L B C R M -P D /R E F 1 1: G rea ter P eo p le 's P a rtic ip a tio n a n d th e In c re a sin g R o le o f L o c a l
G o v ern m e n t in C o a sta l F ish e rie s M a n a g em e n t
G r e a t e r P e o p le ’s P a r tic ip a t io n a n d th e I n c r e a sin g R o le o f L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t in
C o a st a l F is h e r ie s M a n a g e m e n t : T o w a r d D e c e n t r a liz a tio n o f R e s o u r c e M a n a g e m e n t
M a s a h ir o Y a m a o , P h .D .*
A B S T R A C T
T h is p a p e r d e s c r ib e s a p o s s ib le p r o p o s a l fo r a d e c e n tra liz e d m a n a g e m e n t s y s te m w ith a p a rtic ip a to ry
a p p ro a c h , a c c o r d in g to o b s e rv a tio n a n d in v e s tig a tio n o n th e p re s e n t s y s te m o f lo c a l fis h e r ie s m a n a g e m e n t
in C h u m p o r n P r o v in c e . O n e m a jo r p u r p o s e o f “ L o c a lly B a s e d C o a s ta l R e s o u r c e M a n a g e m e n t, P a th e w
D is tric t, in C h u m p o r n (L B C R M -P D ) ” is to e x p e rim e n t w ith a d e c e n tr a liz e d s y s te m w ith in th e e x is tin g
le g a l f r a m e w o rk o f f is h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t th a t b rin g s g r e a te r p e o p le ’s p a r tic ip a tio n . T h e c o n te n t o f th is
p a p e r is d iv id e d in to th re e p a rts . T h e f irs t p a rt r e fe rs to n e w tre n d s in d e c e n tra liz a tio n u n d e r p r e p a r a tio n
f o r th e p ro c la m a tio n o f n e w f is h e r ie s a c ts . T h e s e c o n d p a r t d is c u s s e s th e e le m e n ts o f L B C R M . T h e s e
a r e c o m m u n ity - b a s e d m a n a g e m e n t u n its ( C B M U ), a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t ( in c lu d in g S u b - d is tr ic t
A d m in is tra tiv e O rg a n iz a tio n s ) . T h e la s t p a rt c o n c e r n s a p e rs p e c tiv e o f a d e c e n tra liz a tio n m e c h a n is m th a t
is p r o p o s e d in th e c o n te x t o f L B C R M - P D p r a c tic e a n d e x p e r ie n c e s . T h is p a p e r c o n c lu d e s th a t L B C R M
is a p r im a ry u n it in d e c e n tr a liz e d c o a s ta l fis h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t, s ta n d in g b e tw e e n th e lo c a l f is h e r y
c o m m itte e a n d lo c a l c o m m u n itie s . T h e c o m m itte e m a y c o n ta in a p a rtia l a s s e m b ly o f L B C R M u n its w ith in
a d e fin e d lo c a lity , w h ile g o v e r n m e n t fis h e rie s a g e n c ie s , p r o v in c ia l a n d d is tric t o ffic e s in s tr u c t th e c o m m itte e ’s
a c tiv itie s . W h ile s h a rin g re s p o n s ib ility w ith th e p e o p le , th e r o le o f lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t c e r ta in ly in c r e a s e s
u n d e r th e n e w re g im e .
K e y w o r d s : d e c e n tra liz a tio n , p a rtic ip a tio n , L B C R M , lo c a l g o v e rn m e n t, s h a re d r e s p o n s ib ility
* P r o f e s s o r , G r a d u a t e S c h o o l o f B i o s p h e r e S c i e n c e , H i r o s h i m a U n i v e r s i t y
1 - 4 - 4 K a g a m i y a m a , H i g a s h i H i r o s h i m a , 7 3 9 - 8 5 2 8 J A P A N
E - m a i l : y a m a o @ h i r o s h i m a - u . a c . j p
135
I . T h e O b j e c t iv e s o f th is P a p e r
1 . T h is p a p e r d e s c r ib e s a s e rie s o f p r o p o s a ls fo r a n e w d e c e n tr a liz e d m a n a g e m e n t s y s te m b a s e d
u p o n a p a r tic ip a to r y a p p r o a c h , a c c o r d in g to o u r o b s e r v a tio n a n d in v e s tig a tio n o n th e p r e s e n t s y s te m o f
lo c a l fis h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t in P a th e w D is tr ic t, C h u m p o rn P r o v in c e . O n e m a jo r p u r p o s e o f “ L o c a lly
B a s e d C o a s ta l R e s o u r c e M a n a g e m e n t in C h u m p o rn ( L B C R M -P D ) ” is to e x p e r im e n t w ith a d e c e n tra liz e d
s y s te m w ith in th e e x is tin g le g a l f ra m e w o rk o f fis h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t, a s y s te m th a t h a s g r e a te r p e o p le ’s
p a rtic ip a tio n . A n y p r o p o s a l a n d a n a ly tic a l d e s c r ip tio n h e r e a fte r is te n ta tiv e a n d a s c rib a b le to th e a u th o r
a lo n e .
2 . T h e c o n te n t o f th is p a p e r is d iv id e d in to th re e p a rts . T h e fir s t p a r t r e fe r s to n e w tr e n d s in
d e c e n tr a liz a tio n u n d e r p r e p a r a tio n fo r th e p ro c la m a tio n o f n e w f is h e r ie s a c ts . T h e s e c o n d p a rt d is c u s s e s
e le m e n ts o f L B C R M . T h e s e a re c o m m u n ity -b a s e d m a n a g e m e n t u n its (C B M U ) , a n d lo c a l g o v e rn m e n ts
(in c lu d in g s u b -d is tric t a d m in is tr a tiv e o r g a n iz a tio n s , n a m e ly A o .B o .T o ). T h e la s t p a r t d e s c rib e s th e p e rs p e c tiv e
o f a d e c e n tr a liz a tio n m e c h a n is m th a t is p ro p o s e d in th e c o n te x t o f L B C R M - P D d e v e lo p m e n t.
I I . T h e N e w T r e n d s o f D e c e n t r a liz a t io n a n d th e N e w F is h e r ie s A c t
1 . D e c e n t r a liz a tio n a n d S u b -D is tr ic t A d m in is t r a t iv e O r g a n iz a tio n
3 . D e c e n tr a liz a tio n h a s b e c o m e a m o s t im p o rta n t is s u e in T h a i p o litic s s in c e th e m id 1 9 8 0 s . O n e
h ig h lig h t o f th e d e c e n tra liz a tio n is th e e s ta b lis h m e n t in 1 9 9 4 o f S u b - D is tric t A d m in is tra tiv e O rg a n iz a tio n s
(A o .B o .T o ). T h e c o n v e n tio n a l to p -d o w n lo c a l a d m in is tr a tiv e m e c h a n is m , b e in g th e P ro v in c e (C h a n g w a t),
D is tr ic t ( A m p h u r ) a n d S u b -D is tr ic t (T a m b o l), b e g a n to m o v e to w a r d lo c a liz a tio n a n d d e v o lu tio n .
M e m b e r s o f A o .B o .T o c o u n c ils a r e e le c te d f ro m th e p e o p le in th e M o o b a a n s , w h o h o ld g r e a t
r e s p o n s ib ility fo r c o m m u n ity d e v e lo p m e n t a n d p e o p le ’s w e lfa r e . T h e A o .B o .T o c o u n c il m e m b e rs e le c t a
p re s id e n t, w h o m a n a g e s th e a d m in is tra tiv e w o r k o n a d a ily b a s is in c o lla b o r a tio n w ith th e A o .B o .T o
s e c r e ta r y a n d m a n a g e ria l s ta f f. T h e A o .B o .T o g ra d u a lly g r o w s in to a n in d e p e n d e n t e n tity w ith th e
f u n c tio n s o f ta x a tio n a n d b u d g e t a llo c a tio n , ta k in g o v e r s e v e ra l a d m in is tr a tiv e fu n c tio n s fr o m th e d is tr ic t
o f fic e .
