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ÙĈÿĈÙĆâ : ýćÿêøćüčí ÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ îĆÖøï ĀúĆÖåćîìćÜðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤ
Weapons of Sri Dvaravati warriors from historical evidence in the Dvaravati period Supitchar Jindawattanaphum
Social Studies Program Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University Supitchra59@yahoo.co.th
Abstract
Weapons refer to sharp objects that can be stabbed, various weapons. Weapons or weapons are therefore important tools of Thai warriors since ancient times. It is one of the inventions of humanity that reflects the combination of culture, beliefs, shape creation. and the steps used in the production of each ethnic group resulting from the invention of indigenous wisdom Influenced by foreign cultures that pass on the prosperity of the metal karma which has evolved continuously and for a long time. There is historical and archaeological evidence that indicates that ancient weapons were found in Thailand. It began to develop since prehistoric times. Since around the 1st Buddhist century onwards. In the Dvaravati period Archaeological evidence has been discovered that confirms the use of weapons such as swords, knives and spears, which appear in stucco sculptures of people in the Dvaravati period. found in Nakhon Pathom Province and warrior- shaped pottery patterns found in the ancient city of Chan Sen Nakhon Sawan Province by considering the dress and weapons in hand It is assumed that the figure is a warrior. Such evidence can attest to the existence of the monarchy. and warriors in the Dvaravati period.
From the study, it was found that the styles of weapons of the Dvaravati period, such as swords, were influenced by ancient Chinese swords called "Huan Shuo Tao" or "sword after the hoop" or a straight blade called "Hengdao" that has been used since the Han Dynasty and the patterns of weapons may have been influenced by the devaracha beliefs and religious belief systems of Brahmins and Buddhism in the Dvaravati period. that appears in the shield which are auspicious symbols such as lotus, conch, swan and lion. In addition, weapons in the Dvaravati period may be used to represent the dignity of the owner Therefore, the form of weapons in the Dvaravati period that appeared may not be created for the sole benefit of use but has hidden foreign influences such as India and China in addition, the beliefs that arise from the transmission of patterns and simulating symbols of the gods have also been received or the weapon of the gods given to mankind to destroy the enemy for the victory against demons and fear. Therefore, it can be said that good weapons bring victory to the possessor. Weapons are therefore objects of belief, faith, ties, and rituals as the auspiciousness of life.
Keywords: weapons, Dvaravati, warrior, historical evidence.
1.ïìîĈ
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2. ÙüćöĀöć÷ ÙüćöÿĈÙĆâ ĒúąðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøćüčí×ĂÜĕì÷
2.1 ÙüćöĀöć÷ ĒúąÙüćöÿĈÙĆâ
öĊîĉ÷ćöÙüćöĀöć÷×ĂÜÙĈüŠć ýćÿêøćüčí ýĆêøćüčí ĒúąĂćüčí ĕüš éĆÜîĊĚ
óÝîćîčÖøöÞïĆïøćßïĆèæĉê÷ÿëćî ĔĀšÙüćöĀöć÷×ĂÜÙĈüŠć ýćÿêøćüčí ĀøČĂýĆêøćüčí ĕüšüŠć
ÙĈüŠć ýĆÿêøćüčí öćÝćÖÙĈõćþćÿĆîÿÖùêüŠć ýÿďêďø (ĂŠćîüŠć ÿĆé-êďøą) ĒðúüŠć đÙøČęĂÜôŦîĒìÜ ÖĆïÙĈüŠć Ăćüčí. ÙĈ üŠć ýĆÿêøćüčí ÝċÜĀöć÷ëċÜ×ĂÜöĊÙö đÙøČęĂÜôŦîĒìÜ ĒúąĂćüčíêŠćÜ ė ìĊęĔßšĔîÖćøúŠć ðøąĀćø ìĈøšć÷øŠćÜÖć÷ ðŜĂÜÖĆî ĀøČĂêŠĂÿĎš ÖĆï òść÷êøÜךćö đߊî öĊé éćï ĀĂÖ Üšćü íîĎ. ÙĈüŠć ýĆÿêøćüčí ĔßšĔîüøøèÙéĊ đߊî ýĆÿêøćüčíĂøĉîìøŤ DzëĎÖ ĂÜÙŤđĂ÷. ĒúąĂćÝĔßšđðŨîÙĈ øćßćýĆóìŤüŠć øćßýĆÿêøćüčí [2]
ÙĈüŠć Ăćüčí đðŨîõćþćïćúĊ Āöć÷ëċÜ ÿĉęÜìĊęÙîëČĂđĂćĕðøïÖĆî đðŨîđÙøČęĂÜöČĂìĊęĔßšĔîÖćøìĈøšć÷ ìĈúć÷ ðŜĂÜÖĆî êŠĂÿĎš ĀøČĂ ÛŠć đߊî ÖšĂîĀĉî ĕöšÙöĒòÖ öĊé ðŚî øąđïĉé [3]
ÙĈüŠć ýćÿêøćüčí ĀøČĂýĆÿêøćüčí Āöć÷ëċÜ ĂćüčíìĊęĔßšĔîÖćøøï đðŨîĂćüčíìĊęöĊÙüćöøšć÷ĒøÜ öĊĂĈîćÝĔîÖćøìĈúć÷úšćÜÿĎÜ øüöìĆĚÜðŚîñćĀîšćĕöšìĊęđðŨîđÙøČęĂÜìĈúć÷úšćÜýĆêøĎ.
ÙĈüŠć ýĆÿêøćüčí öćÝćÖÙĈõćþćÿĆîÿÖùêüŠć ýÿďêďø (ĂŠćîüŠć ÿĆé-êďøą) ĒðúüŠć đÙøČęĂÜôŦîĒìÜ ÖĆïÙĈüŠć Ăćüčí.
