2305 101
GENERAL BIOLOGY II
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PLANT DIVERSITY ( )
The Anatomy and
From Here to Almost Eternity
'#( )*%+!,-.%/##( )*%' !,0'(&1,%+ +2
#( ),*3&+4%//35+,"6 !.!,+"'%% 71,%28,*3*%+!,"4.
".%/.#0'39:;#!0%*%+9"+,.&1,%*%+ + +9"+,#( (meristematic tissue
&+ meristem)
+9"+,#( 35"7 #( (meristematic cell) 71,%:7 !,% '- .%7
(cell division) /5/353 7 8+9"+,2 (permanent tissue) 3.%6 !, 8+5 -5-.,"7 (cell differentiation) #7 #(!'9%9
MERISTEMATIC TISSUE
+9"+,#(- .%/35:%.8&(.6 + +9"+,#(." (apical meristem)-+9"+,
#(35*5% (lateral meristem)
apical meristem(+9"+,#(.")
:+9"+,#(!,3*19'9%-.+"'%: ) -%"4./3*%+ !08&5+
#( )8354% &+..%6 "*19 /..#:05 ,%5 &+ 71,%:'*%
#( )>4 (primary growth) +9"+,#(."- .%0-&.%!,3/35: 2 . + +9"+,
#(""3 (apical shoot meristem)-+9"+,#(" (apical root meristem)
+9"+,#(."#- .%7 +,5%+9"+,#(3&1,%*19" +9"+,#(>4
(primary meristem) 71,%0-&.%"4.85+9"+,#(""3 -"4.&++9"+,#("?5" - +9"+,#(>4"'%2- .%/35: 3.0-&.%!,"4.-&5!,/35-. ))3 (protoderm)
71,%##(./:+9"+,; (epidermis) .!,%/35-. )- " (procambium) 71,%##(./
meristem) 71,%##(/:+9"+,+9 (ground tissue) *%. .%6 *%+ .+9"+,8'9 !7 (cortex)&+/5/5 (pith)
lateral meristem (+9"+,#(35*5%)
+,"+,&1,%. - " (cambium) &++9"+,#(!"4 (secondary meristem)
:+9"+,#(!,'@*19"&'% - 8+ %3!,#( )!"4 (secondry growth)
!.'9 ! !!08&5+*""*3!%35*5% &+5 % &+5;.4" %,*19 - .%/35 :%+ - "!.0"% (vascular cambium) - - " (cork cambium)
- "!.0"% (vascular cambium) 3*19&+'@*19&.%+9"+,0"%90 (xylem)
-+9"+,0"%& (phloem) !'9%8-05 !0&5!,5%+9"+,0"%!"4 (secondary vascular tissue) /35-. +9"+,0"%90!"4 (secondary xylem) -+9"+,0"%&!"4
(secondary phloem)
- " (cork cambium) &+A)# (phellogen) '3*198+9"+,; (epider- mis) &+3*198'9 !7 (cortex) 805 .8 - "3*19#7 8'9/7
(pericycle)!0&5!,5%+9"+, (cork)&+A (phellem)-A)3 (phelloderm)
PERMANENT TISSUE
+9"+,2*%+ ++9"+,!,#/.- .%7 ./ - .%/35: 6.+
1. +9"+,; (epidermis) )3"!',/ 35"7 ; (epidermal cell) 7 (guard cell) 7 *5%7 (subsidiary cell) /!) (trichome) :+9"+,!,"4. 3*%'"&+
)%5%.%6 *%+ !0&5!,C%'+9"+,+, 6 !,"4."8 35*%7 ; '#
(cutin) + "4.&?:'9" (cuticle) 71,%."C%'4("90*%+4.,%-35"
.7 :7 !,'5"4?32', "4.':4. "87 # ) (chloroplast)
&.%7 #.%?6 3*19" 48 (stomatal pore) 71,%:.%!%!,!08&53"90
(transpiration) -:0-&.%!,!08&53-,"D7&.%+' ,%-35"35"
epidermal cell
subsidiary cell
guard cell
2. +9"+,/ (parenchyma) 35"7 / (parenchyma cell) :+9
"+,+9>!, /358+ !.*%+ '#.%.%&.%7 (intercellular space) 3*19 7 /:7 !, )3"!',/;'%7 >4 (primary wall) !,& %*%;'%7 ,0-
!',!'9%7 4.%*%7 /35&"- )3"'4.%.*5% &+:4&"&," 7 /#'3:7 !,7' 75*%)%5%-;'%7 5"+,!" ' 7 +,6 -8#( )*%+
7 3+,6 !,' ..%6 '9 ?'#'@&+,"#7 /',%
3. +9"+,/ (collenchyma) 35"7 / (collenchyma cell) : +9"+,!,8&5-*?%-%' .!,"'%.*%+ ' 05 58 --;.8 "4.:.2'3#+9"+,;
7 /:7 !,-'!',/5"7 / -.;'%7 >4& %/.
