:*- D ก= 8 : <=Gก < 8jk N> 5 , ก=) 4 ก * กก j}ก +C-=@ - , - ./ =Gก* BC<
4ก f +กQ : - ./ 8 +6 4) 5 FF 85 45 + R1 A C8B < @ 5 45 + * 5 F 4 A44 6BC< (1) + 7 F F-กC* กก + , / C< , 6) +ก 6) A 8 (2) K5 F F-กC* กก :;<*@ , + , -=6,8 + 5 45 + -=6,8IG<5 -=6,8A= 4) - EJ5f ,; (3) f F F-กC* กก B @- / 6 F* ก5 - D B (4) +;; F F* ก5 r B @ Q -=6,8; ; 4 r ; 4 B @4ก @ 8- , ,:5 - , B @BC<p
10. ! #
10.1 ! # O
10.1.1 I=ก *+, 4 @ 5 G<5 -F< :* =+ก >*? 1 I= @ ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1 - ? +6 *M8 F< - A -;8 ,4 , @ +O4 = @ ,8 K 5 +OA= - ก; +68 85ก 81
C, 8 5 A ) : < ; ; IG< /- D K , A44AI : ก C) - ; C,5 ) =+กR 8 R1 ( =+ก >*? 1) B r h4+ ,@ 8* 8*+8 A= 5 *+C: < ก - < 8 + + RK K ,: 5 45 + C, 5 8ก @ 8 i -;@ 5 8ก , + + R 5 8ก R +J* LM/8 ก f 85: <5 G<5 -F< :* A= 5 +ก7M8ก IGก 5 +ก:5 @ +55ก+ K ,: 5 45 +
10.2 ! # E ]^ `
10.2.1 I=ก *+, 4 @ ; ; 5 G<5 -F< :*5 ,-ก/, ก+4 =+ก >*? 1F 8 K , : 5 45 + 5. =+ก >*? 1- D F< h4+ @ 8 K , 47Gก < ,= 72.2 4IC < ,=
27.8 *M8 F< - A @ 5G@ K , . IG< /* A @88 ก+ 5 ก 1MกQ -=@ - , =+กR - ./ 8 >*? 1 : R1 : < กFM6 - - ./ ; ; 5 G< /7Gก < 8 ก h4+ /7Gก 8กE* -กCFM6 : Ff -C, ก+ 5 FK ,: 5 45 + กE* 5 +/ 58,/8FM6
10.2.2 I=ก *+, 4 @ ; ; 5 G<5 -F< :*-ก/, ก+45f 4+ F 8 =+ก >*? 1 5. ,ก,@ 8A= +47. K , 47Gก < ,= 82.0 4IC < ,= 18.0 *M8 F< - A @ jk , LM/87Gก 7. @ - D IG< ) : 5 45 + 5 1MกQ 5 G<5 -F< :* A= ) =+กR 8 R1 - ./ 8 >*? 1 F 8jk , B ,ก :;<: 5 45 + : < กFM6
10.2.3 I=ก *+, 4 @ ; ; 5 G<5 -F< :*-ก/, ก+45f 4+ F 8K , =+ก >*? 1 5. K , *+C4< : < @ ,G@ 47Gก < ,= 94.0 4IC < ,= 6.0 *M8 F< - A @ jk ,K , 5 ก )
=+กR 8 R1 - ./ 8 >*? 1F 8jk ,K , B ,ก :;<: 5 45 + : < กFM6
10.2.4 I=ก *+, 4 @ ; ; ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + 5. ;@ ,ก+ ) ก ,@ 8 * ) *) < ,= 92.5 A= B @ ) < ,= 0 *M8 F< - A @ * 8 ,G@
; ; @ : J@: +85 * ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + A @ /- D กhก f: >**4+ >J ก ,@ < 8 >J 5 F+CA,<85 A 8K ,: 5 45 + กE,+8 ,G@- D
*) ก ? +6 +O4 = @ ,8 K 5 +OA= - ก; +68 85ก 81 5 @8- : < AI 5 8ก ,4 , . ก*ก / +4 ก < 8 855 G<5G@5 -F< :*A= ก h4+ : =+ก >*? 1 Aก@ ; ; : < กFM6 - ./ 5 -F< AFE8F 8 7 4+ 5 45 +
10.2.5 I=ก *+, 4 @ ; ; ก ,ก :;< =+ก >*? 1: ก @8- 7 4+ 5 45 + 5. 4F 8F +J: <Aก@ก+ A= ก+ ) *) < ,= 33.8 A= B @ ) < ,= 9.0 *M8 F< - A @ 5G@
K , 5 ก 4F 8F +J . F 8ก) += . *+C8 : <C< ,5 , CA= - E :*Aก@ กjk , M/8- ./ < 8 5 +ก 5 IGก + A= 5 - E :* 5 -F< :*: < ก,/8FM6 LM/8* ;@ ,: <; : 5 45 + 5 I ก
ก,/8FM6 C,* - D ก h4+ : =+ก >*? 1BC<- D ,@ 8C
10.3 ! # E ก gกh a X
) +4ก *+,5 +68 6 1MกQ -? 5 45 + / ,G@: AF 84 8 =+C -F 4 8 =+C ก 8- 5 .1.
