(Wellness or wellbeing) %&&,&# $ <$ & 4=$;

(1)

5 1 2556 !"# BSRI, Srinakharinwirot University

Psychosocial Factors Related to Health Quotient of Health Care Providers in the Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University ¹

Rungaroon Phuengyaem ² Ungsinun Intarakamhang ³ Narisara Peungposop ⁴ Received: January 18, 2012 Accepted: May 16, 2012

Abstract

This research was a comparative-correlation study with important three objectives: 1) To investigate the relationship between psychosocial factors related to health quotient. 2) Predict to Health Quotient of health care providers 3) To find the interaction between psychological characteristics and social-situational influencing responsibility Health Quotient. The samples are 300 health care providers in the Ramathibodi hospital were selected by stratified random sampling.

Eight instruments in the data collection were summated rating scales. Then data were analyzed and presented by descriptive statistic, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation, Step-Wise Multiple Regression Analysis, and two-way ANOVA. The results revealed as follows: 1) The reference modeling in health behavior, receiving health information, perceived incentives of self-care, internal locus of control, future orientation and self control, perceived self-efficacy in health behavior, attitude toward self-care were positively related to Health Quotient of health care providers (p < 0.01). 2) Perceived self-efficacy in health behavior, reference modeling in health behavior, attitude toward self-care and perceived incentives of self-care could predict 54.6% of the variance in Health Quotient of health care providers (p < 0.05). 3) There wasn’t interaction effect between situational factors and psychological traits to Health Quotient

Keywords: Health Quotient,health behavior, self-care

1 Thesis for The Master degree in Applied Behavioral Science Research

2 Graduate Student, Master degree in Applied Behavioral Science Research, Srinakhrinwirot University E-mail: [email protected], Tel. 668-9897-8180

3 Associate Professor in Behavioral Science Research Institute, Srinakharinwirot University 4 Lecturer in Behavioral Science Research Institute, Srinakharinwirot University

(2)

!"# $ %& ''&

¹

²

³

⁴

&(

$###%&% '( 1) *+,&-$$#&$ &

./0 2) 3#./0&/&4# 4* 3) 8 *+,&4/,$

(9*" 4*4/,:9&&,&;,./0 0#<=4 "(>8 # /,#,&<.=/,#,&44,&.%?/&4#!&# " $3 300 &<.=?4"* , 6 *" : <.=< *+=A : 9

* +&# *+* :":#+/A94 4*% 4*

*+44&& ; $#, 1) A=:&"=/0 4&/0$/=& & B"= &$A&<$<"A4/0 $ ,"A4/0 B"=

,&/0 .3$0#< 4*(9*/,&/& (r

= .197 - .644) ./0&/&4# (p < 0.01) 2) A=:&"=

/0 4&/0$/=& & $ ,"A4/0 4*B"= &A&<$<

"A4/0 :3#./0&/&4#B"==#* 54.6 (p < 0.05) 3) B, 8 *+,&-$$#:9&&$ (9*" ,./0

))*: ./0, /0, "A4&

1 LL #+9M ( $# *#/)

2 *"+9M $# *#/ + ## ! E-mail: [email protected], !. 089-8978180

3 &$#*$3: $#

4 $#*$3: $# + ## !

(3)

+,")* *'

*%&"=(R $ &

4*!!# "*#*,(;, $$*,&<+=&B##0$

&.A,&&4= #&,&;*,

*.!"#*/0&*.

&"3 &"=9/!"#<.=+

“=& 3 S,” $$*3<+=,<.=$,#"=

/0"&4= #&,&;<+=/ "0*?

/ (Wellness or wellbeing) %&&,&# $ <$

& 4*=$*;. L &=#,&T B"= ( % ;$ L/, 2545: 9) ./0:A 3<.=!"##+A=&4#

* #&&"=/0 4*

/0.!#& :"3 . <-$$/

&/ <+=/A=0*/0&4*

3 #/ 0<B"= % &&

:<$"0*/0&&

&B= "3&B= S'&/0" S'&?+

"# /04* ,&

/0<+=3L*3&-$$

/$/"*&<,& U& + 3/&(/0 !"#;, ,&

/0(Pender, 1987) ?=<+=/

*3$?44;. <+=;",/0 ,/<+=4X&4&A9 $

$XY# 4*:"3 . <&B"=#,&

/ 4,3+./0B"=&B:'&

"0#<"3 . %&"=

"0#,/ & $:'& &4"=$*

*,/0&/ <+=/90.

