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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ... iv1
Introduction ... 1
1.1 Purpose of this book ... 1
1.2 Tobacco and poverty as a development issue .. 1
1.3 Research for advocacy ... 3
1.4 Overview of Results Achieved ... 6
2
Conducting Tobacco and Poverty Advocacy Research ... 9
2.1 Overview ... 9
2.2 Approaches and methodologies ... 10
3
Results from Tobacco and Poverty Research for Advocacy Studies ... 30
3.1 Tobacco expenditures, opportunity costs, and financial impacts on low‐income families ... 30
3.1.1 Per capita expenditures ... 31
3.1.2 Opportunity costs of tobacco ... 41
3.1.3 National‐level opportunity costs ... 56
3.2 Tobacco agriculture and production ... 58
3.2.1 Contracting and employment ... 59
3.2.2 Working conditions and the harmful effects of tobacco growing and processing ... 69
3.2.3 Child employment and opportunity cost for family labour ... 75
3.2.4 Lack of profitability ... 82
3.3 Alternative livelihoods ... 89
3.4 Household tobacco use and child health ... 99
4
Key Advocacy Messages ... 103
4.1 Higher tobacco taxes and prices help to reduce poverty ... 103
4.2 Tobacco control will not have a negative effect on overall employment ... 106
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4.3 Tobacco employment is not sustainable employment ... 108
4.4 Household tobacco use negatively affects child health status ... 110
4.5 Poverty reduction strategies must address tobacco production and use ... 111
5
Sharing Research Results ... 113
6
Preliminary Impacts ... 116
7
Conclusion ... 118
List of Tables
Table 1: Summary of tobacco and poverty research studies ... 4Table 2: Comparison of spending on tobacco and food/household services, Argentina ... 32
Table 3: Daily expenditure on bidis according to the reported level of daily income, Bangladesh ... 35
Table 4: Distribution of household expenses by quintile, Mexico ... 38
Table 5: Opportunity cost of monthly cigarette expenditures (AR$588) within the poorest households, Argentina .. 43
Table 6: Alternative items purchasable with daily bidi expenditure (7.9 taka), Bangladesh ... 45
Table 7: Caloric value of monthly tobacco expenditures, Bangladesh ... 46
Table 8: Opportunity cost of monthly cigarette expenditures (175 pesos) within the poorest households, Mexico .... 50
Table 9: The ratio of cigarette expenditure versus expenditure on health and education by income groups, Vietnam 54 Table 10: Spending comparisons, by quintile, Vietnam ... 55
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List of Graphs and Figures
Figure 1: Affordability of tobacco products, Vietnam, 1995‐2005 ... 41 Figure 2: Comparison of price of daily food basket versus
cigarette pack, Mali ... 47 Figure 3: Path analysis of parental smoking and child’s
stunting in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia ... 101 Figure 4: Path analysis of parental smoking and child’s
underweight in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia ... 102 Figure 5: Tobacco and poverty advocacy messaging, Vietnam
... 106
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Acknowledgements
We wish to acknowledge the significant amount of thought, planning, and hard work that was undertaken by so many people at HealthBridge and in each of our partner organizations. We also thank the large number of NGOs, government agencies, other organizations, and individuals who participated in the ten research studies. Without all of them, and without their enthusiasm and dedication to the issues of tobacco and poverty, this book – and all the research that underpins it – would not have been possible.
We also wish to thank all those people whose earlier work, both published and unpublished, provided the foundation upon which many of the literature reviews mentioned here were undertaken.