4 . T h e T h a i lo c a l a d m in is tr a tio n h o ld s th e d is tric t o ffic e fu lly re s p o n s ib le fo r lo c a l s e c u rity , c o m m u n ity
d e v e lo p m e n t, a n d p e o p le ’s w e lf a re . T h e M in is try o f th e I n te rio r a p p o in ts a d is tric t h e a d (N a i A m p h u r )
f ro m g o v e rn m e n t o ffic ia ls . Its s ta f f m e m b e r s b e lo n g to th e a d m in is tr a tiv e lin e s o f d iff e re n t m in is tr ie s
(a n d /o r d e p a rtm e n ts ) th ro u g h a P ro v in c ia l O ffic e . In th e c a s e o f fis h e r ie s m a n a g e m e n t, a D is tric t O f fic e
o f F is h e rie s ( P ra m o n g A m p h u r) ta k e s c h a r g e in f is h e rie s a n d a q u a c u ltu re re g is tra tio n , p la n n in g a n d
e x te n s io n a c tiv itie s u n d e r th e s u p e rv is io n o f th e P ro v in c ia l O ff ic e o f F is h e r ie s (P r a m o n g C h a n g w a t).
5 . G e n e ra lly s p e a k in g , th e lo c a l a d m in is tra tio n s c u rr e n tly e x is tin g w ill m o v e q u ic k ly to w a rd s a p ro c e s s
o f p o la r iz a tio n . T h is m o v e m e n t is s till u n c e rta in fr o m a p o litic a l a s p e c t, b u t it m a y s o o n b e p o s s ib le to g e t
a p ic tu re o f d e c e n tra liz a tio n a n d d e -o ff ic ia liz a tio n . O b v io u s ly , s o m e ro le s a n d f u n c tio n s th a t a d is tr ic t h o ld s
w ill b e a b s o rb e d b o th in to th e o p e ra tio n s o f th e P ro v in c ia l O ff ic e a n d A o .B o .T o s (C h a r t 1 D e v o lu tio n o f
D is tr ic t F u n c tio n ). U n itin g d is tric t o f fic e s in to a p ro v in c ia l o f fic e is o n e n o ta b le tre n d .
6 . A t p rim a r y le v e l, A o .B o .T o s a r e lik e ly to s h a re g r e a te r r e s p o n s ib ility in th e c o m m u n ity
d e v e lo p m e n t fie ld s a n d v a r io u s s o rts o f a d m in is tra tiv e w o rk . L o c a l p e o p le h a v e m o re o p p o r tu n itie s f o r
p a rtic ip a tio n in th e p la n n in g a n d im p le m e n ta tio n o f s o c ia l a n d e c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t p ro g ra m s , w ith m o r e
a c c e s s to fu n d s a n d s o u rc e s f o r a n im p r o v e m e n t o f liv in g a n d p ro d u c in g c o n d itio n s . I n c o a s ta l a n d s m a ll-
s c a le f is h e rie s , to o , A o .B o .T o s (a n d th e ir n e tw o r k s ) m a y b e c o m e a m a n a g e m e n t b o d y fo r lo c a l fis h e rie s
a n d c o a s ta l r e s o u rc e m a n a g e m e n t, g u id e d a n d s u p e rv is e d b y th e P r o v in c ia l O f fic e o f F is h e r ie s .1
7 . T h u s , a n y p ilo t p r o je c t o n c o a s ta l r e s o u rc e m a n a g e m e n t in T h a ila n d s h o u ld c o n s id e r s u c h o n - g o in g
p ro c e s s e s o f d e c e n tra liz a tio n , a lth o u g h th e r e m a y b e u n f o r e s e e n c h a n g e s .
L B C R M -P D /R E F 11 : G rea ter P e o p le ’s P a rtic ip a tio n a n d th e In c rea sin g R o le o f L o c a l
G o ve rn m en t in C o a sta l F ish e rie s M a n a g e m e n t
C h a r t 1 D e v o lu t io n o f D is t r ic t ’s F u n c t io n
2 . T o w a r d s T h e N e w F is h e r ie s L a w s
8 . I n T h a ila n d , c e n tra l g o v e rn m e n t s till k e e p th e m a jo r ity o f a u th o r ity to c o n tro l lic e n s in g a n d to m a n
a g e fis h in g a c tiv itie s in te r rito ria l w a te r s . T h e p re s e n t f is h e rie s a c t a n d re g u la tio n s 2 d o n o t h a v e a n y
s p e c ific is s u e o n th e m e c h a n is m a n d p r o c e d u re o f lo c a liz e d c o a s ta l fis h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t th a t a llo w s f o r
th e p a r tic ip a tio n o f f is h e rs a n d s ta k e h o ld e rs . T h e le g a l fr a m e w o rk c u rre n tly e x is tin g d o e s n o t c o n ta in
is s u e s o n d e v o lv in g m a n a g e m e n t fu n c tio n s a n d r o le s to lo c a l g o v e rn m e n t. O f c o u rs e , m a n y p ro v is io n s o f
th e s e a c ts a n d r e g u la tio n s h a v e s o fa r b e e n r e v is e d fr o m tim e to tim e . T h e y e m p o w e r P r o v in c ia l
G o v e rn o r s , th e M in is te r o f A g ric u ltu re a n d C o o p e r a tiv e s , a n d th e D ir e c to r G e n e ra l o f th e D O F to c o n tr o l
a n d m a n a g e fis h in g a n d a q u a c u ltu r e a c tiv itie s to s o m e e x te n t.3 H o w e v e r , b o th c o m m e r c ia l a n d c o a s ta l
f is h e rie s c a n n o t c o -e x is t n o r a c c o r d th e m s e lv e s w ith o ld -f a s h io n e d a n d n o n - s y s te m a tic le g a l a n d
a d m in is tr a tiv e fra m e w o r k s . C o n flic ts b e tw e e n h ig h ly in te n s iv e a n d s m a ll- s c a le f is h e rie s , a n d a m o n g s m a ll-
s c a le f is h e rie s , s h o u ld b e re d u c e d in a c c o rd w ith a p p ro p r ia te le g a l p ro c e d u re s .
9 . T h e T h a i G o v e rn m e n t is c o n s id e rin g a m e n d in g th e F is h e r ie s A c t, B .E . 2 4 9 0 (1 9 4 7 ) in a ll a s p e c ts . A
n e w a c t is a lre a d y in th e p r o c e s s o f fo rm u la tio n , e v e n th o u g h it h a s to p a s s th ro u g h s e v e r a l s ta g e s . T h e
D O F p ro p o s e s n e w a p p r o a c h e s a n d fra m e w o r k s , w ith r e fe r e n c e to c o a s ta l fis h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t.4 F irs tly ,
T h a i te rr ito ria l m a r in e w a te rs a re d iv id e d in to tw o z o n e s , i.e ., A “ C o m m e rc ia l M a rin e F is h e ry Z o n e ” a n d
A “ C o a s ta l M a r in e F is h e ry Z o n e .” A lth o u g h th e r e m a y b e d is a g r e e m e n t o v e r th e d e fin itio n o f a c o a s ta l
z o n e w ith a d is ta n c e f ro m th e h ig h w a te r m a r k , th e z o n e s p re s e r v e d f o r c o a s ta l f is h e r ie s w ill b e fu r th e r
e x p a n d e d .