##4*4X&4& !"##4 "&/0*

A9 ( Wellness) *"=# 7 /&+

,&# 9 $ <$ & &4"=

*. 4*$ LL9 (Hogger &

Hoeger, 2005: 5) <'(%&%B"=<+=

+#&./0 ,?

"3&. #,&"0# $#&"=

/0 <+= &/0,&# $ <$

9 4*04"="?#A,#,&

/ *"=#4"&& 9

"= 3&#/0

*+:A+!0. U&

$ & " /#,/

$"#" $"9A='

"0#&,&# U&! 4*

# &4"= (& 34+&; 4*

0/ 34+&, 2550) ./0?

$"A=%&#A=!"#&+!"#

=#"=/0/=<$, (9* #4*/9(9*&$ <$4*9

&/% " <$*3 &/0

<+=+X (Tze, Wah Jun, 2000 ) 4*.

/0#&?*=:'& "=/0 (Health consciousness) A="=/0 (Health knowledge) 4**"/0 (Health level) &,/4*./.B"= (Enchang, Li, 2001)

*.#3&?*./,

<+L,=#* 60 &*.%&*4*?

3&3L;"(R $&*<+=$ L /"+= /&4#?/,+'&<

*.#3&3L* 4*

?//(#3L&+,#& :=;A=8 &

-L + / 0 #, , & ; , /90&!&# $+/;"&, . /0$'&?4&+'&+*< = A=$/0"=#& <+= "/0 & B # < += / 9 0 . " 4 * # #

!"#*<+=/,,<"A4&

(Self care) $*# /0 (Health behavior change) %&*

#&$ 4*&0, &#+

0#<4*0#&B=S'&

/0" :. &4,*-$$/:'&

(4)

"0#<"3&. <%&%$'&<$

'(-$$#&$ &#=&./0

&/&4#

4 "#./0 (Health Quotient) "'%$34 "#

/0"=8 U&

!4*,& /0 4*4 ""A4

?;&"A4& <.=<+=/

?+<<"3 . <+=/0 4X&4&"0#4*/ %&A=$0*

/0&&?3L /0 3*#/<.=./0 ?

"=(* #+8 S'&+#:'&

*3 8 +4"&&/

$*,<+= ";",/0 4*&"=B,

*3+B,8 &/;#, /0 <(9*4*A4&U&!

4*,& /0&<+=/04X&4&

"0# .*$XY#+ /0$*

"'% !"#=%&&,&# $ <$ 4*

&=&#=&/0&/

"A4&3*#/<.=./0 +#:'& "A4&<*?;

"A4& 8 "A4&<+=

/0" B,B"=+#:'&/9(9*+A=' ' "&/,;A=/0" 4,&:'&

*34*4"&&/ B"=

8 +4"& B"=+*

&< /0,&T !"##

#A="=#&4*/$&

? &4"=&/%%&<

..4* ..&"=/0<.=

3BA,/0/A9/90. "

$#%&% <.=A48 #

?4 "+<* , 3+"4T <4,*"=;A= $#3$

(>4*4 "#=&"&% 40#<=

:9&&<.=(>#A=&-LL & $ & 4 & 4 "A (Bandura, 1977) 3+"44

&"=/0 <.=(> &,<$ &S (Spence, 1956) 3+"4B"=

&$A&<$<"A4/0 4*4 "/

&&& (Cobb, 1976) 3+"

4B"=,&/0 4*40#<=

(9*&$ B"=$(>=B=$ # &

"&" / (2543) 4*(>A=

: &4"A (Bandura,1986) 3+"4.3$< (9*/,&

/ $ ,"A4/0 4*

A=:&"=/0 !"#/,&

'( 1) -$$#&:9& 3 "=

4&/0$/=& & B"=

,&/0 4*B"= &$A&<$<"A /0 2) -$$#&$ (9*" 2 "=

.3$0#< 4*(9*/,&

/ 4* 3) -$$#&$ (9*

:9 2"= $ ","A4/0 4*A=:&"=/0 -"

1. '(*+,& -$$#

:9&& -$$#&$ (9*" 4*

-$$#&$ (9*:9./0 2. 3#./0&/&

4#%&</,4*/,.&4,&

$-$$#&:9&&$ (9*

" 4*$ (9*:9

3. '(8 *+,&4<

/, $ ( 9 * " , 4 < /, :9&& ,&;,./0

., 1. 4&/0$/

=& & B"=,&/0 B"=

(5)

