View of Developing Indicators of organizational citizenship behavior to firm success: An empirical research of hotel businesses in Thailand

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Developing Indicators of organizational citizenship behavior to firm success:

An empirical research of hotel businesses in Thailand

ª«·œÁ¡¦¡Š«r¡´œ›r Wasin Phetphongphan

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Abstract

The objective of this study were 1)to develop dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior 2) to investigate the effect of organizational citizenship behavior on firm success.A questionnaire was used for collecting data from 311 chief executive officer and top management of hotel businesses in Thailand.The statistics used for data analyzing were percent, mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, second-order confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model.The congruence the model derived from analysis of data indicated a goodness-of-fit with the empirical data (Ȥ²/df =1.218, p = .052, GFI= .953, AGFI= .926, CFI= .995, RMSEA= .026). The results suggested that 1)cooperating with others, protecting the organization, volunteering constructive ideas and enthusiastic to organization are dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior and 2) organizational citizenship behavior is a positive influence on firm success.Therefore, administrator of hotel businesses should promote

cooperation in the workplace, protecting the organization along with sacrifice for communal and actively working to generate an organizational citizenship behavior, which leads to the success of the firm.

Keywords:Organizational Citizenship Behavior,Firm Success

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¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦ÁžÈœ­¤µ·„š¸É—¸Äœ°Š‡r„¦ ™¼„„ε®œ—Ä®oÁžÈœ¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š¡œ´„Šµœš¸É­—Š°°„¤µÄœ

¦¼žÂ„µ¦ž’·´˜·š¸É—¸˜n°°Š‡r„¦ ×¥¡œ´„Šµœ¤¸‡ªµ¤®ª´Š—¸˜n°°Š‡r„¦ ¨³˜o°Š„µ¦Ä®o°Š‡r„¦ž¦³­‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹ ×¥Á

¤·Å—o®ª´ŠŸ¨˜°Âšœ°¥nµŠÁžÈœšµŠ„µ¦ ×¥ª´—‹µ„¤µ˜¦µ­nªœž¦³¤µ–‡nµ (Rating Scale) ‹Îµœªœ18…o° Ž¹ÉŠ

ŗo¦´„µ¦‹´—nŠ°°„ÁžÈœ4¤·˜·°Š‡rž¦³„°—´Šœ¸ Ê

1)„µ¦Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°„´Ÿ¼o°ºÉœ ™¼„ª´——oª¥…o°‡Îµ™µ¤‹Îµœªœ5…o° Á„¸É¥ª„´„µ¦‡µ¦¡˜n°

„‘¦³Á¸¥ ‡ªµ¤¦´Ÿ·—°Äœ„µ¦ž’·´˜·®œoµš¸É ‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°„´„·‹„¦¦¤š¸É°Š‡r„¦‹´—…¹Êœ „µ¦¤¸­nªœ¦nª¤Äœ„¦³ªœ„µ¦

ž¦´ž¦»ŠÂ¨³¡´•œµ „µ¦Á…oµ¦nª¤ž¦³»¤°¥nµ­¤ÎɵÁ­¤°(Dejours, 2005)

2)„µ¦ž„žo°Š°Š‡r„¦ ™¼„ª´——oª¥…o°‡Îµ™µ¤‹Îµœªœ4…o° Ž¹ÉŠª´—Á„¸É¥ª„´¡§˜·„¦¦¤…°Š¡œ´„Šµœš¸É ­—Š°°„Äœ¦¼žÂ…°Š„µ¦¦´„¬µºÉ°Á­¸¥ŠÂ¨³š¦´¡¥r­·œ…°Š°Š‡r„¦ Ánœ „µ¦—εÁœ·œŠµœ°¥nµŠ¦´—„»¤ „µ¦žo°Š„´œÅ¤nÄ®o Á„·—‡ªµ¤Á­¸¥®µ¥…¹Êœ„´š¦´¡¥r­·œ…°Š°Š‡r„¦ „µ¦ž„žo°ŠºÉ°Á­¸¥Š…°Š°Š‡r„¦ „µ¦Á„ȝ…o°¤¼¨Â¨³‡ªµ¤¨´…°Š°Š‡r„¦ÁžÈœ