1 0 . S e c o n d ly , a “ d e s ig n a te d c o m m u n ity ” b e c o m e s a p rim a ry m a n a g e m e n t b o d y in c o a s ta l f is h e r ie s .5
A “ d e s ig n a te d c o m m u n ity fis h e r y a re a ” m e a n s a s p e c if ic g e o g ra p h ic a re a s e t u p b y th e M in is tr y o r th e
D ir e c to r G e n e r a l o f th e D O F , in w h ic h th e d e s ig n a te d c o m m u n ity w ill b e d e le g a te d rig h ts a n d r e s p o n s ib ili
tie s re g a rd in g th e m a n a g e m e n t a n d im p le m e n ta tio n o f a p p ro p r ia te m e a s u r e s f o r th e s u s ta in a b le u s e o f
a q u a tic r e s o u rc e s . T h ird ly , a “ L o c a l F is h e r y C o m m itte e ” fu n c tio n s a s a m a n a g e m e n t a n d c o o r d in a tio n
b o d y w ith in c e rta in d e fin e d a re a s . Its m e m b e rs h ip c o n s is ts o f fis h e rs , c o m m u n itie s , th e p u b lic , p ro v in c ia l
a n d lo c a l a u th o r itie s , w o r k in g to g e th e r f o r th e p u r p o s e o f m a n a g in g , c o n s e r v in g a n d d e v e lo p in g th e a q u a tic
r e s o u r c e s in d e fin e d a r e a s . G iv e n b y th e M in is tr y o r th e D ir e c to r G e n e r a l, th e lo c a l c o m m itte e h a s th e
e x c lu s iv e a u th o rity to is s u e lo c a l fis h in g p e rm its f o r p a rtic u la r a r e a s , a n d to is s u e w ritte n p e rm is s io n s .
1 1 . T o g e th e r w ith s u c h n e w c o n c e p ts , th e p r o p o s e d n e w fis h e r ie s a c t d e s c r ib e s th e is s u e s o f
c o m m u n ity -b a s e d m a n a g e m e n t. It w ill g iv e a d e s ig n a te d c o m m u n ity r e s p o n s ib ility a n d m a n d a te to c o n tr o l
a n d m a n a g e fis h in g a c tiv itie s in a c e r ta in d e fin e d z o n e . M e m b e r s o f th e c o m m u n ity c a n jo in a d e c is io n -
m a k in g p r o c e s s o f c o a s ta l f is h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t. T h e c o m m u n ity d e v e lo p s its m a n a g e m e n t a n d
im p le m e n ta tio n fu n c tio n s w h ile la w e n fo r c e m e n t ta k e s p la c e . It is n e c e s s a r y to d is c u s s th e a d ju s tm e n t
a n d c o o rd in a tio n a s re g a rd s s h a rin g re s p o n s ib ility a n d th e in te r -lin k s b e tw e e n a d e s ig n a te d c o m m u n ity
a n d lo c a l f is h e ry c o m m itte e .
1 2 . C h a r t 2 in d ic a te s a s y s te m o f r e g is tr a tio n a n d lic e n s in g u n d e r a n e w r e g im e o f f is h e rie s
m a n a g e m e n t ( C h a r t 2 R e g is tr a tio n S y s te m f o r S m a ll- s c a le F is h e r ie s ) . T h e r e m a y b e s e v e r a l p a tte r n s
o f m a n a g e m e n t b o d y a c c o r d in g to th e ty p e s o f fis h e ry , b io lo g ic a l, g e o g ra p h ic a l a n d o th e r s o c io - e c o n o m ic
s u r ro u n d in g s . P r io r to th e e n a c tm e n t o f a n e w f is h e rie s la w , it m a y b e re a lis tic th a t T a m b o l(s ) b e c o m e a
m a n a g e m e n t b o d y th a t u n d e rta k e s r e g is tr a tio n b y ta k in g th e p la c e o f th e D is tr ic t a n d P r o v in c ia l O ff ic e s
o f F is h e rie s . In a c tu a lity , a d is tr ic t o f fic e w o u ld b e u n lik e ly to c o m p le te a ll m a n a g e m e n t a c tiv itie s b e c a u s e
o f a la c k o f b u d g e t a n d p e r s o n a l. I n P a th e w , tw o o f fic e r s a re a s s ig n e d to d o th e r e g is tra tio n , m o n ito rin g ,
a n d a n y o th e r a d m in is tr a tiv e p ro c e d u re s re q u ire d . T h e y m u s t ta k e c a r e o f a fa r w id e r a re a e x te n d in g o v e r
s ix T a m b o ls (s u b -d is tric ts ) . T h e to ta l n u m b e r o f f is h e rs a n d a q u a c u ltu re fa rm e rs a m o u n ts to 6 6 9
e s ta b lis h m e n ts , w h o a r e s c a tte r e d a ll o v e r th e T a m b o ls . E n fo r c e m e n t o f f is h e rie s la w s is v e r y d iffic u lt
w o rk .
C h a r t 2 R e g is t r a t io n S y s t e m f o r S m a ll- s c a le F is h e r ie s
I I I . E le m e n ts o f L B C R M in T a m b o l P a k k lo n g
1 . M a n a g e m e n t o f D e m a r c a t e d Z o n e s
1 3 . T h e p r o je c t p ro p o s a l fo r L B C R M -P D d o e s n o t d e s c rib e w h a t fu n c tio n a n d a u th o r ity a L B C R M
w ill h a v e in T a m b o l P a k k lo n g . T h e c o m p le tio n o f p ro c la im in g a n e w f is h e rie s a c t ta k e s m u c h tim e a n d
m a n y s e q u e n tia l s te p s fo r a d ju s tm e n t a n d c o m p ro m is e a m o n g th e s ta k e h o ld e r s . B e f o re th e c o n te x ts o f
th e n e w a c t a re s e ttle d , a c o m m u n ity - b a s e d m a n a g e m e n t b o d y w ith th e e x c lu s iv e rig h t to c o n tr o l fis h e rie s
a c tiv itie s in th e d e m a r c a te d z o n e s c a n n o t b e e s ta b lis h e d .
L B C R M -P D /R E F 11: G re a te r P eo p le ’s P a rticip a tio n a n d th e In c rea sin g R o le o f L o c a l
G o v e rn m en t in C o a sta l F ish e ries M a n a g e m e n t
1 4 . T h o u g h , h a v in g n o t y e t p r o c la im e d a n e w f is h e r ie s a c t, th e g o v e r n m e n t p u ts f o r w a r d a
d e c e n tra liz a tio n p ro g ra m o f lo c a l a d m in is tr a tio n a n d d e v e lo p m e n t w ith th e e m p o w e r m e n t o f A o .B o .T o s
a n d p e o p le ’s o r g a n iz a tio n s . M a n a g e m e n t a n d c o n s e rv a tio n o f lo c a l r e s o u rc e s a n d th e e n v iro n m e n t a re
th e m a in ta s k s in th e A o .B o .T o (o r n e tw o rk s o f M o o b a a n s ) .6 C o n s id e r in g th e o n - g o in g p ro c e s s o f
d e c e n tr a liz a tio n a n d a n e w fis h e rie s a c t, a n a p p r o p ria te L B C R M in T a m b o l P a k k lo n g s h o u ld b e d e s ig n e d .
1 5 . G iv e n th e c o n d itio n s w h e re b y lo c a l f is h e rs a n d th e D O F a g re e to s e t u p th e d e m a rc a te d z o n e in th e
fro n t o f T a m b o l P a k k lo n g , lo c a l fis h e rs , s ta k e h o ld e rs a n d le a d e r s o f T a m b o l w ill h a v e o p p o rtu n ity w h e re b y
th e y c o n s id e r a p p ro p r ia te r u le s a n d r e g u la tio n s , a c h ie v e c o n s e n s u s a n d g e n e ra te T a m b o l- b a s e d r u le s .