&$A&<$&/0 .3$0#<

(9*/,&/ $ ","A4 /0 4*A=:&"=

/0 &./0&

/&4#

2. 4&/0$/

=& & B"=,&/0 B"=

&$A&<$&/0 .3$0#<

(9*/,&/ $ ","A4 /0 4*A=:&"=

/0 :,3#./0&

/&4# B"=%&</, 4*/, (9*.&,&

3. -$$#"=$ (9*" 4*"=

:9&&#=&./0&

/&4#

%&),,

$ # % & % ? $ # * 0

## *.?/

&4# !&# " /,#,&

B"=$/,#,&44,&.% $3 300 '(<*+,&" :'& 2554

&<.=?4"* , 6

*" $ “$ &/" :'& B,$ &#” $3 8 4" S'& *"=# 4"./0 4"4&/0$/=& &

4"B"=,&/0 4"B"=

&$A&<$&/0 4".3$0#<

4"(9*/ 4"$

","A4/0 4*4"A=

:&"=/0 !"#, .%& .92, .80, .90, .75, .83, .80, .86, .87 3" *;=A!"#<.=!4 3X$A : <.=< *+=A : 9 : +&# *+

:":#+/A94 4*% 4*

*+44&&

/

1. (9*B&/,#,&

$#%/,&'(/,#,&/

&4# 9 * 4#!&#

" + ##+ " $3 300 ,/,#,&?/&4#4*

&#",,=#* 50 ,

<+L,?+L &,.# (=#* 87.7

##=#* 12.3) ,'&+'&

#/*+,& 22-30 (=#* 52) 4*3&?

* (=#* 58.7) ,<+L, 3 < 4 #B"=

,"*+,& 10,000-29,999 (=#*

73.7) :0!" (=#* 74.2) 4*B,

* !* (=#* 77.3) %&".

# (=#* 69.5) $9 (9*4'(,/&4#

*4./0 ##A,*+,& 119 - 206

*4 (x¯ =160.35, SD=16.20) *4 4&/0$/=& & ##A,*+,&

21- 60 *4 (x¯ = 42.68, SD=7.19) *4 B"=,&/0 ##A,*+,& 25 - 60

*4 (x¯ = 44.25, SD=7.00) *4B"=

&$A&<$<"A4/0 ##A,*+,& 23 - 60 *4 (x¯ = 42.03, SD=6.31)*4 .3$0#< ##A,*+,& 33 -72

*4 (x¯ = 51.78, SD=5.90) *4(9*/,&

/*4 ##A,*+,& 37 - 74

*4 (x¯ = 54.31, SD=5.71) *4$ "

,"A4/0 ##A,*+,& 68 - 120

*4 (x¯ = 93.73, SD=9.94) 4**4 A=:&"=/0 ##A,

*+,&19 - 60 *4 (x¯ = 44.09, SD= 6.00) "&

& 1

(6)

& 14"&$3 =#* ,3/" ,A&/" ,# 4*,#&R&/,#,&

2!"3 !4

( ( (",,)

),, (300 ,)

"

(100) Min Max Mean SD.

*

./0 3 119 - 160 147 49.0

119 206 160.35 16.20 A& 161- 206 153 51.0

-,! * 1. 4&/0$

/=& &

3 21- 43 151 50.3

21 60 43.68 7.19 A& 44 - 60 149 49.7

2. B"=,&/0 3 25 - 44 152 50.7

25 60 44.25 7.00 A& 45 - 60 148 49.3

3. B"= &$A&<$<"A4 /0

3 23 - 41 143 47.7

23 60 41.03 6.31 A& 42 - 60 157 52.3

2!"&*

1. .3$0#< 3 33 - 51 129 43.0 33 72 51.78 5.90 A& 52 - 72 171 57.0

2. (9*/,&/ 3 37 - 53 144 48.0

37 74 53.31 5.71 A& 54 - 74 156 52.0

2!"-,!*

1. $ ","A4/0 3 68 - 94 154 51.3

68 120 94.73 9.94 A& 95 - 120 146 48.7

2. A=:

&"=/0

3 19 - 44 131 43.7

19 60 44.09 6.00 A& 45 - 60 169 56.3

+#+/: * 3+/,4*4,,& <.=,#<4,&/,A&/,3

2. ; $# R

2.1 ,4'(%&+"

&./0 &

/&4# 9*4#

!&# " + ##+ "#,&

#3L&: *" .01 !"#,*

+ (r) #A,*+,& .197 :'& .644 !"#.