éĆÜîĆĚî ÙĈüŠć ýĆÿêøćüčí ÝċÜĀöć÷ëċÜ×ĂÜöĊÙö đÙøČęĂÜôŦîĒìÜ ĒúąĂćüčíêŠćÜ ė ìĊęĔßšĔîÖćøúŠć ðøąĀćø ìĈøšć÷øŠćÜÖć÷
ðŜĂÜÖĆî ĀøČĂêŠĂÿĎš ÖĆïòść÷êøÜךćö đߊî öĊé éćï ĀĂÖ Üšćü íîĎ đðŨîêšî
ĂćüčíöĊĀúć÷ßîĉé ĒêŠìĊęđøĊ÷ÖđÞóćąüŠćýĆêøćüčí ÝąêšĂÜđðŨîðøąđõììĊęöĊÙö đߊî éćï ĔßšÙöôŦîĀøČĂđÞČĂé ĀĂÖ Āúćü ĔßšÙö ìĉęöĀøČĂĒìÜ ĂćüčíïćÜĂ÷ŠćÜÝąĔßšđøĊ÷ÖüŠćýĆêøćüčíĕöŠĕéšđóøćąĕöŠöĊÙö đߊî ĕöšóúĂÜ ĒúąÖøąïĂÜ
éšü÷đĀêčîĊĚ ĂćÝÖúŠćüĕéšüŠć ÙĈüŠć Ăćüčí öĊÙüćöĀöć÷ÖüšćÜÖüŠć ýĆÿêøćüčí Ēúą ýćÿêøćüčí đóøćąüŠćöĊÙüćöĀöć÷ìĊęøüöĕð ëċÜĂćüčíìĆĚÜìĊęöĊÙöĒúąĕöŠöĊÙö ĒúąøüöëċÜÿêĉðŦââćĀøČĂÿĉęÜĂČęîìĊęÿćöćøëĔßšìĈúć÷úšćÜñĎšĂČęîĕéš
2.2 ÙüćöÿĈÙĆâ ĒúąðøąüĆêĉÖćøĔßšýćÿêøćüčí
ÝćÖĀúĆÖåćîìćÜðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤĒúąēïøćèÙéĊ ÖúŠćüüŠć ĂćüčíøĎðĒïïĒøÖÿčéÝćÖÖćøÿĆîîĉþåćî×ĂÜîĆÖēïøćèÙéĊ ēé÷öĊ êĆüĂ÷ŠćÜĀĉîìĊęöĊđúČĂéÿĆêüŤìĊęđÖŠćĒÖŠìĊęÿčéìĊę÷ĆÜÙÜöĊĂ÷ĎŠêĆĚÜĒêŠÿöĆ÷îćêćú đöČęĂðøąöćè 64,000 ðŘÖŠĂî ðŦÝÝčïĆîĂ÷ĎŠìĊęĒĂôøĉÖćĔêš [4] ÿŠüî ĂćüčíìĊęöĊÙüćöđÖŠćĒÖŠìĊęÿčéìĊęöîčþ÷ŤøčŠîĒøÖ ė ðøąéĉþåŤ×ċĚîöć ÙČĂ ĀĂÖĕöš (wooden spear) ìĊęöĊúĆÖþèąðúć÷ĒĀúö ēé÷öĊÖćø Ùšîóï ÝĞćîüî 3 ßĉĚî ĒúąĕöšßŠü÷óčŠÜĀĂÖ (throwing stick) ÝĈîüî 1 ßĉĚî Ă÷ĎŠĔîÿöĆ÷÷čÙĀĉîđÖŠć ìĊęöĊĂć÷čðøąöćè 3 ĒÿîðŘìĊęñŠćîöć ĂćüčíßĉĚîîĊĚóïìĊęđĀöČĂÜúĉÖĕîìŤĔî SchÖningen county, Helmstedt district, Lower Saxony state, ðøąđìýđ÷ĂøöîĊ đöČęĂ øąĀüŠćÜðŘ ó.ý. 2537 - 2541 ĂćüčíìĊęóïîĊĚđøĊ÷ÖÖĆîüŠć “SchÖningen Spears” îĆÖēïøćèÙéĊÿĆîîĉþåćîüŠć ĂćüčíĕöšìĊęđÖŠćĒÖŠìĊęÿčé ßčéîĊĚ ĔßšĔîÖćøúŠćÿĆêüŤ đîČęĂÜÝćÖĔîßĆĚîéĉîìĊęìĆïëöìćÜēïøćèÙéĊìĊęóïĀĂÖĕöšéĆÜÖúŠćü öĊÖćøóïÖøąéĎÖÿĆêüŤðøąöćè 16,000 ßĉĚî ĒúąĔîÖøąéĎÖìĊęóïîĆĚî đðŨîÖøąéĎÖ×ĂÜöšćðśćĕöŠîšĂ÷ÖüŠć 20 êĆü ĒúąöĊÖøąéĎÖ×ĂÜÿĆêüŤßîĉéĂČęî ĕéšĒÖŠ ÖüćÜĒéÜ (red dear) Ēúą Ùüć÷ĕïàĆîÿć÷óĆîíčŤ÷čēøð (european bison) ēé÷ÖøąéĎÖöšćðśćÝĞćîüîöćÖöĊøĂ÷ëĎÖđÙøČęĂÜöČĂĀĉîöĊÙöÿĆïĀøČĂđÞČĂî ÖøąéĎÖđßĉÜ Öøćî×ĂÜöšćðśćßĉĚîĀîċęÜ÷ĆÜöĊĀĂÖĕöšêĉéĂ÷ĎŠéšü÷
ĔîߊüÜðøąöćè 61,000 ðŘìĊęñŠćîöć ĕéšðøćÖäÖćøĔßšĀĆüúĎÖýøðúć÷ĒĀúöìĊęìĈÝćÖÖøąéĎÖÿĆêüŤ óïìĊęĒĀúŠÜēïøćèÙéĊ Sibudu Cave ðøąđìý South Africa ĀúĆÖåćîéĆÜÖúŠćüĒÿéÜĔĀšđĀĘîëċÜÖćøđøĉęöĔßš íîĎ đðŨîĂćüčí Ă÷ŠćÜĕøÖĘêćö ÙĆîíîĎ ìĊęđÖŠćìĊęÿčé îĆĚî óïìĊęðøąđìýđéîöćøŤÖ öĊĂć÷čðøąöćè 11,000 ðŘöćĒúšü ÿŠüîĀîšćĕöš îĆĚîđðŨîĂćüčíìĊęđøĉęöðøćÖäđöČęĂðøąöćè 2,400 – 2,500 ðŘöćĒúšü [5]