°¥nµŠ—¸(Robert, 2013)

3)‹·˜°µ­µ°¥nµŠ­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r ™¼„ª´—…o°‡Îµ™µ¤‹Îµœªœ5…o° Ž¹ÉŠª´—Á„¸É¥ª„´¡§˜·„¦¦¤°µ­µ­¤´‡¦š¸É

œ°„Á®œº°‹µ„®œoµš¸É®¨´„…°Š°Š‡r„¦ Ánœ „µ¦°µ­µž’·´˜·ŠµœÂšœÁ¡ºÉ°œ¦nª¤Šµœš¸É…µ—Šµœ „µ¦nª¥Á®¨º°Á¡ºÉ°œ¦nª¤Šµœ

„¦–¸Á„·—ž´®µ‹µ„„µ¦šÎµŠµœ „µ¦Âœ³œÎµÄ®o„n¡œ´„Šµœš¸ÉÁ…oµ¤µšÎµŠµœÄ®¤n „µ¦Á­¸¥­¨³Ÿ¨ž¦³Ã¥œr­nªœ˜´ªÁ¡ºÉ°Ä®o

°Š‡r„¦ž¦³­‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹(Moorman & Blakeley, 1995)

4)‡ªµ¤„¦³˜º°¦º°¦oœÄ®o„´°Š‡r„¦ ™¼„ª´——oª¥…o°‡Îµ™µ¤‹Îµœªœ 4…o°Â¨³™¼„„ε®œ—Ä®oÁžÈœ

¡§˜·„¦¦¤ÄœšµŠª„š¸É­—Š°°„¤µ‡ªµ¤¤»nŠ¤´Éœš»n¤ÁšÄœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ¤»nŠ¤´Éœ Ánœ ‡ªµ¤¤»nŠ¤´ÉœÄœ¡´•œµ‡»–£µ¡„µ¦

¦·„µ¦ ‡ªµ¤…¥´œ®¤´ÉœÁ¡¸¥¦¦´„‡ªµ¤„oµª®œoµ ‡ªµ¤š»n¤ÁšÄœ„µ¦šÎµŠµœ ‡ªµ¤˜´ÊŠÄ‹ÄœšÎµŠµœÁ¡ºÉ°Ä®oŠµœÁ­¦È‹¨»¨nªŠ

(George, 1990)

3.2.2˜´ªÂž¦˜µ¤(Dependent Variable)

‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹…°Š°Š‡r„¦™¼„ª´——oª¥…o°‡Îµ™µ¤‹Îµœªœ 5…o° ‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹…°Š°Š‡r„¦„ε®œ—Ä®oÁžÈœ¦µ¥Å—o®¦º°

Ÿ¨„εŦš¸ÉÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ…°Š°Š‡r„¦ œ°„‹µ„œ¸ Ê¥´Š®¤µ¥™¹Š ‹Îµœªœ¨¼„‡oµš¸É¤¸ÂœªÃœo¤Á¡·É¤…¹Êœ Ánœ ¤¸‹Îµœªœ¨¼„‡oµš¸ÉÁ¡·É¤…¹Êœ°¥nµŠ

˜n°ÁœºÉ°Š „εŦ‹µ„„µ¦—εÁœ·œŠµœÁ¡·É¤­¼Š ºÉ°Á­¸¥Šš¸É—¸Â¨³¤¸£µ¡¨´„¬–rš¸É—¸ ¤¸¦¼žÂ„µ¦Ä®o¦·„µ¦Ä®¤nÇ Ÿ¨„µ¦

—εÁœ·œŠµœÃ—¥¦ª¤¦¦¨»˜µ¤ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r(Michael, 2000)

3.3‡»–£µ¡…°ŠÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°ª´— (Variable Measurement)