T h e y m a n a g e th e d e m a rc a te d z o n e , b u t n e ith e r th e o c c u p y in g c o a s ta l r e s o u r c e s th e r e n o r e x c lu d in g th o s e
fis h e rs c o m in g fr o m o u ts id e T a m b o l P a k k lo n g . A n y r u le s a n d r e g u la tio n s th a t th e y d r a w u p m u s t n o t s tra in
th e p r e s e n t f is h e rie s la w to s u it th e m s e lv e s .
1 6 . A s s e e n in C h a r t 3 , th e p r e s e n t m a n a g e m e n t re g im e h o ld s a b o u n d a ry 3 k m o u t fr o m th e b e a c h .
T h e a re a in s id e th is lin e is p re s e rv e d f o r s m a ll- s c a le fis h e rie s , p r o h ib itin g d e s tru c tiv e o p e ra tio n s u s in g
tra w ls , p u s h n e ts , a n d o th e r d e s tr u c tiv e fis h in g g e a r ( C h a r t 3 P r e s e n t S y s te m w ith in T h a i T e r r ito r ia l
W a te r s ). I n p r in c ip a l, a n y s m a ll- s c a le f is h e rs c a n a c c e s s th e r e s o u r c e s w ith in th e b o u n d a ry . F re e
e n tra n c e is a b a s ic p r in c ip le . W ith s o m e e x c e p tio n s o f tra d itio n a l b o u n d a rie s in c o m m u n itie s in th e S o u th ,
n o ty p e o f m a n a g e m e n t b o d y p ro c la im s its o w n te r rito ry o r re in f o rc e s a n e x c lu s iv e te rr ito ria l u s e rig h t.
M o re o v e r , ille g a l o p e ra tio n o f d e s tru c tiv e fis h in g d e v ic e s in s id e th e 3 k m b o u n d a r y is c o m m o n . It is v e ry
h a rd fo r p ro v in c ia l a n d c e n tra l g o v e rn m e n ts to e x c is e s tric t c o n tr o l o v e r c o m m e rc ia l f is h in g v e s s e ls o v e r
th e lo n g c o a s tlin e s th ro u g h o u t th e c o u n try . O f c o u rs e , g o v e r n m e n ts h a v e s o f a r e x e rte d e n o rm o u s a m o u n ts
o f e ff o rt to k e e p c o n tr o l o v e r ille g a l e n tra n c e in to th e p r e s e r v e d c o a s ta l z o n e s .
C h a r t 3 P r e s e n t S y s t e m w it h in T h a i T e r r it o r ia l W a t e r s
1 7 . T h e L B C R M - P D p r o p o s e s th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a n a p p ro p ria te m a n a g e m e n t b o d y in c h a rg e o f th e
s u s ta in a b le u s e o f c o a s ta l r e s o u r c e s in th e d e m a rc a te d z o n e , w h ile k e e p in g th e p r e s e n t b o u n d a ry s y s te m
re g u la te d b y th e f is h e rie s a c t ( C h a r t 4 F u n c tio n o f L B C R M - P D ) . R e s o u rc e u s e rs , s ta k e h o ld e r s a n d
lo c a l g o v e rn m e n t a c h ie v e s u c h c o n s e n s u s in c lu d in g r e d u c in g d e s tr u c tiv e fis h in g o p e r a tio n s , a d ju d ic a tin g
c o n flic ts b e tw e e n fis h e rs , m a k in g lo c a l r u le s , e n fo r c in g ru le s , a n d in c r e a s in g c o lla b o ra tio n w ith th e D O F ’s
C h a r t 4 F u n c t io n o f L B C R M - P D
lo c a l a g e n c ie s . H e n c e , th e y a r e d e v o lv e d th e p a r tic u la r a u th o r ity to m a n a g e th e d e m a rc a te d z o n e s in a
p ro p e r m a n n e r b y th e c e n tr a l a n d p r o v in c ia l g o v e rn m e n ts . In a d d itio n , th e m e a n in g o f lo c a l fis h e rs a n d
s ta k e h o ld e rs m a y e x te n d o v e r th o s e p e o p le w h o s e f is h e rie s o p e ra tio n s in v o lv e th e d e m a r c a te d z o n e . T h is
is b e c a u s e a n u m b e r o f fis h in g b o a ts e n te r in to P a th e w B a y f ro m a d ja c e n t T a m b o ls a n d D is tric ts . S tric tly
s p e a k in g , u n d e r th e p r e s e n t r e g im e o f fis h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t, th e s e b o a t o p e r a to rs jo in in th e d e c is io n -
m a k in g p r o c e s s o f m a n a g e m e n t. I n a c tu a lity , tra in in g a n d e d u c a tio n a l a c tiv itie s o fte n ta r g e t f is h e rs in
a d ja c e n t a re a s .
1 8 . I n th e d e v e lo p m e n t p r o c e s s o f L B C R M -P D , lo c a l fis h e rs , s ta k e h o ld e r s , a n d lo c a l g o v e rn m e n ts w ill
d r a w u p a z o n in g p la n in s id e th e d e m a r c a te d z o n e , s h o w n in C h a r t 5 L B C R M - P D : Z o n in g in
D e m a r c a te d A r e a s . A s o th e r re p o r ts d e s c rib e , th e A c tiv ity I I o f L B C R M - P D h a s e n c o u ra g e d th e m to
d is c u s s s e v e ra l u r g e n t is s u e s o n z o n in g a c tiv itie s . T h e y a re a ls o ta r g e te d f o r e s ta b lis h in g a m a n a g e m e n t
b o d y w h o s e fu n c tio n s a r e to g e n e ra te p r o c e d u r e s o f d e c is io n -m a k in g , b u ild in g e ff e c tiv e o rg a n iz a tio n s ,
d e te r m in in g p ro b le m s a n d fin d in g s o lu tio n s , m a k in g p la n s f o r m a n a g e m e n t, c o n s u ltin g w ith re la te d
fis h e rie s a n d g o v e rn m e n t a g e n c ie s , m a k in g a n d a n n o u n c in g ru le s , a n d e n fo r c in g th e m . O b v io u s ly , it ta k e s
m u c h tim e to a c h ie v e th e s e o b je c tiv e s . T h e re s h o u ld b e a s te p -b y - s te p p la n .
2 . O n e P r o p o s a l fo r a M a n a g e m e n t B o d y : R o le o f A o .B o .T o
1 9 . A lth o u g h th e p ro c e s s o f d e c e n tra liz a tio n is s till u n c e rta in , A o .B o .T o w ill b e c o m e a p rim a ry u n it to
w h ic h d is tric t o f fic e s d e v o lv e s e v e ra l a d m in is tra tiv e fu n c tio n s . T h e A o .B o .T o a n d its a d m in is tra tiv e
s y s te m s h o u ld w o r k to g e th e r w ith lo c a l r e s o u r c e s u s e r s . T h e R o y a l P r o je c t C o m m itte e a n d re la te d
g o v e rn m e n t a g e n c ie s s e le c te d a p ro je c t s ite in T a m b o l P a k k lo n g . A s a re s u lt, p ro je c t a c tiv itie s a re
c o n f in e d w ith in th e a r e a o f th e P a k k lo n g A o .B o .T o . T h e d e m a r c a te d z o n e s d o n o t e x te n d th e ir n e ig h b o r in g
T a m b o ls a n d M o o b a a n s , re s tr ic te d to th e s e a in f ro n t o f T a m b o l P a k k lo n g . T h e T a m b o l is re g a r d e d a s a
b a s ic , a d m in is tr a tiv e a n d s o c io - e c o n o m ic u n if o rm ity , r e g a r d le s s o f w h e th e r o r n o t s u c h s e le c tio n m e th o d s
fo r a p r o je c t s ite m ig h t n o t fit in w ith th e re a lity o f p e o p le ’s liv in g a n d p r o d u c in g c o n d itio n s in s id e a n d
o u ts id e th e T a m b o l.