êŠĂöćđöČęĂöĊóĆçîćÖćø×ĂÜøąïïÿĆÜÙöĒïïàĆïàšĂî×ċĚî đðŨîĒÙüšîĒúąøĆå÷čÙēïøćè øüöìĆĚÜöĊóĆçîćÖćø×ĂÜđìÙēîēú÷Ċ ÖćøēúĀÖøøöéšćîÖćøìĞćēúĀąÿĞćøĉéđÖĉé×ċĚîđöČęĂðøąöćè 5,000 – 6,000 ðŘìĊęñŠćîöć ÝċÜĕéšöĊÖćøóĆçîćøĎðĒïïĒúąüĆÿéčìĊęĔßšìĈ ĂćüčíĔĀšĒ×ĘÜĒÖøŠÜ×ċĚî ĂćüčíìĊęöîčþ÷ŤÿøšćÜ×ċĚîÝċÜöĊÙüćöĀúćÖĀúć÷ĔîĒêŠúąßŠüÜđüúćìćÜðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤ ĒúąÿŠÜĂĉìíĉóúêŠĂÖćøñúĉê
ĂćüčíÝćÖðøąđìýĀîċęÜĕðÿĎŠðøąđìýĀîċęÜ ìĆĚÜéšü÷Öćø×÷ć÷Ăćèćđ×ê ÖćøÙšć ĒúąÖćøđñ÷ĒóøŠýćÿîć ÝîđðŨîøćÖåćîìĊęĕéšøĆïÖćø óĆçîćĔĀšöĊðøąÿĉìíĉõćóöćÖ×ċĚîêŠĂ ė ÖĆîöćēé÷êúĂéÝîëċÜÿöĆ÷ðŦÝÝčïĆî
ðøąđìýĕì÷ öĊĀúĆÖåćîÖćøĔßšýćÿêøćüčíöćĒêŠÙøĆĚÜÿöĆ÷÷čÙÖŠĂîðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤ öĊĀúĆÖåćîìĊęóïđðŨîõćóđ×Ċ÷îÿĊïîđóĉÜñć ìćÜõćÙĂĊÿćî đߊî õćóđ×Ċ÷îÿĊïîđóĉÜñć ïøĉđüèÿĈîĆÖÿÜÛŤđ×ćÝĆîìîŤÜćö Ă.ÿĊÙĉĚü Ý.îÙøøćßÿĊöć ìĊęĒÿéÜĔĀšđĀĘîÖćøĔßšíîĎđöČęĂ ðøąöćè 4,000 ðŘìĊęñŠćîöć Ă÷ŠćÜĕøÖĘéĊÖćøĔßšĂćüčíĔîÿöĆ÷÷čÙĀĉîìĊęÙšîóïĔîðøąđìýĕì÷îĆĚî ÿĆîîĉþåćîĕéšüŠć öĊÖćøĔßšĀĉîÖøąđìćą đðŨîĂćüčíĔîÖćøúŠćÿĆêüŤöćêĆĚÜĒêŠÙøĆĚÜ÷čÙĀĉîĔĀöŠ đîČęĂÜÝćÖöĊÖćøÙšîóïđýþĀĉîÖøąđìćąđðŨî×üćîĀĉîêćöĒĀúŠÜēïøćèÙéĊêŠćÜ ė ïî ĒñŠîéĉîĕì÷ đߊî ìĊęïšćîđÖŠć ÝĆÜĀüĆéÖćâÝîïčøĊ ïšćîđßĊ÷Ü ÝĆÜĀüĆéĂčéøíćîĊ ĒúąöĊÖćøóĆçîćöćđðŨî×üćîĀĉî×Ćé ìĊęöĊÖćøÙšîóï ÖøąÝć÷Ă÷ĎŠìĆęüìčÖõćÙ×ĂÜĕì÷ đߊî ìĊęĒĀúŠÜēïøćèÙéĊđ×ćÿćöĒÖšü ÝĆÜĀüĆéßčöóø [6]
õćóìĊę 1 õćóđ×Ċ÷îÿĊïîđóĉÜñć ÿĈîĆÖÿÜÛŤđ×ćÝĆîìîŤÜćö Ă.ÿĊÙĉĚü Ý.îÙøøćßÿĊöć ĒÿéÜĔĀšđĀĘîÖćøĔßšíîĎđöČęĂ 4,000 ðŘìĊęñŠćîöć ìĊęöć : đðŗéêĈîćî(ðŘ)Āöć 'ÿĆêüŤýĆÖéĉĝÿĉìíĉĝ' ĔîðäĉìĉîĒĀŠÜēúÖêąüĆîĂĂÖ (matichon.co.th)
êŠĂöćđöČęĂÖšćüđךćÿĎŠ÷čÙēúĀą ÿĈøĉéëĎÖîĈöćĔßšìĈđðŨîĂćüčí àċęÜĂ÷ĎŠĔîߊüÜ÷čÙÿöĆ÷ÖŠĂîðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤ ðøąöćèóčìíýêüøøþ ìĊę 11 đðŨîêšîöć ðøćÖãĀúĆÖåćîÖćøÙšîóïĂćüčíìĊęìĈéšü÷ÿĈøĉéìĊęêøÜÖĆïÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ĕéšĒÖŠ éćï ĒúąĀĂÖ ÖćøñúĉêĂćüčíĔîߊüÜîĊĚ ÿĆîîĉþåćîĕéšüŠćöĊÖćøøĆïĂĉìíĉóúöćÝćÖêŠćÜßćêĉ ÝćÖÖćøêĉéêŠĂìćÜÖćøÙšć éšü÷đöČĂÜĔîÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ đðŨîđöČĂÜìŠćìĊęöĊÖćøêĉéêŠĂ Ùšć×ć÷ÖĆïêŠćÜßćêĉ ĕéšĒÖŠ ÝĊî ĂĉîđéĊ÷ ĒúąđðĂøŤđàĊ÷ éĆÜîĆĚîøĎðĒïï×ĂÜýćÿêøćüčíÝċÜĕéšøĆïĂĉìíĉóúÝćÖÝĊî ĒúąĂĉîđéĊ÷ éĆęÜĂĉìíĉóú×ĂÜ ÖćøÿøšćÜýćÿêøćüčíìĊęðøćÖãĔîóčìíðøąüĆêĉ ĒúąÜćîüøøèÙéĊ×ĂÜĂĉîđéĊ÷ ìĊęÖúŠćüëċÜĂćüčíìĊęöĊĂćîčõćóøšć÷ĒøÜìĊęÿčéöĊĂ÷ĎŠ 5 ßîĉé [7]
ĕéšĒÖŠ
1. íøøöÝĆÖøćüčí (ÖÜúšĂĒĀŠÜóøąíøøö) ĀøČĂÝĆÖøćüčí ÝĆÖøÖøéĒĀŠÜóøąîćøć÷èŤ öĊĂĈîćÝìĈúć÷ĂíøøöìĆĚÜðüÜĔîēúÖîĊĚĔĀš Āöéĕð ÝĆÖøćüčí ÝĆÖøÖøéîĆĚîđöČęĂóøąîćøć÷èŤðúŠĂ÷ĂĂÖÝćÖîĉĚüóøąĀĆêëŤĒúšüÝąĀöčîĕðñúćâ÷ĆÖþŤìĆĚÜðüÜĔĀšøŠćÜÖć÷×ćéÖøąđéĘîìĊę ēïøćèđøĊ÷ÖüŠć “ ×ćéđýĊ÷ø ×ćéÖø”
