CMU Intellectual Repository: Diversity and ecology of Myxomycetes in some provinces of Thailand and Lao people's democratic republic = ความหลากหลายและนิเวศวิทยาของมิกโซไมซีสในบางจังหวัดของประเทศไทยและสาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยประชาชนลาว / Thida Win Ko Ko

vi

Thesis Title Diversity and Ecology of Myxomycetes in Some Provinces of Thailand and Lao People's Democratic Republic

Author Miss Thida Win Ko Ko

Degree Doctor of Philosophy (Biodiversity and Ethnobiology)

Thesis Advisory Committee Prof. Dr. Saisamorn Lumyong Chairperson

Prof. Dr. Steven L. Stephenson Member

Prof. Dr. Kevin D. Hyde Member

ABSTRACT

Patterns of biodiversity and the ecological distribution of myxomycetes with respect to seasons, microhabitats and different geographical locations were investigated in some provinces of Thailand and the Lao People's Democratic Republic from July 2006 to February 2008. Since the sporocarps of myxomycetes can form only under certain conditions such as after the precipitation in rainy weather in natural ecosystems, samples of the substrates being examined were collected and used to prepare moist chamber cultures in the laboratory to complement the field collections.

In addition, direct environmental sampling with the use of the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprint technique was used to reveal the presence of hidden taxa in their primary microhabitats.

vii

The geographical distribution of myxomycetes was studied across northern Thailand (Chiang Mai Province, Chiang Rai Province, Lampang Province and Pha Yao Province), northeastern Thailand (Loei Province) and the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Bolikhamxay Province and Vientiane Capital). Totals of 64 species and 24 species were collected from Thailand and Lao PDR, respectively. The community of myxomycetes associated with each locality displayed different patterns of distribution, with coefficient of communities values lower than 0.5 (range of 0.12 to 0.47). The assemblages of myxomycetes in Mae Sae National Park, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand and Phu Kradung National Park, North East Thailand (Shannon’s diversity index=3.1) were more diverse than for the other geographical localities. The lowest biodiversity value was recorded for study sites in Pha Yao Province, northern Thailand and Bolikhamxay Province, Lao PDR (Shannon’s diversity index=2.4).

Field collecting was carried out to investigate the effect of seasonality on the species composition and the assemblages of myxomycetes associated with forests at seven different localitiesʊ Chiang Dao National Park, Doi Inthanon National Park, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Mae Sae National Park, Mogfa Waterfall, Pong Duet Hot Spring, and the Mushroom Research Centreʊin Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. The warm-wet season (July- October) was most productive, being represented by 69% of all specimens (representing 59 species), while only 31% of all specimens (representing 35 species) were obtained during the cool-dry season (November-February). The diversity of myxomycetes with respect to Shannon’s diversity index was higher in warm-wet season (3.77) than in the cool-dry season (3.37). The Sorensen’s coefficient of community value calculated from a comparison

viii

of the assemblages of myxomycetes in the two seasons was 0.36. Such genera as Stemonitis, Stemonitopsis and Symphytocarpus were encountered only during the

warm-wet season. However, some species (Diachea splendens, Physarum cinereum, Phy. compressum and Phy. retisporum) would seem to tolerate the dry conditions of

the cool-dry season.

A comparative study of the assemblages of species between two selected microhabitats—lianas and leaf litter—was also carried out by using the combination of field sampling and preparation of moist chamber cultures. Samples of these selected microhabitats were obtained from five collecting sites located in Doi Inthanon National Park, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Mae Sae National Park, Pong Duet Hot Spring and the Mushroom Research Centre (Pha Dang Village) in Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. Totals of 27 and 51 species were recorded on lianas and litter, respectively. Both leaf litter (Shannon’s diversity index=3.43) and lianas (Shannon’s diversity index=3.08) have the potential to be among the microhabitats accounting for an appreciable part of the high biodiversity of myxomycetes in tropical forest ecosystems. Species composition differs for a particular microhabitat. All collections in the genera Craterium and Diachea were consistently recorded on litter, but all of the records of Clasdoderma and Cribraria were invariably restricted to lianas.