Ÿ¼oª·‹´¥Å—o¤¸„µ¦˜¦ª‹­°‡ªµ¤Áš¸É¥Š˜¦ŠÁ·ŠÁœº Ê°®µ(Content validity)Á‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°Ã—¥Ÿ¼oÁ¸É¥ªµÂ¨³Äo—´œ¸

‡ªµ¤­°—‡¨o°Š¦³®ªnµŠ…o°‡Îµ™µ¤Â¨³ª´˜™»ž¦³­Š‡r (Item-Objective Congruence Index :IOC)‹µ„Ÿ¼oÁ¸É¥ªµ

3šnµœ ‹µ„œ´ÊœœÎµÅžš—¨°ŠÄo(Try out) „´Ã¦ŠÂ¦¤š¸ÉŤnčn„¨»n¤˜´ª°¥nµŠ ‹Îµœªœ 30®nŠ ¤¸‡nµ°¥¼n¦³®ªnµŠ .67-1.00 (Nunnally ¨³Bersstein, 1994) „µ¦˜¦ª‹­°‡ªµ¤Áš¸É¥Š˜¦ŠÁ·ŠÃ‡¦Š­¦oµŠ(Construct Validity) —oª¥°Š‡rž¦³„°

Á·Š­Îµ¦ª‹ (Exploratory Factor Analysis:EFA)°¥¼n¦³®ªnµŠ .563-.895¨³°Š‡rž¦³„°Á·Š¥ºœ¥´œ (Confirm Factor Analysis:CFA)°¥¼n¦³®ªnµŠ .830-.940…°Š…o°‡Îµ™µ¤ÄœÂ˜n¨³—oµœ—oª¥‡nµœÎ ʵ®œ´„°Š‡rž¦³„° —´ŠÂ­—Š¦µ¥¨³Á°¸¥—Äœ

˜µ¦µŠš¸É2Ĝ˜´ªnŠš¸É¤¸‡nµœÎ ʵ®œ´„°Š‡rž¦³„°Å¤n™¹Š .40‹³™¼„˜´—°°„Ž¹ÉŠ­°—‡¨o°Š„´Hair, et al. (2010) š¸ÉÁ­œ°ªnµ

‡nµœÎ ʵ®œ´„°Š‡rž¦³„°˜o°Š¤¸‡nµ.40…¹ÊœÅž‹¹Š‹³™º°ªnµ¥°¤¦´Å—o œ°„‹µ„œ¸ Ê¥´Š¤¸„µ¦š—­°‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°¤´Éœ (Reliability) …°Š…o°‡Îµ™µ¤ —oª¥‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í°¨¢µ ‡¦°œµ‡(Cronbach’s alphas coefficient) ¤¸‡nµ°¥¼n¦³®ªnµŠ .858-.917

Ž¹ÉŠ¤¸‡nµ¤µ„„ªnµ .80­—ŠªnµÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°¤¸‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°¤´Éœ­¼Š(Hair et al, 2006)

˜µ¦µŠ2‡nµœÎµ®œ´„°Š‡rž¦³„°Â¨³‡nµ‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°¤´Éœ…°ŠÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°ª´—

3.4­™·˜·š¸ÉčoĜ„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r(Statistical Techniques)

„µ¦ª·‹´¥‡¦´ÊŠœ¸ Êčo­™·˜·Äœ„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r…o°¤¼¨—oª¥­™·˜·Á·Š¡¦¦–œµ (Descriptive statistics) ž¦³„°—oª¥

­™·˜·¦o°¥¨³(percent) ‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥(Mean) ‡nµÁ¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ (S.D.) ¤¸„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¦³®ªnµŠ˜´ªÂž¦

°·­¦³Ã—¥Äo­™·˜·­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í­®­´¤¡´œ›rÁ¡¸¥¦r­´œ(Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient)Á¡ºÉ°

š—­°£µª³š¸É˜´ªÂž¦¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r„´œ­¼ŠÁ„·œÅž (Multicollinearity) ¨³š—­°­¤¤˜·“µœ—oª¥ ª·›¸„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r