2. üßĉøćüčí ĒĀŠÜĂÜÙŤĂĉîìøćíĉøćß üßĉøćüčí đöČęĂĂÜÙŤĂĉîìøćíĉøćßđÝšćÖüĆéĒÖüŠÜüßĉøćüčí ÝąïĆÜđÖĉéÿć÷ôŜćñŠćđðøĊĚ÷ÜĔÿŠýĆêøĎ Āć ìøÜ×üšćÜĂĂÖĕðÝćÖóøąĀĆêëŤÝąĕúŠúšćÜĂÿĎøìĆĚÜðüÜĔĀšóĉîćýÿĉĚîÝċÜÝąÖúĆïÙČîÿĎŠóøąĀĆêëŤ
3. Ùíćüčí ĒĀŠÜìŠćîìšćüđüÿÿčüĆè Ùíćüčí ÖøąïĂÜÙĎŠöČĂìŠćîìšćüđüÿÿčüĆè đöČęĂêĊëĎÖĂÿĎøĀøČĂðŘýćÝ ýĊøþąÝąøąđïĉé øŠćÜÖć÷
Öúć÷đðŨîÝčúüĉÝčè ĀćÖìøÜ×üšćÜĂĂÖĕðÝąĒúŠîĕðêĊđĀúŠćĂÿĎøĀøČĂðŘýćÝêć÷ÖĆîđðŨîøąîćüÖŠĂîÝąÖúĆïÙČîÿĎŠóøąĀĆêëŤ
4. îĆ÷îćüčí ĒĀŠÜìŠćîóâć÷öøćß îĆ÷îćüčí îĆ÷îŤêćĒĀŠÜìŠćîóâć÷öøćß đöČęĂìŠćîđóŠÜĕðìĊęðŘýćÝĀøČĂĂÿĎøêîĔé ÝąđÖĉéĕôúčÖ ĕĀöšêć÷ìĆîìĊ đðŨîĂĈîćÝìĊęìĈĔĀšñĊîøÖìĆĚÜðüÜöĊÙüćöĀüćéÖúĆüđðŨîìĊęÿčé
5. ìčÿćüčíĆÜ (ñšć÷ĆîêŤÿĊ×ćü) ĒĀŠÜĂćāüÖą÷ĆÖþŤ ìčÿćüčíĆÜ ñšć÷ĆîêŤÿĊ×ćüĒĀŠÜĂćāüÖą÷ĆÖþŤ ĔîóčìíðøąüĆêĉøąïčüŠć ĂćāüÖą÷ĆÖþŤ đÙ÷àĆéĔÿŠÿöđéĘÝóøąïøöýćÿéć ĒêŠñšćüĉđýćÖúĆïÖúć÷đðŨîñšćàĆïóøąïćì ìĆÜîĊĚĀćÖàĆéĕðđĀîČĂĒñŠîéĉîĔéÝąđÖĉéÙüćöĒĀšÜĒúšÜđðŨî đüúć 12 ðŘ êÖúÜĔîĒĀúŠÜîĚĈ îĚĈÖĘÝąĒĀšÜđĀČĂéĕð ëĎÖñĎšĔéøŠćÜÖć÷ÝąĒĀúÖđĀúüđðŨîđýþđîČĚĂ
êŠĂöćĔî÷čÙÿöĆ÷ðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤ êĆĚÜĒêŠÿöĆ÷ÿčē×ìĆ÷đðŨîêšîöć ÝċÜöĊÖćøøĆïĂĉìíĉóúĒúąðøĆïðøčÜĔĀšöĊÙüćöÜéÜćöĒúąĔßšðøąē÷ßîŤ ĔîÖćøýċÖÿÜÙøćöĔĀšéĊ÷ĉęÜ×ċĚî ÝüïÝîÖøąìĆęÜðŦÝÝčïĆî
õćóìĊę 2 ýćÿêøćüčíÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ĔîĂćÙćøĒÿéÜēïøćèüĆêëčÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ēøÜđøĊ÷îïšćîĕøŠðøąßćÿøøÙŤ ÝĆÜĀüĆéîÙøÿüøøÙŤ ìĊęöć : ĔîĂćÙćøĒÿéÜēïøćèüĆêëčÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ēøÜđøĊ÷îïšćîĕøŠðøąßćÿøøÙŤ ÝĆÜĀüĆéîÙøÿüøøÙŤ
3. ýćÿêøćüčí×ĂÜîĆÖøïÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ
ÿëćðŦê÷ÖøøöÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊìĊę÷ĆÜÙÜĀúÜđĀúČĂĂ÷ĎŠĔîðŦÝÝčïĆî đðŨîÿëćðŦê÷ÖøøöìĊęÿøšćÜ×ċĚîđîČęĂÜĔîÙüćöýøĆìíćĒúąÙüćö đßČęĂìćÜóčìíýćÿîć ĕéšĒÖŠ ēïÿëŤ üĉĀćø đÝéĊ÷ŤêŠćÜ ė ĒêŠÿŠüîĔĀâŠöĆÖĂ÷ĎŠĔîÿõćóðøĆÖĀĆÖóĆÜ ìĊęđðŨîĂćÙćøÖŠĂĂĉåÿĂéĉî öĊĒñîñĆÜ ĒêÖêŠćÜÖĆîĂĂÖĕð đߊî ñĆÜøĎðÿĊęđĀúĊę÷öÝĆêčøĆÿ ÿĊęđĀúĊę÷öñČîñšć ĀøČĂñĆÜÖúö ĂĉåìĊęĔßšöĆÖöĊ×îćéĔĀ⊠öĊĒÖúïñÿö ĀøČĂĂćÝĔßšýĉúćĒúÜ ïšćÜĔîïćÜÙøĆĚÜ ĔîÝĆÜĀüĆéîÙøðåö ĕéšóïÿëćðŦê÷ÖøøöÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊĂ÷ĎŠĀúć÷ĒĀŠÜéšü÷ÖĆî ìĊęÿĈÙĆâđߊî óøąðøąēìîđÝéĊ÷Ť đÝéĊ÷Ť Ýčúðøąēìî đÝéĊ÷ŤüĆéóøąđöøč đðŨîêšî ÝćÖÖćøýċÖþćóïüŠćēïøćèÿëćîêŠćÜ ė ÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ öĊÜćîðøąêĉöćÖøøöéĉîđñćĒúąðĎîðŦŪî ðøąéĆïĂ÷ĎŠøĂïåćî ÜćîðĎîðŦŪîìĊęóïîĆĚîðøćÖãøĎðîĆÖøï đߊî øĎðîĆÖøïðĎîðŦŪîìĊęđÝéĊ÷ŤÝčúðøąēìî ÝĆÜĀüĆéîÙøðåö øĎððĎîðŦŪîîĆÖøï ìĊęđöČĂÜēïøćèÙĎïĆü ÝĆÜĀüĆéøćßïčøĊ ĒúąÜćîõćßîąéĉîđñćøĎðîĆÖøï đöČĂÜēïøćèÝĆîđÿî ÝĆÜĀüĆéîÙøÿüøøÙŤ