Patterns of occurrence of myxomycetes on different types of lianas were assessed at the Mushroom Research Centre in Chiang Mai Province. All collections of myxomycetes were obtained from a series of moist chamber cultures prepared with samples of living and dead lianas. The highest value of species diversity was recorded for dead aerial lianas (Shannon’s diversity index=2.61), followed by dead ground

ix

lianas (Shannon’s diversity index=2.17), living ground lianas (Shannon’s diversity index= 2.14) and living aerial lianas (Shannon’s diversity index=2.05). Taxonomic diversities of myxomycetes on all types of lianas were relatively high, with values ranging between 1.67 on living aerial lianas and 1.82 on dead aerial lianas. The larger diameter lianas (Shannon’s diversity index=2.92) were more productive than the smaller diameter (Shannon’s diversity index=2.69). Species richness of myxomycetes was highest on smooth bark lianas (Shannon’s diversity index=2.72), intermediate texture bark and rough texture bark lianas yielded Shannon’s diversity index of 2.61 and 2.34, respectively. The general patterns were that such biodiversity parameters of myxomycete communities as species richness, species diversity, taxonomic diversity and species composition vary on lianas as a result of the differences that exist for height above the ground, bark texture and liana diameter.

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting was used to assess the molecular diversity of myxomycetes from 24 environmental samples (decaying wood and forest floor litter) collected at the Mushroom Research Centre.

Total genomic DNA was extracted directly from environmental samples on which myxomycetes were not apparent. Part of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) was amplified and DNA sequences analyzed. DGGE gels revealed up to 17 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from decaying wood and 10 OTUs from forest floor litter samples, but only seven (wood) and six (litter) OTUs could be re-amplified and/or sequenced. Based on results obtained with the BLAST analysis program, the species involved appeared to correspond most closely to Diderma saundersii, Didymium iridis, Stemonitis flavogenita and Hyperamoeba sp. strain W2i. on decaying wood and to Diderma saundersii and Physarum didermoides on forest floor

x

litter. These results suggest that PCR-DGGE technique, which has not been attempted before to study myxomycetes diversity, can be used to obtain data on the presence of myxomycetes in their primary microhabitats without the need of observing the sporocarps of these organisms.

Overall, a total of 103 species were collected from Thailand, and 21 of these are new records for the country. The present study was the very first effort to study the diversity of myxomycetes in Lao PDR, and all of 24 species obtained are the first records. In addition, some globally rare and/or uncommon species (for example, Leocarpus fragilis, Licea eleanorae and Cornuvia serpula) were identified from

Thailand. As such, all three of the methods used in the present study proved to be capable of successfully revealing the assemblages of myxomycetes present at a given locality. The use of combination of these techniques (Natural field collecting, Moist chamber culture, and Environmental sampling) would seem to have considerable potential for contributing to a more complete understanding of myxomycete diversity and ecology in terrestrial ecosystems.

Keywords: myxomycetes, biodiversity, ecology

xi

ºÉ°Á¦ºÉ°Šª·š¥µœ·¡œ›r ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥Â¨³œ·Áª«ª·š¥µ…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­ÄœµŠ

‹´Š®ª´—…°Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³­µ›µ¦–¦´“ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥

ž¦³µœ¨µª

Ÿ¼oÁ…¸¥œ œµŠ­µª ›·—µ ª·œ ÇÇ

ž¦·µ ª·š¥µ«µ­˜¦—»¬‘¸´–”·˜

( ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥šµŠ¸ª£µ¡ ¨³¸ªª·š¥µµ˜·¡´œ›»r )

‡–³„¦¦¤„µ¦š¸Éž¦¹„¬µª·š¥µœ·¡œ›r « . —¦ . ­µ¥­¤¦ ¨Îµ¥°Š ž¦³›µœ„¦¦¤„µ¦

Prof. Dr. Steven L. Stephenson „¦¦¤„µ¦

Prof. Dr. Kevin D. Hyde „¦¦¤„µ¦

š‡´—¥n°

„µ¦«¹„¬µ¦¼žÂ…°Š‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥šµŠ¸ª£µ¡Â¨³„µ¦„¦³‹µ¥šµŠœ·Áª«ª·š¥µ…°Š¤·„

ÎŤŽ¸­ÄœµŠ‹´Š®ª´—…°Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³­µ›µ¦–¦´“ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥ž¦³µœ¨µª ¦³®ªnµŠÁ—º°œ