,0!',!'9%7
4. +9"+,/ (sclerenchyma) 35"7 /A (fiber) -3 (scle- reid) :+9"+,!,8&5-*?%-%' ..%6 *%+ !'9%7 /A -3+,#(?!,#:7 !,/.
;'%7 !"4 (secondary wall) 75!' ;'%7 >4'9&1,% !08&57 -*?%-%,*19 0'(!, 8;'%7 !"4+ (lignin)
5. +9"+,0"%0"%90 (xylem) .8&(.# 35"7 0"%90 (tracheary element)
/35-. 7 7 (vessel member) -!3 (tracheid) #'9"'%# 7 / &+
7 /A -!"4.35" +9"+,0"%90#303#+9"+,#(%3!,-.%'8-..%*%
#( ) +9"+,0"%90!,3#)- " 8#( )>4#". +9"+,0"%90>4
(primary xylem) .+9"+,0"%90!,3#- "!.0"% 8#( )!"4". +9"+, 0"%90!"4 (secondary xylem)
collenchyma
parenchyma
fiber
sclereid epidermis
cuticle
lumen pit
lumen secondary wall
7 7 -!3'9:7 !,+,#( )?!,-5#/. &+7 /A -3
#'9"'%;'%7 !"4.3"'
6. +9"+,0"%& (phloem).8&(.# 35"7 !.0"%& (sieve tube mem ber) -7 (companion cell) -# 7 / -7 /A /35.' - .3"'' +9"+,0"%90 +9"+,0"%&2- .%#303/35: 2 + +9"+,0"%
&>4 (primary phloem)- +9"+,0"%&!"4 (secondary phloem)
7 !.0"%&:7 !,' + 8&.%,"*%7 " /) )7 --)#"/8!,3 -.. +,6 *%7 "'%%"4. 3'%'9"'%%:7 !, -./."
!0%*%7 #24 )3""*%7 71,%:7 !,*3?.-"4.3' 7 !.
0"%&
DIFFERENTIATION IN PLANT CELL AND TISSUE
&'%#HI8+ /7)!,3*19#'@*54.: )".%6 #!',%.
&+'".%6 255!,##(:5)/A !,)?!,./ 7 'I (derivative) !,3
#- .%7 (cell division) *%7 #( (meristematic cell) #3,"*%7
(cell differentiation) /:7 -+9"+,3.%6 0-&.%-&5!,*%'"'96
vascular bundle
vessel member phloem
xylem
sieve tube member
companion cell epidermis collenchyma
parenchyma
,"*%7 !,3*19!'9%835'>!" (morphological differentiation)
&+!" (physiological differentiation) 8&.%!,'@*%+#+9"+,#( (meris- tem) /:+9"+,2 (permanent tissue) 3.%6 &+8&.%!,5.'@/:5!,
#( )?!, 7 &++9"+,!,,"/+,!0&5!,".%83".%&1,%)3"J &+!0&5!, &++,:' '8&5*5' -35!,-.%'/ ".3 specialization. 7 7 (vessel member)7 0"%& (sieve tube member)7 /A (fiber)
,".%6 *%7 '9:;!08&53''>*%'"..%6 *%+!, ".