õćóìĊę 3 ðĎîðŦŪîøĎðîĆÖøïìüćøüéĊ óïìĊęđÝéĊ÷ŤÝčúðøąēìî ÝĆéĒÿéÜĔîóĉóĉíõĆèæÿëćîĒĀŠÜßćêĉóøąðåöđÝéĊ÷Ť ìĊęöć : http//lek-prapai.org
ÝćÖÖćøýċÖþćĀúĆÖåćîìćÜðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤĒúąēïøćèÙéĊ ìĊęÿćöćøëîĈöćđðŨîĀúĆÖåćîëċÜÖćøöĊ×ĂÜýćÿêøćüčíóïüŠć Ĕî ÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ öĊÖćøðÖÙøĂÜēé÷ÖþĆêøĉ÷Ť éĆÜîĆĚîÝċÜêšĂÜöĊîĆÖøïđóČęĂðÖðŜĂÜïšćîđöČĂÜĔĀšÿÜïÿč× ìüćøüéĊđðŨîđöČĂÜóčìíìĊęöĊÖćøîĆïëČĂ óøąóčìíýćÿîćìĆĚÜîĉÖć÷Āĉî÷ćî ĒúąöĀć÷ćî öĊÖćøîĆïëČĂđìóđÝšćìćÜýćÿîćóøćĀöèŤ ēïøćèüĆêëčìĊęÙšîóï ÝċÜÿøšćÜ×ċĚîđîČęĂÜéšü÷
ÙüćöýøĆìíćĔîóøąóčìíýćÿîć ĕéšĒÖŠ óøąÿëĎð đÝéĊ÷Ť ĒúąöĊúüéúć÷öÜÙúìĊęøĆïÙüćöđßČęĂöćÝćÖýćÿîćóøćĀöèŤ ðøćÖãïîüĆêëčìĊę ĔßšĔîóĉíĊÖøøöđóČęĂÙüćöýĆÖéĉĝÿĉìíĉĝ ÝćÖÖćøýċÖþćóïüŠćÜćîðøąêĉöćÖøøöðĎîðŦŪîĔîÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ìĊęđðŨîøĎðïčÙÙúðĎîðŦŪîðøąéĆï ýćÿîÿëćî ìĊęĕéšÖúŠćüëċÜđøČęĂÜøćüüĉëĊßĊüĉêĒúąĔïĀîšć×ĂÜïčÙÙúĔîÿöĆ÷îĆĚî óïüŠć öĊßĉĚîÜćîìĊęߊćÜòŘöČĂÿøšćÜÿøøÙŤđðŨîøĎðîĆÖøï ìüćøüéĊ ĕéšĒÖŠ ðĎîðŦŪîøĎðîĆÖøïóïìĊęđÝéĊ÷ŤÝčúðøąēìî đðŨîøĎðîĆÖøï 5 Ùî ĔîìŠüÜìŠćîĆęÜßĆîđ׊ć ĒêŠÿĉęÜìĊęÿĆÜđÖêčĕéšüŠćÙîÖúčŠöîĊĚđðŨî îĆÖøï ÙČĂìčÖÙîöĊéćïðøąÝĈêĆüÿąóć÷Ă÷ĎŠĂ÷ĎŠìĊęĀúĆÜ îĂÖÝćÖîĊĚ÷ĆÜðøćÖãĀúĆÖåćîìĊęĒÿéÜëċÜîĆÖøï ĒúąýćÿêøćüčíĔîÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ĂĊÖðøąđõìĀîċęÜ ĕéšĒÖŠ õćóìĊęðøćÖãïîđýþõćßîąéĉîđñć ìĊęóïìĊęđöČĂÜÝĆîđÿî ÝĆÜĀüĆéîÙøÿüøøÙŤ ĒÿéÜøĎðîĆÖøïĔîöČĂëČĂĂćüčí Ùúšć÷öĊéÿĆĚî đĀöČĂîÖĈúĆÜêŠĂÿĎš
õćóìĊę 4 úĆÖþèą×ĂÜéćïìšć÷ĀŠüÜ Ùúšć÷éćï×ĂÜÝĊîìĊęÙšîóïêøÜÖĆïÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ìĊęöć : õćóÝćÖÿčóĉßáć÷Ť ÝĉîéćüĆçîõĎöĉ
õćóìĊę 5 õćóïîđýþõćßîąéĉîđñć óïìĊęđöČĂÜÝĆîđÿî ÝĆÜĀüĆéîÙøÿüøøÙŤ ĒÿéÜøĎðîĆÖøïëČĂĂćüčíđĀöČĂîÖĈúĆÜêŠĂÿĎš ìĊęöć : õćóÝćÖÿčóĉßáć÷Ť ÝĉîéćüĆçîõĎöĉ
ÝćÖÖćøýċÖþćøĎðĒïï×ĂÜĂćüčíìĊęðøćÖãĔîĀúĆÖåćîÜćîðøąêĉöćÖøøöðĎîðŦŪî ĒúąõćßîąéĉîđñćóïüŠćýćÿêøćüčíìĊę îĆÖøïÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊĔßš ÙČĂ éćï ĒúąöĊéÿĆĚî Ă÷ŠćÜĕøÖĘéĊúĆÖþèą×ĂÜéćïìĊęóï öĊúĆÖþèąìĊęĒêÖêŠćÜĕðÝćÖéćï×ĂÜĂĉîđéĊ÷ àċęÜĒêŠđéĉöìĊę đßČęĂüŠćüĆçîíøøöĂĉîđéĊ÷öĊïìïćìêŠĂÖćøÿøšćÜÿøøÙŤÜćîĔîÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ĒúąđßČęĂÖĆîüŠćÖćøýċÖþćĀøČĂóĆçîćÖćøøćÖåćîìćÜ üĆçîíøøöĂćüčí×ĂÜĕì÷ēïøćè