„¦„‘µ‡¤ že 2006 ™¹Š Á—º°œ„´œ¥µ¥œ že 2008 ×¥šÎµ„µ¦«¹„¬µÄœ§—¼˜nµŠ Ç «¹„¬µš´ÊŠÄœš¸É°¥¼nÁŒ¡µ³ ¨³Äœ¦·Áª–š¸É˜nµŠ„´œšµŠ£¼¤·«µ­˜¦r ÁœºÉ°Š‹µ„¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­‹³­¦oµŠ­ž°¦r懵¦r¡Å—oÁŒ¡µ³£µ¥Ä˜o

µŠ­£µª³Äœ¦³œ·Áª«˜µ¤›¦¦¤µ˜· Ánœ ®¨´Š œ˜„ Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠÁ¡ºÉ°š¸ÉœÎµ¤µ˜¦ª‹­°Ã—¥n¤

Á¡µ³Äœ„¨n°Šš¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤ºÊœÄœ®o°Šž’·´˜·„µ¦ œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¥´Š¤¸„µ¦œÎµ­µ¦¡´œ›»„¦¦¤š¸É­„´—Å—o‹µ„

˜´ª°¥nµŠÃ—¥˜¦ŠšÎµ„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r—oª¥Áš‡œ·‡ Denaturing gradient gel eletrophoresis (DGGE) Á¡ºÉ°

˜¦ª‹­°‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥…°Šœ·— ¨³­µ¥¡´œ›»rš¸ÉŽ¹ÉŠ˜¦ª‹­°Å¤n¡Ã—¥Äoª·›¸¡ºÊœ“µœ

‹µ„„µ¦«¹„¬µ„µ¦„¦³‹µ¥…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­˜µ¤­£µ¡£¼¤·«µ­˜¦r¦·Áª–£µ‡Á®œº°…°Š

ž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ( ‹ . Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n , ‹ . Á¸¥Š¦µ¥ , ‹ . ¡³Á¥µ ¨³ ‹ . ¨ÎµžµŠ ) £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ÁŒ¸¥ŠÁ®œº°…°Š

ž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ( ‹ . Á¨¥ ) ¨³­µ›µ¦–¦´“ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥ž¦³µœ¨µª ( ‹ . ݨ·‡ÎµÅ­ ¨³‹ . Áª¸¥Š‹´œš¦r )

¡¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­š´ÊŠ®¤— 64 œ·— ¨³ 24 œ·— ‹µ„„µ¦Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠÄœž¦³Áš«Åš¥Â¨³¨µª

˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ ž¦³µ‡¤…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­š¸É°¥¼nĜ˜n¨³­™µœš¸É‹³¤¸„µ¦„¦³‹µ¥Â˜„˜nµŠ„´œ ×¥¤¸‡nµ

­´¤ž¦³­·š›·Í…°Š­´Š‡¤ ˜É優nµ 0.5 ( nªŠ 0.12-0.47) ¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­š¸É¡Äœ°»š¥µœÂ®nŠµ˜·œÊε˜„ ¤n

­µ £µ‡Á®œº°…°Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ¨³°»š¥µœÂ®nŠµ˜·£¼„¦³—¹Š £µ‡˜³ª´œ°°„ÁŒ¸¥ŠÁ®œº°…°Šž¦³Áš«

Ś¥ ( š´ÊŠ­°ŠÂ®nŠ¤¸‡nµ Shannon’s diversity index=3.1) ¤¸‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥¤µ„„ªnµ¡ºÊœš¸ÉšµŠ

xii

£¼¤·«µ­˜¦r°ºÉœÇ ­nªœÄœ ‹ . ¡³Á¥µ £µ‡Á®œº°…°Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ¨³ ‹ . ݨ·‡ÎµÅ­ ­µ›µ¦–¦´“

ž¦³µ›·ž¦³Å˜¥ž¦³µœ¨µª ¤¸‡nµ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥˜Éεš¸É­»— (Shannon’s diversity index=2.4)

šÎµ„µ¦Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠÁ¡ºÉ°«¹„¬µŸ¨…°Š§—¼„µ¨˜n°‹Îµœªœœ·—¨³„µ¦¦ª¤„¨»n¤…°Š¤·„ÎŤ

Ž¸­ÄœžiµÄœ 7 ®¨nŠÅ—o„n «¼œ¥rª·‹´¥Á®È— ( ®¤¼noµœžiµÂ—Š ‹´Š®ª´—Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ) °»š¥µœÂ®nŠµ˜·—°¥­»

Áš¡ - ž»¥ °»š¥µœÂ®nŠµ˜·Á¸¥Š—µª °»š¥µœÂ®nŠµ˜·—°¥°·œšœœšr °»š¥µœÂ®nŠµ˜·Â¤n­µ œÊε˜„

®¤°„¢jµ ¨³œÊε¡»¦o°œÃžiŠÁ—º°— ¡ªnµÄœ§—¼ œ¤¸­ž°¦r懵¦r¡…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­¤µ„š¸É­»— 69 % (59 ­že¸É­r ) ­nªœÄœ§—¼Â¨oŠ¡ 31 % …°Š˜´ª°¥nµŠš´ÊŠ®¤— (35 ­že¸É­r ) ץčo‡nµ Shannon’s diversity index (H') ž¦³Á¤·œ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­ ¡ªnµÄœ§—¼ œ (Shannon’s diversity index=3.77) ¤¸‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥­¼Š„ªnµÄœ§—¼Â¨oŠ (Shannon’s diversity index=3.37) ¨³ Á¤ºÉ°Áž¦¸¥Áš¸¥„µ¦¦ª¤„¨»n¤…°Š¤·„ÃŽ¤´¥Ž¸šÄœš´ÊŠ­°Š§—¼Å—o‡nµ Sorensen’ s coefficient Áž}œ 0.36 Ĝ§—¼ œ¡ÁŒ¡µ³‹¸œ´­ Stemonitis, Stemonitopsis ¨³ Symphytocarpus ­nªœÄœ§—¼Â¨oŠ¡¤·„ÃŽ

ŤŽ¸­µŠœ·— (Diachea sphlendens, Physarum cinereum, Phy. compressum ¨³ Phy.

retisporum) š¸É‡n°œ…oµŠšœ˜n°­£µ¡Âª—¨o°¤š¸É®oŠÄœ§—¼Â¨oŠš¸ÉÁ¥ÈœÅ—o

šÎµ„µ¦«¹„¬µÁž¦¸¥Áš¸¥œ·—…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­š¸É¡Äœ™·ÉœÁŒ¡µ³‡º° Á™µª´¨¥r ¨³Žµ„ĝŤo ץčoŸ¨¦ª¤…°Š˜´ª°¥nµŠš¸É ¡­ž°¦r懵¦r¡Äœ£µ‡­œµ¤Â¨³Äœ˜´ª°¥nµŠš¸Én¤Á¡µ³Äœ„¨n°Š

‡ªµ¤ºÊœ ˜´ª°¥nµŠš¸É«¹„¬µÁ„ȝ‹µ„ 5 ¦·Áª–Äœ°»š¥µœÂ®nŠµ˜·—°¥­»Áš¡ - ž»¥ °»š¥µœÂ®nŠµ˜·—°¥

°·œšœœšr °»š¥µœÂ®nŠµ˜·Â¤n­µ œÊε¡»¦o°œÃžiŠÁ—º°— ¨³«¼œ¥rª·‹´¥Á®È— ( ®¤¼noµœžiµÂ—Š ‹ . Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n )

£µ‡Á®œº°…°Šž¦³Áš«Åš¥ ¡¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­œÁ™µª´¨¥rš´ÊŠ®¤— 27 ­že¸É­r ¨³œŽµ„ĝŤo 51 ­že

¸É­r š´ÊŠŽµ„ĝŤo (Shannon’s diversity index=3.43) ¨³Á™µª´¨¥r (Shannon’s diversity index=3.08) Áž}œ™·ÉœÁŒ¡µ³š¸É¤¸‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­­¼ŠÂ¨³œ·—š¸É˜nµŠ„´œ Ĝ¦³œ·Áª«žiµÁ…˜¦o°œ

×¥¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­š»„œ·—Äœ‹¸œ´­ Craterium ¨³ Diachea ‹³¡œŽµ„ĝŤoÁ­¤° ˜nš»„œ·—Äœ