/0A=:&

"=/0/" (r = .644) &&

4&/0$/=& &

(r = .585) B"= &$A&<$<"A4/0 (r = .565) $ ","A4/0 (r = .564) B"=,&/0 (r =.436) . 3$0#< (r = .326) 4*

(9*/,&/=#/" (r = .204)

"&& 2

(7)

& 24"&,* +*+,&4'(

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. ./0 1 .585** .436** .565** .326** .197** .564** .644**

2. 4&/0 1 .446** .611** .273** .214** .487** .495**

3. B"=,&/0 1 .494** .300** .267** .489** .444**

4. B"= &$A&<$ 1 .299** .165** .498** .531**

5. .3$0#< 1 .394** .420** .335**

6. (9*/,&/ 1 .442** .204**

7. $ ","A4/0 1 .569**

8. A=:& 1

** #3L&: *" .01

2.2 </,,A=

:&"=/0 (=.35) 4&/0$/=& & (=.24)

$ ","A4/0 (=.18) 4*

B "= & A & < $ < "A 4 / 0 (=.15) :,3#./0&/&

4#B"==#* 54.6 #,&#3L&

: *" .05

$ 9 < /, . &

4,& ,/,/&4#

".#B, 4*/,.#

3#"4=3# 4

&/0$/=& & ,=, .46 4* .56 3" #,&#3L&

: *" .001

/,/&4#3&

<. /,#B"= 4*/, :0A, ,3# 2 "4

?$ (9*:9 A=

:&"=/0 4* $

","A4/0: #.

/0B"==#* 48.7, 53.2 4* 39.9 3" #,&#3L&: "&& 3

(8)

& 3 4"&,* :":#4*"#3L <3#./0&/&

4#(9*.&,&

( ),,

(,) % ), R²Adjust ),

300 54.6** 54.0 7,1,6,3 .35, .24, .18, .15 +L & 262 52.0** 51.2 7,1,6,3 .36, .22, .17, .15 .# 37 70.9** 69.4 1,7 .56, .41

#/=# 156 58.3* 57.5 7,1,3 .47, .26, .17

#/& 100 49.6** 48.0 7,1,6 .30, .30, .25

#/ 44 53.2*** 50.9 3,7 .51, .41

#B"==# 221 53.4* 52.5 7,1,3,6 .36, .26, .15, .13

#B"= 79 58.0** 56.3 7,6,1 .36, .33, .26 :0!" 222 58.4** 57.8 7,1,3 .38, .34, .17 :0A, 72 43.4** 41.0 7,6,3 .37, .30, .21 3&. 124 54.6*** 53.5 7,6,1 .37, .29, .27 3&?* 176 56.4* 55.3 7,1,3,2 .37, .27, .14, .13

!*$3 68 62.9*** 61.8 7,1 .52, .38

B,!*$3 232 52.3* 51.5 7,1,6,3 .32, .19, .23, .15

".# 205 57.0* 56.1 7,6,3,1 .37, .27, .15, .14

".#B, 90 53.7*** 52.6 1,7 .46, .39

*** #3L&: *".001 ** #3L&: *".01 * #3L&: *".05

+#+/:

3# 1 +#:'& 4&/0$/=& &

2 +#:'& B"=,&/0 3 +#:'& B"= &$A&<$<"A4/0 4 +#:'& .3$0#< 5 +#:'& (9*/,&/

6 +#:'& $ ,"A4/0 7 +#:'& A=:&"=/0

(9)

/,/&4##/

, B"= &$A&<$<"A4/0 4*

A=:&"=/0 : #./0B"==#* 53.2 #,&

#3L&: *" .001

/, / & 4 # !