L B C R M -P D /R E F 11 : G re a te r P e o p le’ s P a rtic ip a tio n a n d th e In cre a sin g R o le o f L o c a l
G o v e rn m en t in C o a sta l F ish eries M a n a g em e n t
C h a r t 5 L B C R M - P D : Z o n in g in D e m a r c a t e d A r e a s
2 0 . Id e a lly , a T a m b o l-b a s e d c o a s ta l re s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n t s y s te m , A o .B o .T o s w o u ld h a v e th e
f o llo w in g th re e fu n c tio n s .
1 ) A d m in is t r a t iv e u n it o f fis h e r ie s m a n a g e m e n t
P ro v in c ia l a n d D is tr ic t O ffic e s o f F is h e r ie s p la n to d e le g a te s o m e fu n c tio n s a n d is s u e s to
A o .B o .T o s , lik e r e g is tr a tio n , lic e n s in g , a n d p la n n in g fo r m a n a g e m e n t. A s th e f irs t s te p o f
d e c e n tra liz a tio n , th e A o .B o .T o s m a y a s s is t th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f r e g is tr a tio n o f f is h in g g e a r, f is h in g
b o a ts , a q u a c u ltu re p o n d s , a n d s o o n . In c o lla b o ra tio n w ith s ta ff fr o m th e P a k k lo n g A o .B o .T o , th e
L B C R M - P D id e n tifie s s e le c tiv e fu n c tio n s th a t th e A o .B o .T o a n d c o a s ta l re s o u rc e u s e r s c a n ta k e
o v e r f ro m th e P ro v in c ia l a n d D is tr ic t O f fic e o f F is h e rie s . T h e p r o je c t w ill th e n e x p lo re a T a m b o l-
b a s e d fis h e rie s r e g is tr a tio n s y s te m a n d d e v e lo p it. T h is a tte m p t, h o w e v e r, w ill b e d o n e o n a
v o lu n ta r y b a s is b y th e tim e o f th e c o m p le tio n o f th e a m e n d m e n ts to th e f is h e r ie s a c t a n d
re g u la tio n s .
2 ) S u p p o r t r e s o u r c e u s e r s ’ a c tiv itie s o n c o a s ta l r e s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n t
T o a c h ie v e c o n s e n s u s a n d a g re e m e n t o n th e s u s ta in a b le u s e o f th e d e m a rc a te d c o a s ta l
z o n e s , th e A o .B o .T o s u p p o rts f is h e rs a n d re s o u rc e u s e r a c tiv itie s in v a rio u s w a y s . E s ta b lis h in g a n d
m a n a g in g u s e r ’s g r o u p s a re c o re a c tiv itie s . T h e A o .B o .T o e n c o u r a g e s th e p e o p le to jo in th e g r o u p s ,
a n d in v o lv e th e m s e lv e s in r e s o u rc e m a n a g e m e n t.
3 ) L e g itim a te r e s o u r c e u s e r d e c is io n s a n d a g r e e m e n t s
T h e P a k k lo n g A o .B o .T o m a y fin d d iffic u lty in e x te n d in g its fu n c tio n to th e m a n a g e m e n t o f
lo c a l re s o u rc e s a n d th e e n v ir o n m e n t b e c a u s e o f a la c k o f p e r s o n n e l a n d b u d g e t. H o w e v e r, th e
A o .B o .T o e n a b le s le g itim a te re s o u rc e u s e r d e c is io n s a n d th e ir a g re e m e n ts . I t is a n a u to n o m o u s
a d m in is tr a tiv e o rg a n in p o litic a l a n d b u d g e ta r y te rm s , w h o s e c o u n c il m e m b e rs a re e le c te d fro m th e
p u b lic th ro u g h d e m o c ra tic v o tin g p ro c e d u re s . A t th e la s t s ta g e o f d e c is io n - m a k in g a s r e g a r d s th e
m a n a g e m e n t o f th e d e m a rc a te d z o n e s , th e A o .B o .T o c o u n c il a llo w s ru le s a n d r e g u la tio n s w ith th e
c o n s e n s u s o f th e p e o p le .
2 1 . T h e re m a y a ris e s o m e d o u b t a n d d is a g re e m e n t o v e r w h e th e r a n A o .B o .T o is m a tu r e e n o u g h to
ta k e c h a rg e o f c o a s ta l re s o u rc e m a n a g e m e n t. I t h a s ju s t s ta rte d w ith d e v e lo p m e n t a t g ra d u a l p a c e . I n
a c tu a l im p le m e n ta tio n , fis h e r s a n d r e s o u r c e u s e r o rg a n iz a tio n s - o f w h a te v e r ty p e - s h o u ld b e th e
f o u n d a tio n o f th e s e lf- re g u la to ry m a n a g e m e n t o f d e m a r c a te d c o a s ta l z o n e s .
3 . C o m m u n ity ( M o o b a a n )- B a s e d M a n a g e m e n t U n it a n d I ts R o le s
2 2 . A t p re s e n t, fis h e rs a n d a n y s ta k e h o ld e r s jo in th e d is c u s s io n a n d d e c is io n -m a k in g p r o c e s s o f
c o m m u n ity d e v e lo p m e n t a n d s o c ia l w e lf a r e a s p e c ts a t M o o b a a n le v e l. T h e M o o b a a n w o rk s a s a
f u n d a m e n ta l u n it o f lo c a l a d m in is tra tio n , a n d th e u n ifo rm ity o f p e o p le . C o m m u n ity -b a s e d m a n a g e m e n t
u n its ( C B M U ) e x is t in th e M o o b a a n , o r M o o b a a n a d m in is tr a tio n m a y w o rk a s C B M U . I n fa c t, a s
S u a n ra tth a n a c h a i e t a l re p o rt o n th e z o n in g o f f is h c a g e f a rm s , p e o p le firs t d is c u s s m a tte r s a t M o o b a a n
re g u la r m e e tin g s a n d e x c h a n g e o p in io n s ( S u a n ra tta n a c h a i, P e tc h k a m n e rd , a n d A u im ro d , 2 0 0 3 ).
2 3 . I t is id e a l th a t th e C B M U b e c o m e s a p rim a ry u n it a t M o o b a a n le v e l th a t fu n c tio n s in a t le a s t s ix
ro le s ( T a b le 1 R o le s o f C B M U ) . C B M U s a c t in d e te c tin g p r o b le m s a n d fin d in g s o lu tio n s o n c o a s ta l
r e s o u rc e m a n a g e m e n t a t b o th M o o b a a n a n d T a m b o l le v e ls . T h e y p r o v id e a w id e v a rie ty o f o p p o rtu n itie s
w h e r e b y th e p e o p le o b ta in c o n s e n s u s o n h o w to r e g u la te fis h in g a n d a q u a c u ltu re o p e r a tio n s in th e
d e m a r c a te d c o a s ta l z o n e s . A c c o r d in g to th e a g r e e m e n ts th a t th e p e o p le re a c h , th e C B M U s e x te n d th e ir
o w n ru le s a n d e n fo r c e th e m . A d ju s tin g a n d c o o rd in a tin g to re d u c e c o n flic t in th e d e m a r c a te d z o n e s a re
th e r e s p o n s ib ility o f th e C B M U s . T h e y re p re s e n t a fo rm a l a n d c o re o r g a n iz a tio n o f f is h e rie s a n d re s o u rc e
u s e r s in T a m b o l P a k k lo n g .