3'> (morphogenesis) !'9%835'" (external form) -)%5%"8
(internal organization) !08&5..%6 *%+' -&5!,J'!,/.&+' '".%*%
,"-%&+,"*%7 !,#3/358-%..%6 . 1. ,"*3 (size)
2. ,"4.% (shape)
3. ,"-%!,,"*5%' '&+ '*%;'%7 (cell wall)
4. '"53*%"(nucleus)-/7)7' (cytoplasm)
5. ,"-%% -)%5%*% - (organelle).%6 "87 6. "*%))7' (protoplasm)
7. % *%"87
8. ) 71
87 %3!,3 cell differentiation/-5 #/.23,"-%836 .//35
(irrevesible differentiation) . 7 /A !,;'%7 !"4 (secondary cell wall) -))7'"/&3":7 !,/. -.7 %3)3"J7 /
(parenchyma cell) #3,"-%.//35 (reversible differentiation) . 3
dedifferentiation' / ': meristematic cell /358&.'9%&1,% . 3 - " (cork cambium) #7 /8'9 !7 &+3transdifferentiation /:7 3+,6 .//35 . 7 /#,"-%./:7 /A
7 !,3,"#0&3 (determination) 4- (pattern) *%,"
*%7 +,/!0&5!,J!,-.%' +,+&+'".%6 *%+#(?!,#1%3*%7 #'3 " &+#'3"%'*%7 -+9"+,!,3 &+0-&.%!,:- -; 71,%#5"1%&+-.%'/
8+-.3-.. 71,%4- &.924 35""-,%5#"-"87 -"'%:;
#-- .%'*%7 (plane of cell division) '- .%7 (rate of cell division) 3.&.%7 !,"4.*5%"% (cell to cell communication) -0-&.%*%7 !,3*1935"
Stem Anatomy )%5%*%05
"*%05 #". "3 (apical bud) 71,% 35".*%+9"+,#(""3
(apical shoot meristem) -+9"+,#(>4 (primary meristem) /21%.*%+9"+,, 38 (leaf primordium) 71,%#"4.3' +,%#.!,:*58 9"'%/."+3' &.%78 ' 0 5 #.+9"+,!,'5""3 " *5% (axillary bud) 71,%##( )"+3'/:,%
(branch)8 &+#,"/:3 (flower bud)8 %
)%5%*%05+!,"4.85"38"#( )>4 #- .%/35: 3 "%03'
#35*54.358 + +9"+,; (epidermis) !7 (cortex)- (stele)
+ -*%05 (&+) 71,% 35".*%'3!.0"% (vascular bundle) !,
"%'"4. %6 *%05 /21% !,:/5/5 (pith) 35" '3!.0"% + .*%+9"+,0"%
>4 (primary vascular tissue)71,%/35-. +9"+,0"%90>4 -+9"+,0"%&>4 !,"4.