°Š‡rž¦³„°Á·Š¥ºœ¥´œ°´œ—´š¸É­°Š(Second-order Confirmatory Factor Analysis)¨³Ã¤Á—¨­¤„µ¦Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ

(Structural equation modeling:SEM)

4. ­¦»žŸ¨„µ¦ª·‹´¥Â¨³„µ¦°£·ž¦µ¥Ÿ¨ (Results and Discussion)

Ÿ¨„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r…o°¤¼¨ nŠ°°„ÁžÈœ3­nªœ—´Šœ¸ Ê

1. …o°¤¼¨¡º ʜ“µœ¡ªnµÃ—¥­nªœÄ®n…°ŠŸ¼o˜°Â­°™µ¤ÁžÈœÁ¡«®·Š(¦o°¥¨³55.9) °µ¥»30-40ž¸

(¦o°¥¨³ 37.0) ­™µœ£µ¡­¤¦­(¦o°¥¨³53.1) „µ¦«¹„¬µ¦³—´ž¦·µ˜¦¸ (¦o°¥¨³57.2) ž¦³­„µ¦–r¤µ„„ªnµ15 ž¸

(¦o°¥¨³ 46.0) ¦µ¥Å—oš¸Éŗo¦´­nªœÄ®n°¥¼nĜ¦³®ªnµŠ ¤µ„„ªnµ90,000 µš (¦o°¥¨³ 39.9) ˜ÎµÂ®œnŠ°ºÉœ Ç (¦o°¥¨³ 71.1) ¦¼žÂ¦·¬´š‹Îµ„´— (¦o°¥¨³92.3) ¦³—´¤µ˜¦“µœ­nªœ¤µ„°¥¼nĜ¦³—´ 4 —µª (¦o°¥¨³ 61.7) ¤¸š¸É˜´ÊŠ£µ‡Ä˜o (¦o°¥¨³ 40.2) š»œ¤µ„„ªnµ150,000,000 µš(¦o°¥¨³ (( 33.1) ¡œ´„Šµœ¤µ„„ªnµ 150‡œ (¦o°¥¨³37.6) ¦³¥³Áª¨µÄœ

„µ¦ž’·´˜·Šµœ°¥¼nĜ¦³®ªnµŠ5-10 ž¸ (¦o°¥¨³ 34.4) ¦µ¥Å—o¤µ„„ªnµ100,000,000 µš (¦o°¥¨³ 29.6) ­¤µ·„š¸ÉÁžÈœ

­¤µ·„ (¦o°¥¨³ 61.7) ¨¼„‡oµ­nªœÄ®n‹³ÁžÈœ¨¼„‡oµµªÅš¥Â¨³µª˜nµŠž¦³Áš« (¦o°¥¨³64.3) ¨³‹µ„„µ¦«¹„¬µ

‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥(Mean) ­nªœÁ¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ(S.D) ‹ÎµÂœ„¦µ¥˜´ªÂž¦¡ªnµ ‹·˜°µ­µ°¥nµŠ­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r ¤¸‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥­¼Š­»—

3.953 ¦°Š¨Š¤µ‡º°„µ¦Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°„´Ÿ¼o°ºÉœ ¤¸‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ 3.924 ‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹…°Š°Š‡r„¦¤¸‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥3.870‡ªµ¤

„¦³˜º°¦º°¦oœÄ®o„´°Š‡r„¦¤¸‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥ 3.766¨³„µ¦ž„žo°Š°Š‡r„¦¤¸‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥3.753˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ (˜µ¦µŠš¸É 3) 2.„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r­r™·˜·­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í­®­´¤¡´œ›rÁ¡¸¥¦r­´œ(˜µ¦µŠš¸É2)¡ªnµ‡nµ­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í­®­´¤¡´œ›r

¦³®ªnµŠ˜´ªÂž¦Â Š¤¸‡nµ°¥¼n¦³®ªnµŠ .512- .747Ž¹ÉŠš»„‡¼n¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r¤¸š·«šµŠÁ—¸¥ª„´œÂ¨³¤¸‡nµÅ¤nÁ„·œ .8

—´Šœ´Êœ ‹¹ŠÅ¤nÁ„·—ž´®µ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r­¼ŠÁ„·œÅž(Multicollinearity) (Hair et al., 2010).