đøćÝąöčŠÜđîšîĀøČĂĔĀšÙüćöÿĈÙĆâđÞóćąĒêŠüĆçîíøøöĂĉîđéĊ÷ĔêšđðŨîÿŠüîĔĀ⊠ìĆĚÜìĊęĔîÙüćöđðŨîÝøĉÜ ĒúšüóïüŠćöĊĂćüčíĕì÷ēïøćèïćÜßîĉéöĊÖćøĕéšøĆïĂĉìíĉóúöćÝćÖÝĊîēé÷êøÜ [8] ÝćÖÖćøýċÖþćúĆÖþèąéćïìüćøüéĊìĊęîĆÖøïëČĂĂ÷ĎŠîĆĚî óïüŠć öĊúĆÖþèąÙúšć÷ÖĆïéćïÝĊîēïøćèìĊęđøĊ÷ÖüŠć "ĀüîēÿŠüêćü" ĀøČĂ "éćïìšć÷ĀŠüÜ" ĀøČĂéćïĔïêøÜìĊęđøĊ÷ÖüŠć "đĀĉÜđêć" àċęÜéćï ÝĊîìĆĚÜÿĂÜßîĉéîĊĚđðŨîÖúčŠöéćïēïøćèìĊęîĉ÷öĔßšÖĆîöćêĆĚÜĒêŠÿöĆ÷øćßüÜýŤăĆęîđøČęĂ÷öćÝîëċÜߊüÜøćßüÜýŤëĆÜêĂîêšî ÿĆîîĉþåćîĕéšüŠćÖćø êĉéêŠĂÖĆïÝĊîìćÜÖćøÙšćĔîÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ îŠćÝąĕéšøĆïĂĉìíĉóúĔîÖćøìĈéćï éćïÝĊîìšć÷ĀŠüÜîĊĚđĂÜĕéšÖúć÷öćđðŨîìĊęĒóøŠĀúć÷ĕðìĆęüìĆĚÜ õĎöĉõćÙ÷ĎđøđàĊ÷ (Eurasia) ĂĊÖéšü÷ éĆÜðøćÖäüŠćöĊÖćøÙšîóïéćïúĆÖþèąđéĊ÷üÖĆîîĊĚĔîÙćïÿöčìøđÖćĀúĊ đÖćąâĊęðčśî ĀøČĂĒöšĒêŠ ĒóøŠÖøąÝć÷ĕðĕÖúÝîëċÜĔÝÖúćÜìüĊð÷čēøðéšü÷đߊîÖĆî ĒêŠĔîÖøèĊÖćøÙšîóïéćïßîĉéîĊĚöĊÖćøøąïčüŠćöĆÖÝąóïĒëïÿĉïÿĂÜðŦîîćìĊę óøöĒéîđöĊ÷îöćøŤĒúąÝĊî đøČęĂ÷úÜöćÝîëċÜĔîđ×êÝĆÜĀüĆéđßĊ÷Üøć÷ đßĊ÷ÜĔĀöŠ ĂčêøéĉêëŤ ÿčē×ìĆ÷ ĂŠćÜìĂÜ Ă÷čí÷ć đøČęĂ÷úÜöćÝîÿčé đ×êìĊęîÙøðåö øĎðĒïï×ĂÜéćïìĊęÙšîóïéĆÜÖúŠćüöĊúĆÖþèąÙúšć÷õćóøĎððŦŪîîĆÖøïéĉîđñćÝćÖĒĀúŠÜēïøćèÙéĊ÷čÙìüćøüéĊ ìĊęöĊëČĂüŠćëČĂéćïĔïêøÜìĊęöĊĀŠüÜìšć÷éšćöđĀöČĂîÖĆïéćïđĀĉÜđêćĒúąĀüîēÿŠüđêćĒúšü ÝċÜìĈĔĀšđßČęĂĕéšüŠćéćïßîĉéîĊĚîŠćÝąđðŨîìĊę ĒóøŠĀúć÷ĀøČĂĂćÝÝąđðŨîìĊęîĉ÷öÖĆîöćÖĔîߊüÜ÷čÙìüćøüéĊ ēé÷ÿŠÜñŠćîĂĉìíĉóúöćêćöđÿšîìćÜÖćøÙšćìćÜïÖĔîđ×êõćÙóČĚîìüĊðÖĆï ÝĆÖøüøøéĉÝĊîöćêĆĚÜĒêŠ÷čÙēïøćèÖćú đóøćą÷ĆÜóïĀúĆÖåćîüŠćïøøéćßîđñŠćÖúčŠöîšĂ÷đñŠćêŠćÜ ė ĔîéĉîĒéîìćÜêĂîĔêš×ĂÜÝĊîđĂÜÖĘ
÷ĆÜÙÜĔßšéćïĔïêøÜìĊęöĊĀŠüÜìšć÷éšćöĒïïîĊĚÿČïöćÝîëċÜìčÖüĆîîĊĚđߊîÖĆî
õćóìĊę 6 “đÖĂ”ĂćüčíìĀćøøćïÙúšć÷×ĂÜÝĊîìĊęÙšîóïêøÜÖĆïÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ìĊęöć : õćóÝćÖÿčóĉßáć÷Ť ÝĉîéćüĆçîõĎöĉ
õćóìĊę 7 ðøąêĉöćÖøøöðĎîðŦŪîîĆÖøïÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ĒÿéÜĔĀšđĀĘîéćïìĊęÙúšć÷éćïìšć÷ĀŠüÜ×ĂÜÝĊî ìĊęöć : õćóÝćÖēïøćèÿëćîÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ
Ă÷ŠćÜĕøÖĘêćö ĒöšüŠćéćïēïøćèìüćøüéĊìĊęóïÝąöĊúĆÖþèąđĀöČĂîÖĆïéćïđĀĉÜđêćĀøČĂéćïĀüîēÿŠüêćüđðŨîĂ÷ŠćÜöćÖ ĒêŠéćïéĆÜÖúŠćüÖúĆïöĊúĆÖþèąóĉđýþĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜìĊęéćïđĀĉÜđêćĒúąéćïøŠüöÿć÷ÿÖčúĕöŠöĊ ÙČĂÖøąïĆÜöČĂ×ĂÜéćïìĊęöĊ×îćéĔĀ⊠đóøćą éćïĀüîēÿŠüđêćĒúąđĀĉÜđêćÿŠüîöćÖÝąĕöŠöĊÖøąïĆÜöČĂ ĀøČĂëšćöĊÖĘđðŨîđóĊ÷ÜÖøąïĆÜöČĂ×îćéđúĘÖđìŠćîĆĚî ÝċÜìĈĔĀšđßČęĂĕéšüŠćéćïēïøćè ìĊęóïîŠćÝąđðŨîéćïìĊęßîóČĚîđöČĂÜĔîÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ìĊęöĊÖćøðøą÷čÖêŤøĎðĒïï×ĂÜêî×ċĚîöćđĂÜ Ă÷ŠćÜĕøÖĘéĊ öĊÖćøÙšîóïéćïßîĉéîĊĚĔî Āúć÷óČĚîìĊę ìĆĚÜĔîĒöŠîĚĈ ĒúąïîïÖ ìĊęöĊĂć÷čøŠüöÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ éćïéĆÜÖúŠćüÝąóïĔîĒëïïøĉđüèÝĆÜĀüĆéúóïčøĊ ßĆ÷õĎöĉ ÖćâÝîïčøĊ ĄúĄ ĒúąÿĉęÜĀîċęÜìĊęóïÝćÖéćïìüćøüéĊÙČĂđĂÖúĆÖþèŤ×ĂÜéćïîĊĚÙČĂĀîšćêćìĊęÙúšć÷ÖĆïéćïÝĊîĔîÿöĆ÷øćßüÜýŤëĆÜ ßŠüÜìšć÷éćïÝąöĊ ÿĆâúĆÖþèŤøĎðéĂÖēïêĆĜî àċęÜđðŨîÿĆâúĆÖþèŤöÜÙúĂ÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜ×ĂÜÝĊî ĒúąïćÜđúŠöðøćÖãÿĆâúĆÖþèŤöÜÙúêćöÙüćöđßČęĂóČĚîđöČĂÜ đߊî øĎðĀÜÿŤ îĂÖÝćÖîĊĚ÷ĆÜöĊÖćøÙšîóïýćÿêøćüčíĂĊÖßîĉéĀîċęÜïîĒñŠîéĉîĕì÷ìĊęĂ÷ĎŠøŠüöÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ öĊúĆÖþèąÙúšć÷Ăćüčí×ĂÜÝĊî
ìĊęđøĊ÷ÖüŠć đÖĂ ĀøČĂàüćÜđÖĂÝĊę Ăćüčí×ĂÜÝĊîìĊęĔßšÿĈĀøĆïìĀćøøćïĔîđĀúŠćÖĂÜìĀćøÙčšöÖĆîøëýċÖ ĂćüčíßîĉéîĊĚĕüšĔßšéĆîךćýċÖ ĀøČĂđóČęĂ đÖĊę÷üéċÜÙîÝćÖĀúĆÜöšć ĔßšĕéšìĆĚÜôŦî ĒìÜ ĒúąøĆïéćï×ĂÜýĆêøĎ úüéúć÷ïîĂćüčíđðŨîúć÷üî×éđðŨîüÜÖúöàšĂîÖĆîĀúć÷ßĆĚî ÝċÜđðŨî úć÷ĒïïøćßüÜýŤăĆęî Āöć÷ëċÜ óøąĂćìĉê÷Ť ĀøČĂúö ĂćüčíĒïïîĊĚóïĕöŠöćÖĔîĕì÷ ìĊęöĊÖćøóïĂćüčíßîĉéîĊĚöćêĆĚÜĒêŠ 2,500 ðŘÖŠĂî ÝîÖøąìĆęÜöćëċÜÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ îĆÖüĉßćÖćøÿĆîîĉþåćîüŠć öĊÖćøøĆïĂĉìíĉóúĔîÖćøÿøšćÜ ēé÷đךćöćÿĂÜđÿšîìćÜ ÙČĂ ìćÜĒøÖ đךćöć óøšĂöÖĆïÖćøêĉéêŠĂÖĆïÖúčŠöüĆçîíøøöéĂÜàĂî Ăć÷čðøąöćè 2,000 – 2,500 ðŘöćĒúšü ēé÷ĂćýĆ÷ĒöŠîĚĈîŠćîđßČęĂöêŠĂĕð÷ĆÜĒöŠîĚĈ ē×Ü àċęÜĔîđüúćîĆĚîøćßüÜýŤăĆęîêąüĆîĂĂÖ ĕéšĒñŠĂĉìíĉóúúÜöćëċÜÖüćÜàĊ ĒúąìćÜêĂîđĀîČĂ×ĂÜđüĊ÷éîćö đÖĂ ĂćÝđךćöćóøšĂöÖĆïÖćø ĒúÖđðúĊę÷îìćÜÖćøÙšćĔî÷čÙêšî ðøąÖćøìĊęÿĂÜ đÖĂ ĂćÝđðŨî×ĂÜ×üĆâìĊęĔßšđßČęĂöÙüćöÿĆöóĆîíŤìćÜÖćøđöČĂÜ ÝćÖøćßüÜýŤăĆęî êąüĆîĂĂÖ [9]
õćóìĊę 8 éćïìüćøüéĊ ÝąđĀĘîüŠćöĊÖøąïĆÜìĊęĔĀ⊠óïìĊęđöČĂÜēïøćèýøĊöēĀÿë ðøćÝĊîïčøĊ ìĊęöć: ttps://m.facebook.com/some-of-dvaravati-periodartifacts-7th-9th-centuries- on-national-museum
õćóìĊę 9 ðøąêĉöćÖøøöðĎîðŦŪîóïìĊęÙĎïĆü øćßïčøĊ đðŨîÖćøúÜēìþēé÷öĊñĎšÙčöđòŜćéĎîĆÖēìþîĆĚîëĎÖñĎšúÜēìþ÷ĆéïćÜĂ÷ŠćÜđךćĕðĔîðćÖ ìĊęöć : https://t.co/NeP44kOltV" / Twitter
4. ïìÿøčð
ìüćøüéĊ đðŨîđöČĂÜìŠćìĊęÿĈÙĆâìĊęðøćÖãĀúĆÖåćîüŠćöĊÖćøêĉéêŠĂÙšć×ć÷ÖĆïßćüêŠćÜßćêĉ ĕéšĒÖŠ ÝĊî ĂĉîđéĊ÷ ĒúąđðĂøŤđàĊ÷ öĊ ÖćøĆïĂĉìíĉóúìćÜéšćîêŠćÜ ė ÝćÖÖćøđךćöć×ĂÜóŠĂÙšć ĒúąîĆÖïüßÝćÖĂĉîđéĊ÷ ìĆĚÜìćÜéšćîõćþć ýćÿîć ÙüćöđßČęĂ ĒúąÜćîýĉúðą