':. 3-"*%05 '3!.0"%9'@#)- "',% -805+# '3
!.0"%9"4.:#0 ./5/5 ++9"+,+9!, "4.%%*%05 &+ 71,%##:+9"+, / &+/?!,'@# ground meristem
!7 + *%+9"+,+9!,"4.&.%+9"+,; - !7 #(-'@# ground
meristem.' #:+9"+,/ / &+/?/35
)3"!',/805+8 9"%4. '3!.0"%#"%':%".% " 1 % )3"+9"+,0"%90>
4 (primary xylem) "4.35!,3' /5/5 .+9"+,0"%&>4 (primary phloem) #"4.35
!,3' !7 +9"+,!,"4.&.%'3!.0"%'# .:+9"+,/ 71,%:+9"+,+9!,'@#
ground meristem.805+8 9"%3," '3!.0"%'##"'/.: "
+8 9"%4. +8 9"%3,"
vascular bundle cortex
epidermis
05*%+8 9"%4. %3 ##( )!"4*19 71,%:#( )!,!08&55;.4" -
%*%05,*19 #( )93*19#!0%*%- " (cambium) &++9"+,#(
35*5% (lateral meristem)
- ".-!, ! !8#( )!"4 /35-. - "!.0"% (vascular cam- bium) !,3*19&.%+9"+,0"%90>4-+9"+,0"%90!"4 7 !,/35#- .%7 *%7 8 - "!.0"% #'@-,"/:7 !,!0&5!,80"% 257 !,,":
7 !,"4.3' +9"+,0"%&>4 &+85' !7 ?#,"/:7 8+,"+,0"%&
!"4 -.257 !,,":7 !,"4.3' +9"+,0"%90>4 &+85' /5/5 ?#,"/
:7 8+9"+,0"%90!"4 +,#( )!"4,*19 '*%'3!.0"%#."6 &3/
+,%#+,"+,0"%#+,.':%8!,3
8+ %3&+9"+,0"%!"45%,*19:#0 #3'*%:+9/5
(wood) *19 -#!08&53-%3'*19"805 !'9%*%7 "805,*19 &, 7 9.2!,+9"+,;#*""*3*%7 +,,*35 %-5 +'#'@
- "3!,%*19 + - " (cork cambium) 71,%!0&5!,5%'9*%+9"+,!0&5!,C%
+9"+,.+,6 !,"4."8-!!,+9"+,;!,#-"&+-&+-&5%-5&3/ 805+ - "#
,"-%'@*19#7 8+9"+,+9!,"4.8'9 !7 &+7 8+9"+,;!,3 dedifferentia- tion ' /:+9"+,#(/358&. 7 35!,5%*19# - "#,"-%/:7 !,"
7 (cork cell) 71,%+,#(?!,7 #" -# 74 (suberin) #0!,
;'%7 '9*%7 !,3*199" (cork) 71,%."C%'4("90"805 C%'!0"
*%+9)--% 21%'"#,%-35" .7 !,245%*19!%358*% - "
'#:7 / 71,%!08&5:,.!,: !7 8&5*38&(.*19 "+9"+, 9. A )3 (phelloderm) !,'9*% - " -A)3 !'9%&39. 3
(periderm) #'9 35*% %.8'93 9# '*%.7 !,"%''
&6 3*19 .%.%&.%7 '3#-.%/#.+,6 *%3 " 9. .%
(lenticel) 71,%: !,23-,"D7' "/35 . !,". +/5
(bark) +'9*%+9"+,!'9%&3!,"4.2'3#- "!.0"% (vascular cambium) /35-.+9"+, 0"%& '9 !7 3 -'93
lenticel
Root Anatomy )%5%*%
:'"!,#"4.,0.3' ;3 !0&5!,3437190-I&83*5/4.8+ - ."90#&+"13.*%+!,"4.&+38&5!%'"4./35 8+8 9"%4.# >4 (primary root system) &+ -5 (taproot system) 71,%: !,&'*38&(.&1,%' :!,#(
-'@#-3 (radicle) *% ) "9. >4 (primary root) &+-5
(taproot) -#"4..' .*%05% -5#5%-*% (lateral root) !%35*5%
:#0 --*%%25%-*%"."/35-*3?%:03' .8+8 9"%
3," #:- M" (fibrous root system) 71,%: !,-3/.'@*19 :-5 &+#(*19"&1,%-5&"3/ +8 9"%3,"#5% (adventitious root) *19 :#0#.7 )05 ".*%&.9.M" (fibrous root)71,%)3"
#4.%5"'-*3!.6 '
"3*% #.7 !,"%''&6 -C%'.+9"+,#("