˜´ªÂž¦

‡nµœÎʵ®œ´„°Š‡rž¦³„°

Á·Š­Îµ¦ª‹

Factor Loadings:EFA

‡nµœÎʵ®œ´„°Š‡rž¦³„°

Á·Š¥ºœ¥´œ

Factor Loadings:CFA

‡nµ‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°¤´Éœ

(Cronbach Alpha)

„µ¦Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°„´Ÿ¼o°ºÉœ (CWO) .661-.823 .851-.908 .902

„µ¦ž„žo°Š°Š‡r„¦ (PO) .759-.895 .864-.940 .899

‹·˜°µ­µ°¥nµŠ­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r(VCL) .563-.839 .830-.847 .858

‡ªµ¤„¦³˜º°¦º°¦oœÄ®o„´°Š‡r„¦(ETO) .677-.775 .868-.907 .914

‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹…°Š°Š‡r„¦(FS) .723-.846 .882-.922 .917

˜µ¦µŠ3„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r­r™·˜·­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í­®­´¤¡´œ›rÁ¡¸¥¦r­´œ

** P < .01,*** P <.001

3. „µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r­¤„µ¦Ã‡¦Š­¦oµŠ (£µ¡š¸É 2) ¦¼žÂ‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›r…°Šž´‹‹´¥Á·Š­µÁ®˜» ×¥¤¸‡nµÅ‡ªr-­Â‡ª¦r Ášnµ„´ 85.485 ¦³—´°Š«µ‡ªµ¤ÁžÈœ°·­¦³df Ášnµ„´ 68 ‡nµÅ‡ªr-­Â‡ª¦r®µ¦—oª¥°Š«µ°·­¦³Ášnµ„´1.218¤¸‡nµÅ¤nÁ„·œ

2 ˜µ¤‡ÎµÁ„–”r…°ŠBollen(1989) p-value Ášnµ„´ .052¡·‹µ¦–µ‹µ„„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r‡nµ—´œ¸ª´—‡ªµ¤„¨¤„¨ºœGFI

¤¸‡nµÁšnµ„´ .953 ‡nµ AGFI Ášnµ„´ .926 ‡nµCFIÁšnµ„´ .995Ž¹ÉŠš´ÊŠ®¤—¤¸‡nµÁ…oµÄ„¨o1 ¨³‡nµ—´œ¸¦µ„„ε¨´Š­°ŠÁŒ¨¸É¥

…°Š­nªœš¸ÉÁ®¨º°(RMSEA) ¤¸Ášnµ„´ .026Á…oµÄ„¨o«¼œ¥r ‡nµ­™·˜·š¸Éŗo‹µ„„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r®¤—°¥¼nœ¡º ʜ“µœ¦³—´‡nµ­™·˜·š¸É œ³œÎµ(Kline, 2011; Hair et al., 2010; „¨´¥µ ªµœ·¥r´µ, 2557) ˜µ¤˜µ¦µŠš¸É4

˜µ¦µŠ4‡nµœÎµ®œ´„°Š‡rž¦³„°Â¨³‡nµ‡ªµ¤ÁºÉ°¤´Éœ…°ŠÁ‡¦ºÉ°Š¤º°ª´—

Á„–”r—´œ¸ ^x2/df p-value GFI AGFI CFI RMSEA

‡nµ­™·˜·š¸Éŗo 1.218 .052 .953 .926 .995 .026

„µ¦¥°¤¦´ < 2.00 >.05 >.900 >.900 >.900 <.05

Ÿ¨„µ¦¡·‹µ¦–µ ŸnµœÁ„–”r ŸnµœÁ„–”r ŸnµœÁ„–”r ŸnµœÁ„–”r ŸnµœÁ„–”r ŸnµœÁ„–”r

„µ¦š—­°­¤¤˜·“µœ

‹µ„Ÿ¨„µ¦„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r°Š‡rž¦³„°Á·Š¥ºœ¥´œ°´œ—´š¸É­°Š¡ªnµ „µ¦Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°„´Ÿ¼o°ºÉœÁžÈœ¤·˜·