éĆÜðøćÖãýćÿîÿëćîìĊęÿøšćÜ×ċĚîÖøąÝć÷êĆüĂ÷ĎŠìĆęüìčÖõćÙ×ĂÜðøąđìýĕì÷ ēé÷öĊîÙøðåöđðŨîýĎî÷ŤÖúćÜìćÜüĆçîíøøö ÙüćöÿĈÙĆâ Ă÷ŠćÜĀîċęÜ×ĂÜđöČĂÜìŠćìüćøüéĊìĊęîÙøðåö ÙČĂÖćøÙšîóïøĎððĎîðŦŪîîĆÖøïßĉĚîìĊęÿöïĎøèŤđóĊ÷ÜßĉĚîđéĊ÷üĔîÝĆÜĀüĆéîÙøðåö àċęÜđðŨî ßĉĚîÿŠüîðĎîðŦŪîðøąéĆïøĂïýćÿîÿëćîđÝéĊ÷ŤÝčúðøąēìèìĊęÝĆÜĀüĆéîÙøðåö ßĉĚîÿŠüîéĆÜÖúŠćüöĊÙüćöÿöïĎøèŤ ĒúąđðŨîĀúĆÖåćîßĉĚî ÿĈÙĆâ×ĂÜÖćøöĊĂ÷Ď×ĂÜßîßĆĚîîĆÖøïÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ ÖćøöĊÖĂÜìĀćø ìĊęîŠćÝąđðŨîđĀöČĂîóúøćßêąđüî ÷ŠĂöïŠÜïĂÖëċÜÙüćöÿĈÙĆâ×ĂÜ đöČĂÜēïøćèîÙøðåö ìĊęÙüøÝąöĊÖþĆêøĉ÷ŤðÖÙøĂÜ öĊóøąøćßüĆÜĂĆîđðŨîìĊęðøąìĆï×ĂÜÖþĆêøĉ÷Ť đߊîđéĊ÷üÖĆïđöČĂÜ ēïøćèÙĎïĆü ìĊęÝĆÜĀüĆéøćßïčøĊìĊęöĊÖćøóïøĎððĎîðŦŪîñĎšÙčöìĊęëČĂïćÜĂ÷ŠćÜÙúšć÷ĂćüčíìĊęÖĈúĆÜêĆéÿĉîìøöćîîĆÖēìþ éšü÷ĂćüčíïćÜĂ÷ŠćÜ ĒúąÖćøóï õćßîąéĉîđñćìĊęöĊúüéúć÷îĆÖøïìüćøüéĊ ìĊęÖĈúĆÜßĎĂćüčíÙúšć÷öĊéÿĆĚîđךćêŠĂÿĎš îĆęî÷ŠĂöÿĆîîĉþåćîĕéšüŠćđöČĂÜēïøćèÝĆîđÿî ÝĆÜĀüĆé îÙøÿüøøÙŤ îĆęîöĊÙüćöÿĈÙĆâìĊęöĊÖþĆêøĉ÷ŤĒúąîĆÖøïðÖÙøĂÜĂ÷ĎŠ ÝćÖĀúĆÖåćîìĊęÖúŠćüöćîĊĚ ĒÿéÜĔĀšđĀĘîüŠćĔîÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊöĊÖćøĔßš ýćÿêøćüčí ĕéšĒÖŠ éćï ĀĂÖ Ēúą öĊéÿĆĚî øüöìĆĚÜđÖĂìĊęĕéšøĆïĂĉìíĉóúÝćÖÝĊî ĔîÿöĆ÷øćßüÜýŤăĆęî êøÜÖĆï÷čÙÿöĆ÷ìüćøüéĊ éćïÿöĆ÷
ìüćøüéĊöĊúĆÖþèąÙúšć÷éćïìšć÷ĀŠüÜ×ĂÜÝĊî ĒêŠöĊÖøąïĆÜéćïìĊęĔĀâŠÖüŠć ĂĊÖìĆĚÜÖøąïĆÜéćïöĊÖćøĒÖąÿúĆÖđðŨîúüéúć÷öÜÙúêćö ÙüćöđßČęĂìšĂÜëĉęîîĆĚî
5.đĂÖÿćøĂšćÜĂĉÜ
[1] ïĆâßć óÜþŤóćîĉß ĒúąÙèą. (2563). ÿčüøøèõĎöĉ õĎöĉĂćø÷íøöđßČęĂöē÷ÜēúÖ. ÖøčÜđìóĄ: ÿĈîĆÖÜćîóĆçîćđìÙēîēú÷ĊĂüÖćý ĒúąõĎöĉÿćøÿîđìý (ĂÜÙŤÖćøöĀćßî).
[2] óÝîćîčÖøöĕì÷, ÿČïÙšîđöČęĂ 15 đöþć÷î 2565. ÝćÖ https://xn--12cn0cga1azjg1mtc2h.com
[3] ïìüĉì÷čøć÷Öćø “øĎš øĆÖ õćþćĕì÷” ĂĂÖĂćÖćýìćÜÿëćîĊüĉì÷čÖøąÝć÷đÿĊ÷ÜĒĀŠÜðøąđìýĕì÷ đöČęĂüĆîìĊę 13 đöþć÷î ó.ý.
2554 đüúć 7.00-7.30 î.
[4] Marlize Lombard and Laurel Phillipson, "Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa", Antiquity , Vol.84, No.325, pp. 635–648.
[5] ÿĞćîĆÖÜćîðúĆéÖøąìøüÜÖúćēĀö. (2555) öĂÜðøąüĆêĉýćÿêøŤßćêĉĕì÷ñŠćîýĆêøćüčí. ÖøčÜđìóĄ: ýĉúðşÖćøóĉöóŤ (1977) ÝĞćÖĆé.
[6] Ăöøć ×Ćîêĉÿĉìíĉĝ. (2529) “×üćîĀĉî×Ćé” ĔîÿćøćîčÖøöüĆçîíøøöĕì÷õćÙĔêš ó.ý.2529 đúŠö 1. ÖøčÜđìóĄ: ĂöøĉîìøŤÖćø óĉöóŤ
[7] ÙÜÙć ĀĉöćúĆ÷. (2015) øüöđÙøČęĂÜøćÜýćÿêøćüčíÿ÷ćö. ÖøčÜđìóĄ: ÿĈîĆÖóĉöóŤÙúČęîĂĆÖþø
[8] ÿčÝĉêêŤ üÜþŤđìý. 2561. “õćþćĒúąüøøèÖøøö ÝćÖÝĊîÿĎŠĕì÷ Āúć÷óĆîðŘöćĒúšü,” öêĉßîÿčéÿĆðéćĀŤ, ÞïĆïüĆîìĊę 19 – 25 êčúćÙö. Available at: https://www.matichonweekly.com/column/article_141997
[9] óĉóĆçîŤ ÖøąĒÝąÝĆîìøŤ. öøéÖđÿšîìćÜÿć÷ĕĀöđøĉęöĒøÖ øŠĂÜøĂ÷ĀúĆÖåćî×ĂÜøćßüÜýŤăĆęîĔîĕì÷ 28.01.2022 https://thestandard.co/silk-road-heritage-and-han-dynast/