*$3, A=:&"=

/0 4*4&/0$/

=& &: #B"=./0B"==#*

62.9 #,&#3L&: *" .001 ("&

& 3)

2.3 ; $#%&%B,8

*+,&-$$#"=:9&&"=$

(9*" #=&./0 4, 4B<&"#& 1) /&

4#4&/0$/=& &

$*?;A=./0A&,/&

4#4&/0$/=& &

=# #,&#3L&: *" .001 2) /&4#B"=,&

/0$*?;A=./0A&,/

&4#B"=,&/0=#

#,&#3L&: *" .001 3) /

&4#B"= &$A&<$<"A4 /0$*?;A=./0A&,/

&4#B"= &$A&<$<"A4 /0=# #,&#3L&: *" .001 4) /&4#.3$0#<

A&$*?;A=./0A&,/&

4#.3$0#<3 #,&

#3L&: *" .05

"/

$; $#=&= :/

R= 1 B"=%&+", / R=

2 B"=&, 4*B,/ R= 3

!"#:0 #;3LB"="&%

A=:&&"=

/0A&/"./04*

:?3#"4 &$A=

:&&3L, <+,+& " B= / A=:&A&$* =&

/0"=#& 4*4&+A=

#U& / 4*+#/"#%&

?#,/0 "=&'(

& 9R09 ;'. (2548: 82) '(

= & / 0 & # <

!&#&R$&+"/& ,A=

:&&, =&

/0&#<!&#&R

$&+"/&&

=& /0#,&#3L&:

*" .05 4*'(&/0" &/0 (2551: 68) '((9*&$ &4*

(9*&/#=& =&

/0&# A#4#

!&#/& ,A=:

& & , = &

& =&

/0&#A#4#!&#

/& (r = .71) #,&#3L&: *"

.014*#&,3#"4&, /=& /0$

4*/=& /0$

=3# =& /0&

#B"==#* 53 #,&#3L&:

*" .01 S'&"=&4 "& "

(Pender,1996: 70) ,A=:&

&?" #:&

/<*3 %<+=3X$ 4*?

4&$A&<$<+= " =& /0

!"#&., "# . /0 !"#. , /&4#%A=%R"=

(10)

/0"#,A=:'&#4&&0*

/ 0 B "= X 4 * = $ * / & 4 = B =& :A=&+*<+=B"=;

"+&B=B"="=#&

4 & / 0 $ /

=& &&./04*

? , 3 # " & " = &

'(&<$ #& (2546) '(

-$$#&$ &#=& ,&

/0&#/,<##'(#

'( 1 , #/,4"=

/0$,4,A&

,& /0,#/,4"=

/0$,4,3 #&<& $#& .##/

/& 4* T (2547) , / 4#,&" "A4/#

&,&#,/4#,&

"=# S'&/4 "&4"A (1977)

<+=3L4,(9*&:9S'&$*?

&*/=<+=/ *3 S%3T $ # ? # & / % B < / "

#4? &3L S'&3<+=/

4<+,+4,&B$" B"=!"#&,#

/&4##,B"= $&

4"==&"A4& &$

"+&&&=&?#,&"=/0 $ ","A4/0

&./04*?, 3# "=&'(&/"" 4&

.(2546:84) , ,"A4/0

& "A4 /0&/!&#*$

#,&#3L&: *".01 4*/.

$ $ L# (2549: 65) , , , & / 0 &

,& /0 (r = .40) #,&

#3L&: *".01#&"=&

&*+& $##=&&

/0 &BA# ,& (2542) , &*"=$ ?&*

",." A=;!"#&,$

$ ;!"#&,8 4*A=$*

,&;,8 !"#&B"==&$ ?

*/= B,=4,/&4#

B"= &$A&<$<"A4/0

&./04*?

,3# "=&L$ $ (2551) '(-$$#&$ &#=&

"A4/0&4*/&

;A=A&#/<.;A=A&#/&!&#&"

34# /&+ , /"="A4/0&$

4*/"="A4/0$

/&4#&

"A4/0&&;A=A&#/

#,&#3L&: *" .01 #B"=, /&4##A,<0&!

B"= &$A&<$,&T %3#,/0"

#:?*/=<+= "=&4*

;"<+= " $A&<$"=/0'%

$'(<%&%,(9*$

:9 A=:"=

/0 4*$ ","A4/0 4*

:9& 4&/0$

/=& & 4*B"= &$A&<$<"A4 /0 ?-$$#&$ &#=&.

/0/" < $#%&%B,4"=

$ (9*" #=&./0 $?

;$(9*3&&/&

4#0*&,=& 4*;. L -L+*+=,&T # %&"

4/"=% 3<+= ",=$

3& <,<$"=/0$'&"&3<+=

=&<.=:9,&T ?4& 4*

(11)

4&$A&<$<+= " /0'&*&

4* ./0 ,,">,?