T a b le 1 C o m m u n ity - b a s e d M a n a g e m e n t U n it s
F u n c t io n s :
1 . R e p r e s e n ta tiv e A c t a s r e p re s e n ta tiv e a n d u n ity o f re s o u r c e u s e rs in th e p r im a ry u n it
2 . C o n s e n s u s O r g a n iz e a p r o c e s s o f g a in in g c o n s e n s u s a m o n g r e s o u rc e u s e rs
3 . S u g g e s tio n S u g g e s t d ire c tio n s o f c o a s ta l r e s o u rc e m a n a g e m e n t a n d c o m m u n ity
d e v e lo p m e n t A o .B o .T o .
4 . I m p le m e n ta tio n U n d e rta k e c o n s e r v a tio n a n d m a n a g e m e n t a c tiv itie s in lin e w ith c o n s e n s u s
a n d a g re e m e n t
5 . E n f o rc e m e n t E n fo rc e la w s , m o n ito r in g a n d c o n tro llin g irre s p o n s ib le p ro d u c tio n
6 . A d ju s tm e n t A d ju s t in te r e s ts b e tw e e n a r e a s a n d re d u c e c o n flic ts
2 4 . W h a t is m o s t im p o rta n t is n o t o r g a n iz in g a C B M U , b u t c r e a tin g a n e f fe c tiv e in s titu tio n a l
a rr a n g e m e n t to e n c o u r a g e fis h e rs a n d r e s o u r c e s u s e rs f o rw a rd r e a liz in g th e s e o b je c tiv e s a t T a m b o l le v e l.
T h e fo llo w in g is s u e s o n th e o r g a n iz a tio n a n d a c tiv itie s o f C B M U s s h o u ld b e c o n s id e r e d in d e p th :
1 ) A M o o b a a n - b a s e d O r g a n iz a t io n w ith o p e n m e m b e r s h ip
U n d e r th e p re s e n t lo c a l a d m in is tr a tiv e a rr a n g e m e n ts , a M o o b a a n fu n c tio n s a s a p rim a ry
a d m in is tra tiv e u n it s ta n d in g b e tw e e n th e p e o p le a n d th e A o .B o .T o , a n d c o v e r s a w id e ra n g e o f
lo c a l c o n c e rn s . N a tu r a lly , th e M o o b a a n a d m in is tr a tiv e u n it m u s t o p e n its m e m b e r s h ip to a ll
r e s id e n ts . G e o g ra p h ic a lly , in T a m b o l P a k k lo n g , s o m e M o o b a a n s b e c o m e a n a c tu a l u n it o f p e o p le ’s
life a n d p r o d u c tio n . T h e y p ro v id e p o litic a l a n d e c o n o m ic c o h e s io n . T h e re fo r e , a M o o b a a n -b a s e d
L B C R M -P D /R E F 1 1 : G re a te r P eo p le ’ s P a rticip a tio n a n d th e In cre a sin g R o le o f L o c a l
G o v ern m e n t in C o a sta l F ish erie s M a n a g em e n t
fr a m e w o r k o f r e s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n t e n c o u r a g e s g r e a te r p a r tic ip a tio n b y th e fis h e rs a n d r e s o u rc e
u s e rs in a d e c is io n -m a k in g p r o c e s s .
2 ) C o v e r a g e a r e a o f C B M U
A C B M U d o e s n o t n e e d to re s tric t its m e m b e rs h ip a n d a c tiv itie s w ith in o n e M o o b a a n , if
s e v e r a l M o o b a a n s h a v e g e o g r a p h ic , e n v ir o n m e n ta l a n d s o c io - c u ltu r a l a s p e c ts in c o m m o n .
O r g a n iz a tio n a n d m e m b e r s h ip s h o u ld b e fle x ib ly c h a n g e d . F o r e x a m p le , M o o b a a n N o s . 1 a n d 6 a re
in th e s a m e n e ig h b o rh o o d . F is h e rs m o s tly a n c h o r b o a ts in th e s a m e b e a c h a n d g o to th e s a m e
fis h in g g r o u n d s . T h e y o f te n s h a re tra in in g a n d e d u c a tio n p ro g ra m s , to o .
3 ) A d d in g r e s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n t fu n c tio n s , t r a n s f o r m in g th e c u r r e n tly e x is tin g g r o u p s ,
o r n e w ly e s t a b lis h in g o n e s ?
I f a M o o b a a n a d m in is tra tio n s e c u r e s p e o p le ’s p a r tic ip a tio n in c o a s ta l r e s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n t,
it is u n n e c e s s a ry to o rg a n iz e a n y n e w m a n a g e m e n t u n its . J u s t a d d in g s e v e r a l fu n c tio n s o f re s o u r c e
m a n a g e m e n t to th e M o o b a a n a d m in is tr a tio n w ill b e v e r y c o s t- e f fe c tiv e , in c a s e s w h e re th e
m a jo rity o f h o u s e h o ld s a re e n g a g e d in f is h e r ie s a c tiv itie s .
In o th e r c a s e s , f is h e r s a n d re s o u r c e u s e rs tra n s f o rm th e f is h e r s ’ g r o u p s c u r re n tly e x is tin g
in to a m a n a g e m e n t u n it, w h ic h a ls o s e e m s m o re r a tio n a l a n d c o s t-e ff e c tiv e r a th e r th a n to n e w ly
e s ta b lis h g r o u p s . B u t, th e f is h e r s ’ g ro u p s c u rr e n tly e x is tin g a t th e p ro je c t s ite a re lik e ly to c lo s e th e ir
m e m b e r s h ip .7 W ith o u t o p e n -a c c e s s to m e m b e r s h ip fo r a ll f is h e r s a n d re s o u r c e u s e rs , th e s e g r o u p s
w o u ld n o t fu n c tio n a s a m a n a g e m e n t u n it.
4 ) C o m b in a tio n w it h p a r tic u la r t y p e s o f f is h e r ie s g r o u p s
A p r im a r y m a n a g e m e n t u n it ( C B M U ) h a s a r e a - b a s e d m e m b e rs h ip , n o t a n o c c u p a tio n a lly
b a s e d ( fis h in g g e a r) o n e . T h is n o lo n g e r m e a n s th a t it w o u ld b e u n n e c e s s a ry to o rg a n iz e a n y
o c c u p a tio n a lly b a s e d u n its . T h o s e e n g a g e d in f is h c a g e a n d s h e llf is h c u ltu re h a v e a lr e a d y
e s ta b lis h e d g r o u p s . T h e y a re e x p e c te d to h o ld re s p o n s ib ility f o r th e m a n a g e m e n t o f c u ltu r e g r o u n d s ,
w h o s e m e m b e rs h ip e x te n d s o v e r th e w h o le a r e a o f th e T a m b o l. A r e a -b a s e d a n d fis h e rie s -ty p e -
b a s e d m a n a g e m e n t b o d ie s w ill c o e x is t a n d w o r k to g e th e r to s o lv e m a n y d iff e r e n t p r o b le m s . T h e y
w ill re c ip ro c a lly s u p p o r t e a c h o th e r, a s e a c h ty p e h a s b o th a d v a n ta g e s a n d d is a d v a n ta g e s .
2 5 . T h e r e m a y b e m u c h a rg u m e n t o n o r g a n iz a tio n a l p r in c ip le s a n d a c tiv ity g u id e lin e s th a t w ill
e v e n tu a lly b e a d o p te d a t th e p r o je c t s ite . T h e p e o p le th e m s e lv e s a r e s e e k in g a d e q u a te m a n a g e m e n t u n its
a n d c r e a tin g in s titu tio n a l a rra n g e m e n ts .