‹¸œ´­ Clasdoderma ¨³ Cribraria ‹³¡œÁ™µª´¨¥r

Ĝ„µ¦«¹„¬µ¦¼žÂ…°Š„µ¦Á„·—…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­œÁ™µª´¨¥r˜nµŠœ·—„´œ š¸É«¼œ¥rª·‹´¥Á®È—

‹ . Á¸¥ŠÄ®¤n ×¥œÎµ˜´ª°¥nµŠ¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­š¸ÉÁ„ȝŗo‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠÁ™µª´¨¥rš¸É¤¸¸ª·˜Â¨³š¸É˜µ¥Â¨oª¤µn¤Äœ

„¨n°Š‡ªµ¤ºÊœ ¡ªnµÁ™µª´¨¥rš¸É˜µ¥œ˜oœ¤¸‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸š­¼Š­»— (Shannon’s diversity index=2.61) ˜µ¤—oª¥Á™µª´¨¥rš¸É˜µ¥Â¨oªœ¡ºÊœ—·œ (Shannon’s diversity index=2.17) Á™µª´¨¥rš¸É¤¸¸ª·˜œ—·œ (Shannon’s diversity index=2.14) ¨³Á™µª´¨¥rš¸É¤¸¸ª·˜š¸ÉÁ¨ºÊ°¥Äœ°µ„µ«

(Shannon’s diversity index=2.05) Ž¹ÉŠ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­œÁ™µª´¨¥rš»„œ·—‡n°œ…oµŠ

­¼Š œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¡ªnµÁ™µª´¨¥rš¸É¤¸Á­oœŸnµ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠ…œµ—Ä®n (24 ­že¸É­r ) ¤¸¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­ ¤µ„„ªnµ

Á™µª´¨¥rš¸É¤¸Á­oœŸnµ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠÁ¨È„„ªnµ (14 ­že¸É­r ) ¨³¡‹Îµœªœœ·—…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­­¼Š­»—œ

xiii

Á™µª´¨¥rš¸É¤¸Ÿ·ªÁ¦¸¥ (19 ­že¸É­r ) œÁ™µª´¨¥rŸ·ª‡n°œ…oµŠ®¥µÂ¨³Ÿ·ª®¥µ ¡ªnµ¤¸ 17 ­že¸É­r ¨³ 11 ­že¸É­r ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ ×¥š´ÉªÅž¡µ¦µ¤·Á˜°¦rš¸É¤¸Ÿ¨˜n°‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥šµŠ¸ª£µ¡…°Šž¦³µ„¦¤·„

ÎŤŽ¸­ ‡º° ‡ªµ¤­¼ŠÁ®œº°¡ºÊœ—·œ ¨³¨´„¬–³…°ŠÁž¨º°„¨³Á­oœŸnµ«¼œ¥r„¨µŠÁ™µª´¨¥r

„µ¦˜¦ª‹­°‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥¦³—´¸ªÃ¤Á¨„»¨…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­ 24 ˜´ª°¥nµŠš¸Éŗo‹µ„„µ¦

Á„ȝ˜´ª°¥nµŠÄœ›¦¦¤µ˜· ( …°œÅ¤oŸ» ¨³Žµ„ĝŤoŸ»¡´Šœ¡ºÊœžiµ ) ¦·Áª–«¼œ¥rª·‹´¥Á®È— čoÁš‡œ·‡

DGGE ×¥šÎµ„µ¦­„´—‹¸Ãœ¤·„ ¨³—¸Á°ÈœÁ°š´ÊŠ®¤— ‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠš¸Éŗo‹µ„­·ÉŠÂª—¨o°¤ Ž¹ÉŠÅ¤n¡

­ž°¦r懵¦r¡…°Š¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­ œÎµ­nªœ®œ¹ÉŠ…°Š¥¸œÅ¦ÃÃŽ¤°¨ °µ¦rÁ°ÈœÁ° ®œnª¥¥n°¥Á¨È„ (SSU rDNA) ¤µÁ¡·É¤ž¦·¤µ–¨³ª·Á‡¦µ³®r¨Îµ—´œ·ª‡¨¸Ã°Åš—r Ÿ¨¨´¡›rš¸Éŗo‹µ„Á‹¨š—­° DGGE ¡ªnµ