2551 *M85 /* 1MกQ : - ./ 8 6ก+4ก=@ + ,@ 8F 85 45 + : C+4*+8 +C . C+4 - 1 @ B @ * BC<I=- D ,@ 8B A= ,/8B ก @ +6 7< * : <BC< RK C,/8FM6 5 /* 1MกQ : -;85fK @ C< , - ./ /* BC<F< G=: -;8 *+กQ /;+C-* ก,/8FM6
11. i ก
ก ก 1 ก 81MกQ Rก . $ X jkก _ h X ,. - ./ 8: 8 ?= 8 25 R 1 Q, 2500.
ก 4/ ;= ,. JK J i_ $ ! $ ก [ X ! ก $ .
, R +85 8-5 1 4+fg . 4+fg , =+, : , =+,R 1 , 2543.
ก ก =. ^ก l%% 5 , < 8: * 5 K (1 + ). % J ^ $ [ F
. , R =+ก G 1 1 4+fg F ; R1 A= +;J 4+fg , =+,
, =+, กh ; , =+,, 2548.
5f ก ก @8- A= 8 A @8; (ก .). O # #] ก $m
. ก 8- 5 : ) +ก8 =+C ) +ก ,ก +O , 2541.
O ก+=, +8-* J. JK ! #!n ! . ก 8- ~ : ,8 *+,, 2543.
* 5 K (1 + ). % J ^ $ [ F . , R =+ก G 1
1 4+fg F ; R1 A= +;J 4+fg , =+, , =+, กh ;
, =+,, 2548.
K ; z= + . ^ # X JK$g l X . ,8 ก *+, K
+85 8-5 A @8 - 1B ,, 2534.
) +ก8 5f ก ก +P ก -1 QOก*A= +85 A @8; ) +ก ,ก +O . #] $m hUก #
# JK $. . 2550-2554. ก 8- ~ : ) +ก G B 1 =, 2550.
+JJ +JJ +P . m [ $ [. ก 8- ~ : 8 A @8*• =8ก f , =+,, 2545.
+5 ;+, ;+,A 8. ก ` ก ! ก O J J $. . 2547.
,8 ก *+, 5 8ก j}ก 4 +P +ก *+, @ / 2 7 4+ *+,J f +8 : < C ก *+,, 2547.
Kohlberg, L. Moral Development and Behavior. New York:Holt-Rinehart and Winston, 1976.
Osdamp, S. Attitude and Opinions. Englewood Cliffs, Mew Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1977.
12. E ! i (Acknowledgement)
8 *+,?4+4 6 BC< ) - E*=8C< ,C C,5 -5 ;@ ,- =. : C< @ 8 i A= ก - :*: @ ,@ 8C ,/8* ก * ,R- 1 @ ; - I1.C . >JJ R ,-=1 A= * , ; C 5r RŠ /BC<ก f : <
5) MกQ : <5) A ) /- D ,; ;@ , * 4Aก<BFF< 4ก @ 8 +4 A= : <ก) =+8:*Aก@IG< *+, C, = C IG< *+,*M8F F 45f ,@ 8 G8B < f ก 6C< ,