°Š‡rž¦³„°…°Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦ÁžÈœ­¤µ·„š¸É—¸°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´(r=886, p <.001) ­°—‡¨o°Š„´„µ¦«¹„¬µ…°Š Katz (1964) š¸É¦³»ªnµ ¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦ÁžÈœ­¤µ·„š¸É—¸Äœ°Š‡r„¦ ¡œ´„Šµœ˜o°Š¤¸„µ¦Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°„´Ÿ¼o°ºÉœ „µ¦ž„žo°Š°Š‡r„¦

ÁžÈœ¤·˜·°Š‡rž¦³„°…°Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦ÁžÈœ­¤µ·„š¸É—¸°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´(r=.700, p <.001)­°—‡¨o°Š„´„µ¦«¹„¬µ …°Š Yen and Niehoff (2004) š¸É¡ªnµ¡œ´„Šµœš¸É¤¸¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦ÁžÈœ­¤µ·„š¸É—¸˜o°Šž„žo°Šš¦´¡¥r­·œ…°Š°Š‡r„µ¦

‹·˜°µ­µ°¥nµŠ­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡rÁžÈœ¤·˜·°Š‡rž¦³„°…°Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦ÁžÈœ­¤µ·„š¸É—¸°¥nµŠ¤¸œ´¥­Îµ‡´(r=.904, p<.001)

­°—‡¨o°Š„´„µ¦«¹„¬µ…°Š Katz (1964)š¸É¦³»ªnµ„µ¦Á­¸¥­¨³­nªœ˜´ªœ´ÊœÁžÈœ®œ¹ÉŠÄœ°Š‡rž¦³„°…°Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦

ÁžÈœ­¤µ·„Äœ°Š‡r„¦ ¨³ ‡ªµ¤„¦³˜º°¦º°¦oœÄ®o„´°Š‡r„¦ÁžÈœ¤·˜·°Š‡rž¦³„°…°Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦ÁžÈœ­¤µ·„š¸É—¸°¥nµŠ¤¸

œ´¥­Îµ‡´(r=.874)­°—‡¨o°Š„´„µ¦«¹„¬µ…°Š MacKenzie, Podsakoff ¨³Ahearne(1998) š¸É¦³»ªnµ‡ªµ¤…¥´œ

¤´ÉœÁ¡¸¥¦  ¹„ œ˜´ªÁ°Š ÁžÈœ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š¡§˜·„¦¦¤„µ¦ÁžÈœ­¤µ·„š¸É—¸Äœ°Š‡r„¦ —´Šœ´Êœ ­¤¤˜·“µœš¸ÉH1a, H1b, H1c ¨³H1d, ‹¹ŠÅ—o¦´„µ¦­œ´­œ»œ

˜´ªÂž¦ CWO PO VCL ETO FS

‡nµÁŒ¨¸É¥(Mean) 3.924 3.753 3.953 3.766 3.870

­nªœÁ¸É¥ŠÁœ¤µ˜¦“µœ(S.D) .649 .797 .688 .716 .762

„µ¦Ä®o‡ªµ¤¦nª¤¤º°„´Ÿ¼o°ºÉœ (CWO)

„µ¦ž„žo°Š°Š‡r„¦ (PO) .562***

‹·˜°µ­µ°¥nµŠ­¦oµŠ­¦¦‡r (VCL) .702*** .522***

‡ªµ¤„¦³˜º°¦º°¦oœÄ®o„´°Š‡r„¦ (ETO) .710*** .512*** .747***

‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹…°Š°Š‡r„¦ (FS) .549*** .461*** .617*** .624***

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