(apical shoot meristem)/5 " & (root cap) ."2- .%/35: 3 .+
1. - .%7 (zone of cell division)
2. "+3' (zone of cell elongation)
3. ,"-%-'@ (zone of maturation)
- .%7 +."3*%'9%-.+9"+,#(" (apical root meristem)
#21% +9"+,#(>4 (primary meristem) 71,%: !,- .%7 3*19 . "+3 ' #"4.&+ - .%7 *19 : !,+9"+,#(>4"+3'*%7 !08&5"
,*19 ..%3!5"+ ,"-%-'@ : !,+9"+,#(>4!'9%. + ) )!3 3 ? -)- " '@,"-%/:+9"+,2..%6 '!,'%/35
%."*% 9+ 3* (root hair) 71,%3#"+3'*%;'%*%7 ;/+,,+9!,8 3437190-I&8&5*19
taproot system
fibrous root system taproot
adventitious root
)%5%"8' '9%-. !,,"-%-'@*19/'9 2- .%/35: 3 .3"' 805 + +9"+,; !7 - '983*% !7 !,"4.3' *% :'9!,'
" )33 (endodermis) 7 8'99#74 :-2 3"4. ;'%7
*% --' "-2 74 !,3*199. -2 -" (casparian strip) 2'3#'9)33
*5/ +'9/7 (pericycle) 71,%:'93*%8 71,%.7 %7 8'9923
dedifferentiation ' /!0&5!,5":+9"+,#(/358&. +,5%-*% (lateral root)
#'98'3!.0"%!, 8*% #.%/#05+#"4."%.3"%%*%
)3"+9"+,0"%90>4 (primary xylem) #"%'5":-J5"7,5 &.%-J#: !,3
*%+9"+,0"%&>4 (primary phloem)
+ %3#( )!"4/35&+805 )3"- "!.0"%#3&+'@*19
&.%+9"+,0"%90>4 -+9"+,0"%&>4 -!0&5!,5%+9"+,0"%!"48'
!0%3"'' 05 . - "#3*19#+9"+,'9/7 -!0&5!,5%3 . 3"'
Leaf Anatomy )%5%*%8
8 :'"!,&5!,0'(8'%& 35"-% (photosynthesis) 8 # 35"
.!,".-;.8 (lamina &+ blade) -58 (petiole) 25 58 -;.8 &1,%-;.#"8 3,"
(simple leaves) -.25-;.8 .&1,%-;.#" 8 (compound leaves) -"8 -.
8 88 .8 "." (leaflet) 258 "."!8 #0-&.%3"'*%58 " 8 - 9 + (palmately compound leaves) -.258 "."!8 /./35#0-&.%3"' -."%':%
-2"4.&.%-!,.#58 "8 - 9. 8 - * (pinnately compound leaves)
root cap
root hair endodermis
phloem xylem
cortex stele epidermis
)%5%*%-;.8 35"'9!,". )7AO (mesophyll) 71,%:'9*%+9"+,+9!,"4.%
%&.%'9+9"+,;35 -35.%*%8 +9"+,;35.%'# 7 (guard cell) #0 -.+9"+,;35 7 8'9)7AO .8&(.+7 /!,) "4."87 #0 7 /8'9)7AO #'!,-.%':%. .-'4.%7 .*5%"
"%' "3'.*5%-.!0J' +9"+,;8 35 #&1,%-2&+.&1,%-2 " -3
/ (palisade parenchyma) .!%35.%*%-3/ #:.7 /!,
'4.%/.-. "%''&6 !08&53.% (air space) *38&(. #0 " P#
/ (spongy parenchyma) 71,%#"4.3' +9"+,;35.%*%-;.8
+9"+,0"% (vascular tissue) "88 #-!"4.8'9)7AO -.+,%#+9"+,0"%
805 )3"-";.*5!%58 +9"+,0"%8-;.8 !,.#+9"+,0"%858 " 5%
8 (midrib) 71,%5%8 #-"-*%+9"+,0"%/!'9%%*5%3:58 (vein) -58 #-"
*"."6 /&"'9%3:58 "." (veinlet) !,!08&534- *%58 - .%6
leaflet
petiole petiole
“pinnate” “palmate”
“simple”
midrib vein
veinlet upper
epidermis
lower epidermis palisade
spongy