1. +,#&$" $,& . /0<+=4,/&4# !"#=+

4&/0$/<+,#& +$"

!&<+=/,,4"& "+X

<. L/=4&/0" 9&

<!,&T ., &}*$3 ?

=

2. $== .%.",/&

4#=$**3 /0 + =& /0:A=&+*<+=

B"=;"+&B=B"="=#& <+=

"./0#A,4= #&4,=&B"=

*/=$:94"= "&% +,#&

<:#<+==A#=A,/

&4#<+=:'&0*/0 +&

$/0*$3 + *.

;,!,/0&/ ?=

3. ;A= +&:#<.=

4 & + < += & $A & < $ , & / 0 /<+,#& ., <+=&3+;A=

3 & # ? * $3 / +

*#<+=4,;A=/0#4*$ "

,,">,@ (3

1. $'( $#/,#,&?

/&4#*/, ., /, #4# !0. 4*/,

#3&T "=#

2. $4 *

4 ";A= $#34= ;A=<$$34 T ,$*#=&./0B"= ., (9*&/ &!<4&," 4&$A&<$

?=

3. ;A=<$:'(&<3&

"#% !"#<.= $#. &"& ., '(

* ;&!4<+=3'(?, /+/, +4&/0 *"./0 ##; $#

%&%

.##/ /& 4* T .(2547).

!"##$

%& '&(). /&~: !&

.//+9(4+,&*B#.

9R09 ;'.. (2548). *) ++,!-,!+/

'&(!. LL .. (/

'(). /&~: 9M ##

+ ## !.

"&" / . (2543). *01%)5 ' &'!"$,!.

/&~: !&,&

. :9M + .

<$ #&. (2546). 67''')%

%&+,*)++

&-% 0)6! +) 0 1. LL ..( $#

*#/). /&~:

+ ## !.

/. $ $ L#. (2549). 67''%%9!)

*)+#6:

!(!#(&-'+,!-&!

)!"&;

,!. # .. (/'().

/&~: + ##(.

L$ $ . (2551). 67''')%

%&+,*)(<!+

)!"&++9<<-;

(12)

9<<+,!(

. LL

.. ( $#

*#/). /&~: 9M ##

+ ## !.

% ;$ L/. (2545). 6", + 312: +&,!.

/&~: 0 ./'( 9*

'( + ## !

* .

BA# ,&. (2542). &'

"&'%%&+,

&+*)+(

&",,). /&~: 0 . /'( 9*'(

+ ## !.

/0" &/0. (2549). !0"')!"

!0"%%&+,*) ++,! <

,!. LL

.. ( $#

*#/). /&~: 9M ##

+ ## !.

& 34+& 4*0/ 3 4+&. (2550). 6", 6";,;6>,) 6Qs

<&+ &@': HQ $;&

+. /&~: : $#

+ ##

!.

/"" 4&9 .. (2546). 67'';)%%

9!)*)(<!++

,!,!6"'&,%%+.

# .. (/'(). /&~:

9M ## + ##

(.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy : Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change.

Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Cobb, S. (1976, September - October).

Social support as a moderate of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 300-314.

Enchang, Li. (2001). Health Quotient - The Concept should be set up.

Retrieved February 20, 2008, from http://

journal.shouxi.net/upload/pdf/145/

2618/130594_1748.pdf

Hoeger, W.K. W; & Hoeger, S. A. (2005).

Lifetime physical fitness and wellness: A personalized program.

8th ed. USA: Thomson

Wodsworth, Fittness & Wellness.

Pender, N. (Ed.). (1987). Health Promotion in nursing practice. 2^nd ed.

Norwalk, CT: Appleton

Pender,Nola.J. (1996). Health Promotion in Nursing Practice .Stampford:

Appleton&Lange.

Spencer, K. W. (1956). Behavior Theory and Conditioning. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Tze, Wah Jun. (2000). HQ (Health Quotient): An Intelligent Approach to Personal Health. Retrieved August 1, 2007, from

http://www.amazon.ca/Hq-Health- Quotient-Intelligent-

Approach/dp/067931055X.

(Wellness or wellbeing) %&amp;&amp;,&amp;# $ &lt;$ &amp; 4*=$*;

!"# $ %& ''&

(Wellness or wellbeing) %&&,&# $ <$ & 4=$;