šn°œÅ¤oŸ»Â¨³Žµ„ĝŤoŸ»¡´Š¤¸ Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTUs) Ášnµ„´ 17 ¨³ 10 ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´

˜n¡ªnµÅ¤oŸ» ¨³Žµ„ĝŤo¦nªŠ ¤¸ OTUs Ášnµ„´ 7 ¨³ 6 ˜µ¤¨Îµ—´ ‹µ„„µ¦ª·Á‡¦µ³®r¨Îµ—´œ·ª‡¨¸

ðŚ—rš¸Éŗo‹µ„šn°œÅ¤oŸ»Â¨³Žµ„ĝŤo¦nªŠÃ—¥Äoަ„¦¤ BLAST ¡ªnµ¨Îµ—´œ·ª‡¨¸Ã°Åš—rš¸É ŗo‹µ„˜´ª°¥nµŠšn°œÅ¤oŸ»¤¸‡ªµ¤­´¤¡´œ›rĄ¨o·—„´ÁºÊ° Didymium iridis, Stemonitis flavogenita ¨³ Hyperamoeba sp. ­µ¥¡´œ›»r W2i ¨³Ÿ¨ª·Á‡¦µ³®r‹µ„Žµ„ĝŤo¦nªŠ ¤¸‡ªµ¤‡¨oµ¥‡¨¹Š„´ÁºÊ°

Diderma saundersii ¨³ Physarum didermoides Ž¹ÉŠŸ¨—´Š„¨nµªÂ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœªnµª·›¸ PCR-DGGE

Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œª·›¸®œ¹ÉŠš¸É¥´ŠÅ¤nÁ‡¥¤¸„µ¦œÎµ¤µÄoĜ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥…°ŠÁºÊ°Äœ„¨»n¤¤·„ÎŤŽ¸

­¤µ„n°œ ­µ¤µ¦™ÄoĜ„µ¦œ¸Ê«¹„¬µ…o°¤¼¨‹µ„®¨nŠ°µ«´¥ž“¤£¼¤·…°ŠÁºÊ°Äœ„¨»n¤œ¸ÊŗoץŤn

‹ÎµÁž}œ˜o°Š¦°Ä®oÁ„·—ǦŠ­¦oµŠ­ž°¦r懵¦r¡Á­¸¥„n°œ

Ĝ„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡¦´ÊŠœ¸Ê¡¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­Äœž¦³Áš«Åš¥ 103 ­že¸É­r Ž¹ÉŠÁž}œ„µ¦¡‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„Äœ

ž¦³Áš«Åš¥‹Îµœªœ 21 ­že¸É­r ­Îµ®¦´„µ¦«¹„¬µ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­Äœ­µ›µ¦–¦´“

ž¦³µ›·žÅ˜¥ž¦³µœ¨µªŽ¹ÉŠÁž}œ„µ¦¦µ¥Šµœ‡¦´ÊŠÂ¦„ ¡ 24 ­že¸É­r œ°„‹µ„œ¸Ê¤¸¡¤·„ÎŤ

Ž¸­œ·—š¸É®µ¥µ„ Ánœ Leocarpus fragilis, Licea eleanorae ¨³ Cornuvia serpula Ĝž¦³Áš«Åš¥

š´ÊŠ­µ¤ª·›¸ (Natural field collecting, Moist chamber culture ¨³ Environmental sampling) š¸Éŗo

„¨nµª¤µÂ¨oª ­—ŠÄ®oÁ®Èœ™¹Šž¦³­·š›·£µ¡š¸É‹³œÎµ¤µ­¼n‡ªµ¤­ÎµÁ¦È‹Äœ„µ¦¦ª¦ª¤ÁºÊ°¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­š¸É

¤¸°¥¼nĜšo°Š™·Éœ „µ¦Äoª·›¸„µ¦«¹„¬µ¦nª¤„´œ œnµ‹³nª¥Á¡·É¤‡ªµ¤Á…oµÄ‹Á„¸É¥ª„´‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥…°Š

ÁºÊ°¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­Â¨³¦³œ·Áª«ª·š¥µœ„

‡Îµ­Îµ‡´ : ¤·„ÎŤŽ¸­ ‡ªµ¤®¨µ„®¨µ¥šµŠ¸ª£µ¡ œ·Áª«ª·š¥µ