IV . L B C R M : A s a T o ta l S y s te m w it h a C B M U s N e t w o r k
1 . A R e a lis t ic A p p r o a c h t o L B C R M
2 6 . I n lo c a l a d m in is tr a tio n , th e A o .B o .T o s y s te m h a s ju s t b e g u n to d e v e lo p w ith th e c o n c e s s iv e s u p p o r t
o f g o v e r n m e n t, s o th a t it is s till w e a k . It is u n r e a lis tic to h o ld th e A o .B o .T o f u lly re s p o n s ib le f o r c o a s ta l
fis h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t f ro m a n e a r ly s ta g e , a lth o u g h it is e x p e c te d th a t th e A o .B o .T o w ill in c r e a s e its
f u n c tio n a n d ro le in lo c a l re s o u rc e a n d e n v ir o n m e n ta l m a n a g e m e n t. E v e n a fte r th e A o .B o .T o h a s m a tu re d
e n o u g h to m a n a g e lo c a l r e s o u r c e u tiliz a tio n , it m u s t d e p e n d o n th e p e o p le ’s e n th u s ia s tic p a rtic ip a tio n a n d
in v o lv e m e n t.
2 7 . A n L B C R M c o n ta in s th r e e s u b s ta n tia l e le m e n ts , th a t is , A o .B o .T o , C B M U s a n d a n e tw o r k o f
C B M U s (C h a r t 6 F r a m e w o r k o f L B C R M ) . I n a c tu a l im p le m e n ta tio n o f c o a s ta l fis h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t
in T a m b o l P a k k lo n g , th e n e tw o rk th a t a ll C B M U s jo in w ill s ta n d a t th e c e n te r .
C h a r t 6 F r a m e w o r k o f L B C R M
2 8 . S u c h a n e tw o rk is to a r ra n g e a n d c o n d u c t s e lf- re g u la tin g a c tiv itie s a t T a m b o l le v e l. It re s o lv e s
c o n f lic ts b e tw e e n M o o b a a n s , a n d b e tw e e n d iff e re n t ty p e s o f f is h e rie s . S h a rin g r e s p o n s ib ility b e tw e e n th e
P a k k lo n g A o .B o .T o a n d th e n e tw o rk w ill c h a n g e fle x ib ly , a c c o r d in g to th e le v e l o f p e o p le ’s p a r tic ip a tio n
a n d in v o lv e m e n t. I n a n y c a s e , a L B C R M p la n s to w o r k a s a h o lis tic m a n a g e m e n t b o d y c o v e rin g th e a re a
o f th e p ro je c t s ite . T h is s h o u ld b e a fo r m a l in s titu tio n a l a rra n g e m e n t, w id e ly a c k n o w le d g e d b y th e p e o p le .
O th e rw is e , c o n fu s io n w o u ld a ris e a n d a s tru g g le fo r le g itim a c y o f c o n s e n s u s a n d a g re e m e n t a m o n g th e
p e o p le .
2 9 . It is te n ta tiv e ly p ro p o s e d th a t a n L B C R M s h o u ld b e c o n s titu te d w ith th e P a k k lo n g A o .B o .T o a n d
C B M U s w h o s e m e m b e rs h ip is lim ite d to th e T a m b o l P a k k lo n g a re a . T h is d o e s n o t m e a n th a t s u c h a n
L B C R M fr a m e w o r k is c o n f in e d to its m a n d a te a n d c o n tro l o v e r o n ly o n e T a m b o l. T h e re m a y b e a n
e n o r m o u s n u m b e r o f v a r ia tio n s o f th e L B C R M fr a m e w o rk , g iv e n d iff e r e n t g e o g r a p h ic a l, r e s o u r c e
e n v iro n m e n ts , a n d s o c io -e c o n o m ic s u rr o u n d in g s . E v e n in T a m b o l P a k k lo n g , d iff e re n t p a tte rn s o f L B C R M
c o u ld b e p r o p o s e d , w h e n c o n s id e r in g th e fa c t th a t th o s e o u ts id e r e s id e n tia l f is h e rs u s u a lly e n c ro a c h u p o n
th e d e m a rc a te d c o a s ta l z o n e s to fis h . T h ro u g h e x p e rim e n ts in th is p r o je c t, a m o r e a d e q u a te m o d e l o f
L B C R M fittin g w ith th e r e a lity o f c o a s ta l r e s o u r c e u tiliz a tio n w o u ld b e s e a rc h e d fo r.
3 0 . I t is n o t a lw a y s r a tio n a l th a t a lo c a l fis h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t b o d y s h o u ld b e e s ta b lis h e d in lin e w ith
th e lo c a l a d m in is tra tiv e s y s te m c u r re n tly p re v a ilin g . U n d e r d e -fa c to o p e n a c c e s s to c o a s ta l re s o u rc e ,
f is h e rs a n d re s o u rc e u s e rs m o re fr e e ly a n d fle x ib ly e x p lo r e a q u a tic re s o u rc e s f a r b e y o n d th e ir o w n
re s id e n tia l a r e a s . C B M U s a n d th e ir n e tw o r k s fle x ib ly e x te n d in g th e ir o r g a n iz a tio n a n d a c tiv ity o v e r T a m b o ls
w ill b e m o re e ff e c tiv e a n d re a lis tic th a n if lo c a l a d m in is tra tiv e a n d b u r e a u c ra tic lin e s r e s tric t th e m . In
o th e r w o rd s , th e C B M U s a n d th e n e tw o rk s s h o u ld s te e r in a n y d ire c tio n o f L B C R M in s te a d o f lo c a l
a d m in istra tio n .
2 . W h a t R o le s a n d I s s u e s B e D e v o lv e d t o t h e L B C R M - P D ?
3 1 . It is s till u n c e rta in w h a t ro le s a n d is s u e s w o u ld b e d e v o lv e d to L B C R M - P D b y th e g o v e rn m e n t in
th e p ilo t p r o je c t. A t p r e s e n t, th e L B C R M - P D a c tiv ity is n o t c le a r ly d e fin e d , o r g a n iz a tio n , le g itim a c y a n d
c o v e ra g e a re a o f a u th o rity . E v e r y th in g m a y d e p e n d o n th e fu tu re fo r m u la tio n o f a n e w f is h e r ie s a c t. A s a
p ilo t p ro je c t, th e L B C R M -P D h a s s ta rte d w ith th e m a n a g e m e n t o f th e d e m a rc a te d z o n e . T h is c a n n o t b e
c a te g o riz e d in to “ te r rito r ia l u s e rig h t in fis h e rie s ( T U R F )” w ith e x c lu d a b ility a n d n o n -c o m p e titiv e n e s s .
P ro b a b ly , it w ill b e d e f in e d th a t th e L B C R M - P D a s th e m a n a g e m e n t p r o g ra m m e s ta n d in g a t th e s ta rtin g
p o in t o f “ lo o s e ly -c o n tr o lle d c o m m u n a l p r o p e r ty re s o u rc e s ” . (C h a r t 7 C h a r a c te r is tic s o f C o m m o n
R e s o u r c e s in C o a s ta l M a n a g e m e n t) . I t is n o t r e a lis tic th a t th e L B C R M - P D s h o u ld b e c o m e a
L B C R M -P D /R E F 1 1: G rea ter P eo p le ’s P a rtic ip a tio n a n d th e In c rea sin g R o le o f L o ca l
G o v ern m en t in C o a sta l F ish e rie s M a n a g e m en t
C h a r t 7 C h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f C o m m o n R e s o u r c e s in C o a s ta l M a n a g e m e n t
C h a r t 8 M e c h a n is m o f D e c e n t r a liz a t io n
m a n a g e m e n t b o d y w ith T U R F s . L o c a l re s id e n ts d o n o t d e s ire to b u ild s u c h a tig h tly - c o n tr o lle d s y s te m in
th e f r o n t o f th e ir M o o b a a n s a n d T a m b o l. B u t th e y n e e d to m a k e lo c a l r u le s fo r th e s u s ta in a b le u s e o f
ta r g e te d r e s o u r c e s , a n d im p o s e th e ir o w n ru le s o n in s id e a n d o u ts id e r e s id e n tia l f is h e rs . T h e L B C R M - P D
th e n e x e rc is e s ju ris d ic tio n o v e r th e d e m a r c a te d z o n e , f u lly s u p p o rte d b y th e P r o v in c ia l a n d D is tr ic t O ff ic e s
o f F is h e rie s . T h is in c lu d e s th e e lim in a tio n o f ille g a l a n d d e s tru c tiv e f is h in g o p e ra tio n s fr o m th e d e m a rc a te d
z o n e .
3 2 . A t o n e a n d th e s a m e tim e , th e c o n s u lta tiv e a n d in fo r m a tiv e p r o c e s s e s a n d p ro c e d u re s th a t th e
P ro v in c ia l a n d D is tr ic t O ffic e s o f F is h e rie s w o u ld r e q u ire , th e L B C R M - P D s h o u ld b e s h o r te n e d a n d
r e d u c e d a s m u c h a s p o s s ib le . W h ile r e d u c in g th e p r o je c t s ta ff a n d g o v e rn m e n t o f fic e rs ’ in v o lv e m e n t, th e
L B C R M - P D (f is h e r s , s ta k e h o ld e r s , p e o p le ’s g ro u p s , M o o b a a n -b a s e d a r ra n g e m e n ts , a n d A o .B o .T o ) w ill
e x p a n d th e c o v e ra g e a r e a o f e x e r c is in g ju r is d ic tio n s . T h e y w o u ld lik e to e x p lo r e a s h o rte r a n d s im p le r
d e c is io n m a k in g a n d c o n s u lta tio n p ro c e s s o f z o n e m a n a g e m e n t.
3 3 . A s a p ilo t p ro je c t, th e P ro v in c ia l a n d D is tric t O ffic e s o f F is h e rie s m a y p la n to d e v o lv e s o m e s e le c te d
is s u e s a n d ro le s o n r e g is tra tio n a n d lic e n s in g . T h e y a re m o s tly r e la te d to s m a ll-s c a le fis h e rie s , a n d th e ir
m e a n s o f p r o d u c tio n in c lu d in g fis h in g b o a ts a n d m a jo r d e v ic e s . A r e g is tr a tio n s y s te m w ill b e e x p e rim e n te d
w ith o n a v o lu n ta ry b a s is w ith in th e fr a m e w o rk o f th e p re s e n t fis h e rie s a c t. T h e L B C R M -P D w ill s e e k a n
e ffe c tiv e a n d s im p le r e g is tr a tio n s y s te m f o r s m a ll-s c a le a n d c o a s ta l fis h e rie s .
3 . L B C R M W ill S t a n d a s th e F o u n d a tio n o f a D e c e n tr a liz e d S y s te m
3 4 . I t is p r e d ic te d th a t th e o n e p o s s ib le m e c h a n is m o f d e c e n tra liz e d c o a s ta l fis h e rie s m a n a g e m e n t
r e g im e , is s h o w n in C h a r t 8 (C h a r t 8 M e c h a n is m o f D e c e n tr a liz a tio n ) .8 T h is c h a r t illu s tra te s ju s t o n e
p r o c e s s o f h o w to d e v o lv e c e n tra l a u th o r ity to th e lo c a l le v e l s ta g e b y s ta g e . A c c o r d in g to th e d r a f t o f th e
n e w fis h e rie s a c t, th e “ lo c a l fis h e ry c o m m itte e ” m a y s ta n d b e tw e e n th e c e n tr a l g o v e r n m e n t a n d lo c a l
le v e ls . T h e c o m m itte e h o ld s g r e a t r e s p o n s ib ility f o r a d ju s tm e n t a n d c o o r d in a tio n a m o n g d if fe r e n t a re a s ,
a n d a m o n g d iff e r e n t ty p e s o f f is h e rie s . T h e c o v e ra g e a r e a o f th e f is h e rie s c o m m itte e is f a r b e y o n d th a t o f
a L B C R M u n it. T h e c o m m itte e m a y f u n c tio n a s a p ro v in c ia l a n d re g io n a l m a n a g e m e n t b o d y , c o n s is tin g o f
a n u m b e r o f L B C R M u n its .
3 5 . A n L B C R M is a p r im a r y m a n a g e m e n t u n it in a d e c e n tr a liz e d c o a s ta l f is h e r ie s m a n a g e m e n t r e g im e ,
s ta n d in g b e tw e e n th e lo c a l fis h e ry c o m m itte e a n d lo c a l c o m m u n itie s . W h a te v e r th e ty p e , a n in te r m e d ia r y
a n d r e g io n a l in s titu tio n w ill b e re q u ire d to a c h ie v e e f fe c tiv e a n d s u s ta in a b le m a n a g e m e n t o f c o a s ta l
re s o u rc e s . T h e c o m m itte e m a y p a rtly c o n ta in a n a s s e m b ly o f L B C R M u n its w ith in a d e fin e d lo c a lity ,
w h ile g o v e rn m e n t f is h e rie s a g e n c ie s , p r o v in c ia l a n d d is tric t o ffic e s in s tr u c t o n th e c o m m itte e ’s a c tiv itie s .
R e f e r e n c e
S u a n r a tta n a c h a i P ., P e tc h k a m n e r d J ., a n d A u im ro d S ., 2 0 0 3 . E x p e r ie n c e o n Z o n in g o f F is h C a g e a n d
S h e llfis h C u ltu re s A r e a s , th e S e m in a r R e p o rt.
L B C R M -P D /R E F 1 1: G rea ter P e o p le ’s P a rticip a tio n a n d th e In cre a sin g R o le o f L o c a l
G o v ern m e n t in C o a sta l F ish erie s M a n a g em e n t
N o te s:
1 At the time TD and the DOF made a project proposal in 2001, the government had not yet defined a direction of decentralization in agriculture, fisheries, and forestry.2 The main laws and regulations are as follows; 1) The Fisheries Act, B.E. 2490 (1947), 2) The Act Government the Right to Fish in Thai Fisheries Water, B.E. 2482 (1939), 3) The Thai Vessels Act, B.E. 2481 (1938).3 If necessary, these authorities should proclaim provincial regulations, ministry regulations, and department regulations, respectively.4 The discussion hereafter will be based upon “Fisheries Act, B.E. 25— (Draft)”, which is discussed in public.5 A “Designated community” means the persons who have the right to harvest aquatic resources within a designated community fishery area or have been given the authority to manage and implement measures related to aquatic resources within a designated community fisheries area.6 There is much disagreement over whether the Ao.Bo.To and/or local communities become owners of local resources. In the recent development of the reforestation program since the 1990s, the concept of social forestry has developed and has recently become widespread through the North and the Northeast. However, agreement has not yet been reached as regards common property rights of forestry resources. This is a very controversial issue.
7 These groups have dealt in the provision of micro finance to their members, with a DOF subsidy to lending funds.8 This chart and the description here are not based upon any official statement, but based upon the author’s (Yamao’s) personal view. The author assumes full responsibility for illustrating this chart and the description.
R e g is t r a t io n S y s t e m s
F is h in g B o a ts a n d O p e r a tio n s (G e a r s )
R e q u ir e m e n t f o r O u tp u t C o n tr o l & I n p u t C o n tr o l
1) Establishment of registration fitting in with patterns of fisheries
2) Registration agencies: according to patterns of fisheries, types of management, etc.
3) Registration links to Licensing
D is tr ic t O f f ic e o f F is h e r ie s in P a t h e w